MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

 History Review of General Administrations before Garhwal King Ajaypal

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -77     
   
 History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -322 

                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

             History Review of Taxation before Garhwal King Ajaypal
               The Devprayag inscription provides fascinating aspects of history of Garhwal before Ajaypal.
          There were various land taxes and levies. The Kingdom was the sole proprietor of land. The land owner was owner till land owner paid taxes. As soon as the land owner stopped paying tax, the owner was changed by the Kingdom officers or representatives.
 There were two types of taxes.
Kar- A definite portion of agriculture produces was paid to the Kingdom.
Akar- This tax was probably on other King services as Begar (free service to king, Kingdom officers or representatives, Village or Area Chieftain, Pundits, Temples etc).

 History Review of Land Ownership before Garhwal King Ajaypal
        The land ownership depended on paying land taxes.
         Many times King used to offer land or region for reward or as payment for a specific service to a person. The said person was authorized to collect tax from land owners living in the region.
 The King could take back land from those were awarded Jagir.
          King also used to donate land to temple or Pundits of any type (Sanskrit Karmkandi or Mantrik-Tantrik). However, King never took back such land from those Pundits.  Dhangu, Dabralsyun and Dhaundiyalsyun Pattis are examples of Jagir offering by Garhwal King to Brahmins. Dhangu, Dabralsyun and Dhaundiyalsyun were offered to Brahmins and never took back by Kings.
The Jagirdar was free to mortgage or award land to other people.

        Types of Landowners before Garhwal King Ajaypal
 
           The landownership was not changed till the landowner stops paying tax or the owner leaved the land by his choice. In the following conditions, the landownership was changed.
Gayali- Gayali means who has gone somewhere. If an owner leaved land the owner could offer the land to other and the new owner became owner by paying the tax.

Muyali- When a person die, the ownership ended. However, the heirs used to pay small amount of tribute to Kingdom/representative and automatically used to get ownership right.

Autali- Aut means no sons. When aperson die without sons, the Jagirdar or Thokdar or Kingdom used to became landowner. The relatives were not supposed to be owner. The unmarried daughters of deceased were supposed to be the consumable goods and Kingdom or Thokdar used to make those daughters as maid servants.

Natali- Natali means young or unmarried. If a person dies, the land ownership used to transfer to immediate kin. In the absence of any immediate kin, Kingdom or Thaokdar used to become land owner.

                             Language

 Garhwal King as Jagtipal promoted Garhwali Language as the court language and not Sanskrit. The inscription of Jagtipal is the oldest record of written Garhwali. The Garhwali language was quite mature on the time of Jagtipal. However, the Sanskrit was powerful language and used to influence Court.


   History Review of   Income from Pilgrims before Garhwal King Ajaypal

 The pilgrim tour in Haridwar and Garhwal was common. Pande and other priests used to take donations from their Jajman or pilgrim tourists. Perhaps the Kingdom used to collect apportion of donations from Pande or Priests.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 22/4//2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -323 
   
                                      References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India 
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas 
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History
17- Rahul Khari 2007, Jats and Gujjar Origin, History and Culture
18- Upendra Singh, 2006, Delhi: Ancient History, Barghahan Books
19- B.S. Dahiya, 1980, Jats the Ancient Rulers (A Clan Study) , Sterling Publications
20- Maithani, Bharat –Gotrapravardeepika
21 Prem Hari Har Lal, 1993, The Doon Valley Down the Ages
22-Dashrath Sharma, Early Chauhan Dynasties
23- Shailndra Nath Sen, Ancient History and Civilization
24-H.M Elliot, 1867, The History of India as told by its Own Historians
25- Jaswant Lal Mehta, 1979, Advance Study in Medieval India
26- Nau Nihal Singh, 2003, The Royal Gurjars: their contribution to India, Anmol Publications 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter    
Notes on South Asian Medieval History of Garhwal;  SouthAsian Medieval History of Pauri Garhwal;  Medieval History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Medieval History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Medieval History of Tehri Garhwal;  Medieval History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Medieval History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Medieval History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Medieval History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Medieval History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Medieval History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian History of Haridwar district to be continued
XX
History Review of General Administrations in Garhwal before Garhwal King Ajaypal; History Review of General Administrations in Pauri Garhwal before Garhwal King Ajaypal; History Review of General Administrations in Chamoli Garhwal before Garhwal King Ajaypal; History Review of General Administrations in Rudraprayag Garhwal before Garhwal King Ajaypal; History Review of General Administrations in Tehri Garhwal before Garhwal King Ajaypal; History Review of General Administrations in Uttarkashi Garhwal before Garhwal King Ajaypal; History Review of General Administrations in Dehradun Garhwal before Garhwal King Ajaypal; History Review of General Administrations in Haridwar Garhwal before Garhwal King Ajaypal;

Sarangi (Indian Guitar): String Musical Instrument of Garhwal Folk Dramas
 
Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -141   
                  गढ़वाली लोक नाटकों के वाद्य यंत्र
                             
                     Bhishma Kukreti (लोक साहित्य शोधार्थी)

                  Chordophone Musical Instruments of Garhwali Folk Dramas

            Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal mentioned the Sarangi as folk music instrument of Garhwal. Sarangi is an old Indian musical instrument. In hills of Garhwal, Sarangi had not been much popular. However, the saints used to play Sarangi. There are paintings of Sarangi in wall paintings at Guru Ram Darbar Sahib Dehradun (B.P. Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal). It seems that Garhwal kings used to enjoy by enjoying Sarangi from touring classical singers. Gaddi tribe of Garhwal especially border of Himachal uses Sarangi. There had been Sarangi players in plains of Dehradun, Haridwar and Bhabhar.   Bow type musical instrument was common in Garhwal in quite old time but not now.
           Sarangi is four stringed musical instrument that is fitted on a main body of frame. The wooden frame is rectangular, hollow from inside and half of the top is covered by goat skin. Strings are tied on pegs and number may vary. Sarangi is played by a narrow, stretched bow having string of leather or metal. The string is always stretched. Usually, Sarangi is used in religious singing or chanting occasions or a specific occasion. For example, recently (31 January 2014), Sarangi maestro Kamal Sabri played Sarangi in a program of  National Institute of visually handicapped.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 22/4/2014

Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Community Dramas; Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional to be continued in next chapter
                 References
1-Bharat Natyashastra
2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama
3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folk life 
4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research
5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India
6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen 
7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12
8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet
9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara
12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali Lok Swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri
13-Manorama Sharma, Tribal Melodies of Himachal Pradesh: Gaddi Folk Music
 XX
Notes on Sarangi (Indian Guitar): String Musical Instrument of Garhwal Folk Dramas; Sarangi (Indian Guitar): String Musical Instrument of Haridwar, Garhwal Folk Dramas; Sarangi (Indian Guitar): String Musical Instrument of Dehradun, Garhwal Folk Dramas; Sarangi (Indian Guitar): String Musical Instrument of Pauri Garhwal Folk Dramas; Sarangi (Indian Guitar): String Musical Instrument of Tehri Garhwal Folk Dramas; Sarangi (Indian Guitar): String Musical Instrument of Uttarkashi Garhwal Folk Dramas; Sarangi (Indian Guitar): String Musical Instrument of Chamoli Garhwal Folk Dramas; Sarangi (Indian Guitar): String Musical Instrument of Rudraprayag Garhwal Folk Dramas;

                 History of Garhwal King Ajeypal

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -78     
   
 History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -323 
 
                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

                          Name Variations
              The Garhwal Kings list by Hardwick states the name Adjey Paal a Garhwal King who established Shrinagar as his capital. .
                 The Garhwal Kings list by Beckett states that Ajaypal was son of Anandapal.
                  The Garhwal Kings list by Williams suggests that Ajaypal was son of Kalyanpal.
             Maularam wrote the name as Ajaipal the ninth kings after Kandhpal and tenth king as Ajaidevpal.
 Almora list speaks Ajaipal and Ajaidevpal too.
 Bharat poet states as Ajaypal.

                           Historical Evidences
     
                    There are three inscriptions those are discussed about historical evidence for Ajeypal. The historians have the inscription of Sahajpal the son of Ajeypal; Manshah the grandson of Ajeypal. There is mention of Shyamshah the great grandson of Ajeypal in Jahangirnama.
           Most of historians suggest that Ajeypal was founder of Garhwal Kingdom.

                               Crowning Date of Ajeypal
              There are various theories for Crowning dates of Ajeypal.
 On the basis of Devalgarh inscriptions, Gairola mentions that the birth year of Ajeypal is 1254 when a land was donated. Cunningham states that Chandpur kingdom (Garhi) was founded in 1159 and Ajeypal founded Shrinagar in 1358.
 Other folklores state that Ajeypal existed in 1359, 1376 and 1389.
Atkinson suggest the ruling period of Ajeypal from 1358-1370.
Beckett suggests that Ajeypal ruled from 1358-1389.
Raturi suggests the ruling period of Ajeypal from 1500-1519.
The Sahajpal (the son of Ajeypal) inscription at Devprayag is of 1548. That means Ajeypal was before 1548. A folklore tells that Champawat King Kirtichand attacked on Chandpur King  Ajeypal and Ajeypal had to flee from Cahndpur to Deval garh. The ruling period of Kirtichand is 1488-1503. That means the ruling period of Ajeypal would be before 1503.
By above analysis it is said that the ruling period of Ajeypal must be from 1500-1548.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 23/4//2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -324 
   
                                      References

1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India 
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas 
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History
17- Rahul Khari 2007, Jats and Gujjar Origin, History and Culture
18- Upendra Singh, 2006, Delhi: Ancient History, Barghahan Books
19- B.S. Dahiya, 1980, Jats the Ancient Rulers (A Clan Study) , Sterling Publications
20- Maithani, Bharat –Gotrapravardeepika
21 Prem Hari Har Lal, 1993, The Doon Valley Down the Ages
22-Dashrath Sharma, Early Chauhan Dynasties
23- Shailndra Nath Sen, Ancient History and Civilization
24-H.M Elliot, 1867, The History of India as told by its Own Historians
25- Jaswant Lal Mehta, 1979, Advance Study in Medieval India
26- Nau Nihal Singh, 2003, The Royal Gurjars: their contribution to India, Anmol Publications 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter    
Notes on South Asian Medieval History of Garhwal;  SouthAsian Medieval History of Pauri Garhwal;  Medieval History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Medieval History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Medieval History of Tehri Garhwal;  Medieval History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Medieval History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Medieval History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Medieval History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Medieval History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Medieval History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian History of Haridwar district to be continued

            Dhantara: A Folk Musical Instrument of Garhwal Folk Dramas

Review of Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional Plays part -142   
                  गढ़वाली लोक नाटकों के वाद्य यंत्र
                             
                     Bhishma Kukreti (लोक साहित्य शोधार्थी)

                  Chordophone Musical Instruments of Garhwali Folk Dramas

                  गढ़वाली लोक नाटकों men धनतारा वाद्य यंत्र

              Dhantara is the folk music instrument of Gaddi tribe. Gaddi are grazers or pastoralists.  Gaddi are original people of Himachal-Kangda. Gaddi tribes live near Hari ki Doon, Sukhi and Gangi villages of Uttarkashi.
Garhwalis do use Dhantara very rarely or could be said that Garhwalis of Garhwal don’t use Dhantara at all. However, Gaddi of Garhwal use Dhantara in folk music.
Dhantara is a primitive and indigenous music instrument of Gaddi. Dhantara is like Sarangi and is chordophonic musical instrument. Dhantara hais smaller than Sarangi in size and has only three strings for basic notes.
The Musada singers and Ainchhali Singers use Dhantara for accompaniment. The instrument is made as Sarangi. The folk musical instrument Dhantara does not have any complicated fixing of Tarabs. The bow is also made as the bow of Sarangi. Goat intestine is used in making strings of Dhantara. Singers usually decorate Dhantara by flowers on it.

 Gaddi Natarambh Dance-Song
              गद्दी नटारम्भ नृत्य गीत  झलकी**

ता बुड्डू जो ना देणो चाचुआ , देणी  चाचुआ
सजरे चूंडे रांड भूचगा हली हो .
चा चाकर जो ना देणो चाचुआ , देणी  चाचुआ
हाक पांदे उठि गहँदे हो
ता दूर
ना देणो चाचुआ , देणी  चाचुआ
गोरु चुगांदे जो देणी हो
ता रोगी जो ना देणो चाचुआ , देणी  चाचुआ
सजरे चूंडे रांड भूचगा हली हो .
भेड़ा चुगांदे जो देणो चाचुआ , देणी  चाचुआ
खोखा भरी देला मांस हो
भेड़ा दे पहल जो देणो चाचुआ , देणी  चाचुआ
पिट्ठी जो देला चोलु हो

*** Kangada Gazetteer, Appendix-1 pages 14-15   

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 23/4/2014

Characteristics of Garhwali Folk Drama, Community Dramas; Folk Theater/Rituals and Traditional to be continued in next chapter
                 References
1-Bharat Natyashastra
2-Steve Tillis, 1999, Rethinking Folk Drama
3-Roger Abrahams, 1972, Folk Dramas in Folklore and Folk life 
4-Tekla Domotor , Folk drama as defined in Folklore and Theatrical Research
5-Kathyrn Hansen, 1991, Grounds for Play: The Nautanki Theater of North India
6-Devi Lal Samar, Lokdharmi Pradarshankari Kalayen 
7-Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1-12
8-Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Loknritya geet
9-Jeremy Montagu, 2007, Origins and Development of Musical Instruments
10-Gayle Kassing, 2007, History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach
11- Bhishma Kukreti, 2013, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhya Tatva va Charitra, Shailvani, Kotdwara
12- Bhishma Kukreti, 2007, Garhwali Lok Swangun ma rasa ar Bhav , Chithipatri
13-Manorama Sharma, Tribal Melodies of Himachal Pradesh: Gaddi Folk Music
 XX
 Dhantara: A Folk Musical Instrument in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays;  Dhantara: A Folk Musical Instrument in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Chamoli Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Dhantara: A Folk Musical Instrument in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Rudraprayag Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Dhantara: A Folk Musical Instrument  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Pauri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Dhantara: A Folk Musical Instrument in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Tehri Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Dhantara: A Folk Musical Instrument in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Uttarkashi Garhwal, North India, South Asia;  Dhantara: A Folk Musical Instrument  in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Dehradun Garhwal, North India, South Asia; Dhantara: A Folk Musical Instrument in Garhwali Folk Drama, Folk Rituals, Community Theaters and Traditional Plays from Haridwar Garhwal, North India, South Asia.
गढवाली लोक नाटकों में धनतारा वाद्य यंत्र ,  टिहरी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में  धनतारा वाद्य यंत्र;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में धनतारा वाद्य यंत्र, हरिद्वार गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में धनतारा वाद्य यंत्र   ;देहरादून गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में धनतारा वाद्य यंत्र ;पौड़ी गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में धनतारा वाद्य यंत्र;चमोली गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में ; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल के गढवाली लोक नाटकों में धनतारा वाद्य यंत्र ;

Dobhal did not settle in Sunadu of Teer Village: A Garhwali Folk Story

Garhwali Folk Tales, Fables, Traditional Stories, Community Narratives -82

  Compiled and Edited by: Bhishma Kukreti (Management Training Expert)
(Reference- Madan Dobahl, Gadhdes ke Dobhalon ki Vanshavali)
           A family member of Dobhal settled in Borikh (Aswalsyuun, Pauri Garhwal) from original village Dobh (Idwalsyun). Later on Dobhal population increased in Borikh. A rich person Kamrup purchased land in Teer village. He built a marvelous house in Sunadu within Teer village territory. Sunadu was in a lonely place but was in height and a beautiful place.
  Experiencing the lonely place, the nearby ghosts started living within the compound of Kamrup’s building. Ghosts and evil souls started harassing Kamrup family. Kamrup Dobhal was a strong will man. Ghosts used to make strange and fearful sound in night when Kamrup was not there in the house. Kamrup family members used to feel unsafe in Sunadu, Teer.
 One day, there was wheat thrashing on the country yard of Kamrup Dobhal. Ghost started disturbing thrashing. When Kamrup and family were using Sup for cleaning wheat husk Ghosts blew air with sudden speed. The air blow blew the wheat away leaving there only agriculture appliances.
  Knowing the strength of Ghosts Kamrup decided to return his village Borikh. Kamrup settled again in Borikh. It is said by old people that they saw the ruins of house in Sunadu of Teer village.

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 24/4/2014 for review and interpretation

Garhwali Folk Tales, Fables, Traditional stories, Community Narratives for Effective Managers, Effective executives, Effective Boss, Effective Supervisors or Stories for Effective management, management Lesson from Garhwali Folk Literature from Garhwal, to be continued …in next chapter

                                 References

1-Bhishma Kukreti, 1984, Garhwal Ki Lok Kathayen, Binsar Prakashan, Lodhi Colony, Delhi 110003, 
2- Bhishma Kukreti 2003, Salan Biten Garhwali Lok Kathayen, Rant Raibar, Dehradun
3- Bhishma Kukreti, Garhwali Lok Kathaon ma Prabandh Vigyan ka Tantu , Chitthi Patri’s Lok Kathayen Visheshank  , Dehradun
Garhwali folk Stories from Garhwal sequence; Garhwali folk Stories from Haridwar succession , Garhwal; Garhwali folk Stories from Dehradun Garhwal chain; Garhwali folk Stories from Uttarkashi Garhwal; Garhwali folk Stories from Tehri Garhwal series; Garhwali folk Stories from Chamoli Garhwal; Garhwali folk Stories from Rudraprayag Garhwal; Garhwali folk Stories from Pauri Garhwal Series to be continued ..   
XX
Why Could Dobhal not settled in Sunadu of Teer Village: A Garhwali Folk Story from Uttarakhand; Why Could Dobhal not settled in Sunadu of Teer Village: A Garhwali Folk Story from Uttarakhand, Himalaya; Why Could Dobhal not settled in Sunadu of Teer Village: A Garhwali Folk Story from Uttarakhand, North India; Why Could Dobhal not settled in Sunadu of Teer Village: A Garhwali Folk Story from Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Why Could Dobhal not settled in Sunadu of Teer Village: A Garhwali Folk Story from IDwalsyun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Why Could Dobhal not settled in Sunadu of Teer Village: A Garhwali Folk Story from Aswalsyun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Why Could Dobhal not settled in Sunadu of Teer Village: A Garhwali Folk Story from village Borikh Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Why Could Dobhal not settled in Sunadu of Teer Village: A Garhwali Folk Story from village Teer Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Why Could Dobhal not settled in Sunadu of Teer Village: A Garhwali Folk Story from village Sunadu-Teer Garhwal, Uttarakhand;