MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

Indian Wedding Folk Songs -10
Asian Wedding Folk songs -10
                                 Songs at  Rice Throwing  Ceremony in Garhwali Wedding
                                     (Garhwali Wedding Folk Songs, Himalayan Wedding Folk Songs)
                                                    Bhishma Kukreti
           Rice throwing on the heads of bride-groom is a very auspicious ceremony in Garhwali wedding. Rice throwing is held at many stages.
                   Apart from Garhwali wedding there are many sects and religions where Rice Throwing is a ceremony as
1- Christian Wedding Ceremony: the custom is originated from throwing seeds. The meaning of rice throwing is to remind couple that the primary purpose of marriage is to make family that will serve the god and Lord. Rice throwing on the newly married couples is blessing for spiritual and physical fruitfulness of marriage.
2- Morocco Wedding Custom: In Morocco, figs, dates and raisins are thrown as fruitful blessing for the married couples
3-Italian Wedding Custom: In Italy , the sugarcoated nuts (Confetti) are thrown on the married couples
4-Korean Wedding Custom: In Korea, the groom’s father tosses the red dates on his newly daughter in law to greet her and for blessing
5- France Wedding Custom : in France, wheat greets the newly married couples
6-Euroipan countries: In many European countries, eggs are thrown as blessing and greeting materials on the newlyweds.
7- Irish tradition: In Irish tradition, couples are pelted by pots and pans
8- Zoroastrian way of Rice throwing in wedding Ceremony:
    In Zoroastrian Wedding, the bride and groom first tied their one hand with each other and the rice is put on their other hand . Then each of bride and groom throws rice over each other. The first who throws rice is called winner. After this the assembly throws rice on groom and bride and clap
9-Poland Wedding Custom: In Poland the rice is tossed on bride and groom and guests drop coins at the feet of groom and bride that they pick up coins leaving the church
10 Malaysian Wedding Tradition: The bride is greeted by rice and scented water sprinkles.
11-Old Roman culture: in old age, the wheat was thrown on bride and groom as auspicious sign of fertility
12- Chinese beliefs: Chinese believe that throwing rice confetti on newlyweds will bring good luck to the newlyweds
13- Mexico Wedding custom: In Mexico, the guests in the church where marriage takes place throw rice or red beads in the air to greet new couple.
14- Spanish Wedding: In Spanish wedding, rice throwing is stil practices
These days, rice throwing is supposed to be the medium of harming the birds .therefore in many regions, rice throwing is declining.
                  Rice Throwing in Garhwali (Indian) Wedding
         In Garhwali (Indian) wedding, there are many stages where the rice is thrown on the head of groom or bride or both together.
 After Haldihath, Bathing and dressing up, the women take rice in right hand circulate the hand on the head of groom or bride and throw rice in each four direction. The rice throwing is done for stopping bad happenings
 The women singers sing the following Mangal (auspicious song) :               
               
            चौंळ पर्खण दें मांगळ
बूता छन जौ बूता छन जौ जामा जमोल़ा
बूता छन जौ जामा जमोल़ा ए  s s s

जमोल़ा सटयूँ  का   जमोल़ा सटयूँ  का ह्वाया मोती वूं
जमोल़ा सटयूँ  का ह्वाया मोती वूं  ए s s s

मांजी तुमरी  मांजी तुमरी मोत्यूं उडाली
 मांजी तुमरी मोत्यूं उडाली ए  s s s
ref : Totaram Dhoundiyal Mrs Shailja Thapliya , Mangal, Dhad Prakashan for Garhwali song
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti bckukreti@gmail.com
 

 

        First Garhwali film Jagwal and Nation  wise First Cinema, Film                                                    Bhishma Kukreti
           (First film, First Movie of Country, Country wise First Film, First Movie, First Cinema)
(American Film Industry, Asian Film Industry, African Film Industry, Australian Film Industry, European Film Industry)
               Garhwal is a region of Uttarakhand state of India, till 1800 Ad Garhwal was a severing country from its formation i.e. from pre stone age.  There are records and references that human inhabitants started living in Garhwal from pre stone age. The language of Garhwal is Garhwali language is one of the oldest languages of India. There would be around the world five millions Garhwalis around the world. By nature, Garhwalis are honest, hard working and artistic, Garhwalis played a great role in developing Sanskrit, Hindi, English literature.
                 From film or movie point of view, it is difficult to produce the film and then exhibit the films for commercial success as Garhwalis are scattered all over world. That is why first Garhwali film was exhibited in 1983. The producer, writer, director of first Garhwali language film Jagwal is Parashar Gaur
             To pay respect to Parashar Gaur for his initiative, this author takes opportunity to remember those who made first film/cinema for their country or languages. First Garhwali film “ Jagwal” is also a tribute to all technicians, researchers, artists , financers and writers who made film industry so strong
                      The First “Moving Pictures” , First Cinema in France
As Lumiere brother of France is respected for their first ever work of first combining a camera and sewing machine, thus resulting moving pictures in this earth in 1900, Parashar Gaur is respected for his first Garhwali talkie movie Jagwal.
                     The First Short Moving Picture in New York America 
               As people of all over world remember 6th October 1927 for release of first ever moving sound picture “The Jazz Singer “ released  by Warner brothers in New York , Garhwalis have importance of the day   4th may 1983  when “Jagwal the first Garhwali film was released . Parashar Gaur is Warner bros of Garhwal. 
                     First Canadian Fiction Film, First Canadian Feature Movie
                           Joe Rosenthal released first Canadian fiction film  “Hiawatha, The Messiah of the Ojibways,” in 1903. Canadian Bioscope Company produced firs Canadian Feature film .As the Canadian respect Joe Rosenthal and Canadian Bioscope Company , Uttarakhandis respect Parashar gaur for his innovative idea for producing first Uttarakhandi film Jagwal .
                  First Quebec Commercial Films
                       First Quebec Films/movie is “Le pere Chopin “ (1945)  The first commercial Garhwali film Jagwal by Parashar Gaur has same importance as “le pere Chopin “ has significance in Quebec film arena.
                             First Argentine Film/ Fist Argentines Movie
                  Jagwal the first Garhwali film has same consequence as first argentine sound track movie Adios Argentina (1930)
                      The first Brazilian Movie / Film
            First Brazilian Silent film Francisco Marzullo's Os Estranguladores (1906) is a mile stone in Brazilian film industry and first  Garhwali talking Jagwal is a mile stone in Himalayan film industry.
                     First Film of Colombia
                         Film Historians always remember “ Maria” (1922) the first silent film of Colombia and historian will always remember  Parashar gaur as producer of first Garhwali talkie movie. Jagwal.
                         Mexican First Talkie Movies
 The historian always mention the names of Mexican first talkie movies La Mujer del Puerto (1934), Fred Zinnemann's Redes (1934), Janitzio (1934), Dos Monjes (1934),Allá en el Rancho Grande (1936), Vámonos con Pancho Villa (1936) and La Zandunga.. Uttarakhandis also mention respectfully the name of Jagwal as first Uttarakhandi film.
                        First Films of Paraguay
        Though ,  Alma Paraguay (1925)  by  Hipólito Carrón    is supposed to be first film of Paraguay but in real sense the first commercial movie of Paraguay is Codicia ( 1955). Same way, Jagwal  by Parashar Gaur is first commercial film of Garhwali (Indian) language.   
                  First Peruvian Movie
    As Peruvians are proud of first Peruvian soundtrack movie Alberto Santana's Resaca  (1934) Himalayan community of Mid Himalayan region are proud of Parashar gaur for his first Garhwali , Himalayan film Jagwal.
                 First Cinema, First Movie of Puerto Rico
         As the works  of producer director  Juan Viguié Cajas for   releasing first Puerto Rican   sound film  Romance Tropical (1934) is unforgettable in the history of world cinema, the work of Parahsar Gaur for releasing Jagwal the first Garhwali feature cinema is unforgettable,
                        First Cinema, First Feature Film of Venezuela
             Credit goes to Romulo  Gallegos for producing first Venezuelan full fledged feature film “Juan de la Calle “ and credit goes to Parashar gaur for producing first Garhwali feature film Jagwal.
                   Burkina Faso Cinema
             Parashar gaur is himself an institution as after his first film Jagwal, Garhwali film industry came in existence as happened in Barkina Fasco that after formation of  FESPACO  (Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévison de Ouagadougou ) in 1969, Burkina Faso  became the most feature film producing region of Africa
                  First Feature Film of Egypt
          Till today, in Egypt , 4000 films have been produced. However, it was father of Egyptian film industry Mohamed Karim who produced two films - Dead Flowers and Honor the Bedouin in 1918. Parashar gaur is Mohmed Karim of Garhwali film industry where more han 30 Garhwali feature films are produced till date and tens of Garhwali video films are produced.
                         First Cinema of Kenya
                    “Men Against the Sun” (1952)  is called first feature film of Kenya. In Kenya more of DVD films are produced as commercial full feature films don’t have big market. Garhwali film industry is also running same rough roads as Kenyan film industry faces the hurdles and Garhwali film industry produces more DVD films than feature films. Credit goes Jagwal for inspiring Garhwalis to produce DVD films
                                 First Feature Film of Morocco
             In true sense Mohammed Ousfour produced first Moroccan Feature film Le fils maudit  ( 1958). Parashar gaur is Mohammed Ousfour of Garhwali film industry.
                                  First Cinema of Niger
  As a French ethnographic film maker is respected for being the father of Niger Film industry ("au pays des mages noirs" (1947)”. Parashar gaur is father of Garhwali film industry
                           First Nigerian Films
              Nigeria is biggest film industry of Africa and it was the works of Ola Balogun and Hubert Ogunde who produced first Nigerian feature films in 1960s. as Nigerian pay respect to film makers Balogun and Ogunde , Garhwalis are proud of Parashar Gaur    for his initian producing first Garhwali film Jagwal .
                                First Cinema of Senegal
  Whenever film critics talk about first film producer of a country or region , they always mention the name of Paulin Vieyra for producing  L’Afrique sur Seine the first film of Senegal country. Same way Parashar gaur’s name is always mentioned in world cinematic  history for producing firt ever Garhwali (Indian) film Jagwal. (1983)

                         Somalia’s First Film
                             Husain Mubarak is the first film maker who produced first Independent Somali feature film Love Does Not Know Obstacles (1961) before, independent the producers were of Italian origin.
            First Film of South Africa or South African first Cinema
           If south  Africans are proud of their first cinema “Sane Marais” (1931). Uttarakhandis (Indian)  feel proud about Jgwal by Parashar Gaur the first Uttarakhandi film.
                        First   Film of Tunisia
 Zohra is first native African filmmaker producing and directing  medium length film Ain Al-Ghazal (1924) and Parashar Gaur is first Garhwali (Indian) to produce first Garhwali film Jagwal.
                         First Cinema of Australia, First Australian Film
 The first feature film of Australia is “The Story of the Kelly Gang “(1906) and first  Garhwali feature film is Jgwal by Parashar Gaur .
                                              First Film of Fiji
  Vilsoni Hereniko produced first ever Fiji film “The Land has Eyes” in the year 2004 and Parashar Gaur released Garhwali(Indian) film Jagwal  in 1983.
                                       First film of New Zealand
    Hinemoa (1914) is first feature film of New Zealand  and Jagwal is first Garhwali ( Indian) language film by Parashar Gaur
                                       Films in Austria
        The first film by an Austrian film maker were series of erotic short films as Am Skalvenmarkt by  Johann Schwarzer
                                 Films in Belgium
 Hippolyte De Kempeneer was first producer of Belgian feature films as Parashar gaur is called first Garhwali (Indian) language  film producer
                           Cinema in Bosnia and Herzegovina
             The country came in existence in 1992. . Neočekivana šetnja (1994) is supposed to be first dramatic film of Bosnia and Herzegovina
                                  Cinema in Bulgaria
        Lybimetz (1958) is called notable first feature film of Bulgaria . Though before that time, the  films were produced in Bulgaria.
                                  Cinema in Croatia
           Josip Karaman and Octavijan are called the founders of Croatian film industry in early 20th century . Parashar gaur is undoubtedly founder of mid Himalayan Film industry
                      Cinema in Czech Republic
 Dostaveníčko ve mlýnici ids called first film of Czech (1898). C a K polni marsalek (19330) is first  Czech sound track film  directed by Karel Lamec . Jagwal is first Garhwali film and directed by Parashar Gaur.
                            First Feature Film of Denmark, Cinema in Denmark
                        Peter Elfelt produced “ Henrettelsen” (1903) the first feature film of Denmark. Jagwal by Parashar gaur is first Uttarakhandi film of India. 
                               Estonian First Feature Film
        Konstantin Marska produced and directed “Shadow of Past” (1924) the first full length feature film of Estonia. Parashar Gaur is the first Garhwali (Indian) film producer and director.
                            First Feature Film of Faroe Island
                     Faroe Island is very small region. Therefore,  “ Ranva” by Miguel M. Hidalgo is the first  Faroese language with full Faroese castings feature film of Faroe Island.
 Garhwali (Indian) is also a small community and is scattered in many places all over world. Therefore, it was possible only in 1983 that Jagwal a Garhwali language feature film could be released 
                                    First Feature Film of Finland
                     As people remember the first sound track full length feature film of Finland is “Dressed like Adam”(1931) same way Indian people respect Parshar gaur for releasing first ever Mid Himalayan film Jagwal.
                             First Feature Film of Germany
“Dar blaue Enge” (1930) directed by Austrian director Josef von Stemberg was first talkie -  feature film of Germany.
  Jagwal (1983) is first Garhwali (Indian) film by Gaur
                            First Feature Film of Greece
 “Αγαπητικός της Βοσκοπούλας” (1932) , directed by D. Tsakiris is first speaking  feature film of Greece
 In Indian scene, Jagwal is first Garhwali feature film by Parashar gaur
                            First Feature Film of Hungary
 “ Kék Bálvány” (1931) was first full length film with sound of Hungary.
  From Himalayan prospective, Jagwal is first feature film of Mid Himalayan region.
                                  Films of Iceland
The critics state that Though , there have been many films produced before 1949  in Iceland , “Milli fjalls og fjöru” (1949) is first remarkable film of Iceland
                                                  First Film of Italy
  The first official film of Italy is the when  Pope Leo XIII was filmed for blessing the film industry.  La Canzone dell’Amore, (1930) is the first talking film of Italy
As Italians are proud  of  La Canzone dell’Amore, , Uttarakhandis all over world never forgets the contribution of Parashar gaur for initiating Uttarakhandi cinema industry.
                                                   First Film of Latvia
     The first feature film of Latvia  is Lāčplēsis  (1930) directed by Aleksendris Rusteikis a historical step in Latvian cinema world .
  In Garhwali art (India) scene, Parashar Gaur made history in making first Garhwali (India) film .
                                         First Feature Film of Lithuania
        Lithuanians boos about their country’s first feature film “The Soldier Lithuania's Defender “(1928).
      4th May 1983 is historical day for Garhwalis when Parashar Gaur released first Garhwali film in Delhi (India)
                                                First Feature Film of Luxemburg
               Cine historians call    “Il est un petit pays “(1937) directed by René Leclère the first feature film of small country Luxemburg
     After,  “Il est un petit pays “   film was released in 1937, more than thirty films were produced in Luxemburg . Same way,   Jagwal the first film of Garhwali languages opened avenues for many Garhwali and non Garhwali film makers, prerecorded audio cassette companies to come in the field of Garhwali audio visual medium. In true sense, Parashar Gaur introduced a multi millions  Industry for Garhwal(India) and Uttarakhand
                                                      First Feature Film of Macedonia
 The first feature film of Macedonia is “Frosina” (1952 ) directed by Kiro Bilbilovski.
      In Garhwali language scene, Parashar Gaur have struggled for making a Garhwali (Indian) language film from 1975 and his dream came true in 1983 when he released first ever Garhwali film Jagwal.
 Parashar Gaur was obsessed about making Garhwali film when he entered into Garhwali drama field and he believed in the words of Dillilo Don , “Film or cinema is more than the twentieth-century art. It's another part of the twentieth-century mind. It's the world seen from inside. We've come to a certain point in the history of film. If a thing can be filmed, the film is implied in the thing itself. This is where we are. The twentieth century is on film. You have to ask yourself if there's anything about us more important than the fact that we're constantly on film, constantly watching ourselves”.
                                            First Feature Film of Holland
  The dutch film industry is small industry and Government is sensitive to protect and promote the film industry as Film is part and partial of present society.
            The first silent movie in Dutch was Gestoorde hengelaar (1896) by M.H. Laddé.
   The talking feature films were made in 1930 by producers as Hollandia studio.
   From Uttarakhand point of view, it seems the government agencies and politicians don’t have any direction or clue to promote or protect Garhwali, Kumauni language films. From promoting art , there is no clear indication in Uttarakhand (India)  state.  .
                                                 First Film of Norway
“Fiskerlivets farer”  (1902) directed by Hugo Hemansen is the first film ever made in Norway. “Den Store Barnedapen” directed by Tancred Isben  is the  first feature film with sound of Norway. Since, there is less international market for Norway  films ,every year,  the government provides $37.5 millions as subsidy to film makers .
   Garhwali (Indian)  film makers including Parashar Gaur have been persuading Uttarakhand government to have clear guidelines for making Garhwali Kumauni films for International markets.
                           First Film of Poland
             “Antoś pierwszy raz w Warszawie” film was released on 22nd October 1908 in Warsaw, Poland and that day is also called the foundation day of Polish film Industry .
  Polish film institute is sensitive and promote Polish films for International audience that the film art is protected in Poland.
               From Indian point of view 4th May 1983 is founding day for Garhwali film industry when Jagwal was released. 
                                         Films in Portugal
                             The first silent film of Portugal  was shown on 18th June 1896 in Lisbon
 “ A Cancao de Lisboa “ (1933) is supposed to be the first successful and inspiring sound film of Portugal . Today, Portuguese film industry is running on rough roads as the total production cost of film and televisions produced annually is 1.5 billion escudos but revenue generation  is just 0.2 billion escudos only. The gap between production cost and sales cost is huge.
   In India too, Garhwali and Kumauni film industries are facing the problem of huge gap between film production and sales generation . The biggest problem is non availability of theatres for Garhwali and Kumauni films as Hindi films dominate the arena.
                                          First Film of Romania
                    The first film in Romania was screened on 27 May 1896. The first silent fiction film of Romania was “Amor  fatal” (1911)
               “Ciuleandra “ (1930) is the first talking film of Romania based on the novel of Liviu Rebreaanu .  Today, Romania is supposed to be famous for art film and credit goes to German director Martin Burger of the film who choose the subject of a novel.
            Garhwali film industry is not only facing the problem of finance and organized way of working for making films but there is huge gap of intellectuality in choosing film subjects . Though Jagwal is credited for its being first Garhwali film but critics also criticize that the story of film was not realistic and was not artistic too. The Garhwali film industry has to work hard to detach from copying Hindi films but should choose story for International audience too.
                                    First Film of Russia
     The first film of Russia is “Stenka Razin” (1910).
    The first talking feature film was “the Earth Thirsts “ (1930). The government owned cinema industry has witnessed both types of film artful and political motivated films in USSR era.
                                  First Feature film of Slovakia
     “Janosik” (1921) by Jaroslave Siakel the was first full length feature film of Slovakia
 
                                First Film in Spain
               The first Spanish film was screened on 5th May 1895
                   Manual Casanova brought sound to Spanish film.
                                   First Films in Sweden
                         Talking cinema came in 1930 in Sweden but commercial aspects dumped the artistic way of film making after sound came in films in Sweden. Swedish films are known for their landscape and slow pace..
                         Switzerland and Film Industry
           Switzerland does not have grown film industry as the film making is nor feasible but Switzerland government’s facilities for producers of other countries make Switzerland the heaven for making films in Switzerland and by that way Switzerland is successful in promoting tourism.
In India,  Uttarakhand government is not enthusiastic about promoting Uttarakhand tourism through providing facilities to Bollywood producers and other film producers of India.
                          Films in Turkey
 The first film showing was performed in Istanbul in 1896
   Fuat Uzkinay produced first Turkish documentary film in 1914.
 Muhsin Ertugrul directed 29 films from 1923-1939.
 Status wise , Prashar Gaur has same status in Garhwali film industry as Muhsin has in Turkish film industry for developing the genre..
                                 First Film of United Kingdom
 The first motion picture of United Kingdom was  made in Hyde Park in 1889 by William F. Greene,
 “Blackmail” (1929) by Alfred Hitchcock is first talking feature film of United Kingdom . The position of Parashar gaur of Garhwali film industry is equal to Alfred Hitchcock in the sense of taking initiative to develop a genre.
 Garhwali film industry can develop or flourish only when the subject and screenplay are competent enough for international audience. The film Industry of United Kingdom was facing daunting competition from Hollywood before 1930 or today too. But film makers as Alfred Hitchcock and Charlie Chaplin came to rescue the British film industry at that time. Garhwali film writers should take lesions from Alfred Hitchcock and Charlie Chaplin that when you face adversity you should coin an innovative way of subject and screenplay that you get International audience as Alfred Hitchcock and Charlie Chaplin could compete the largeness of Hollywood film industry by their screenplay and subject selection skills
                                    First Film of China
              The first motion picture was screened in Shanghai of China  on 11st august 1896. The fist Chinese film was Beijing Opera screened in 1905.
                          “Spring Silkworm” by Cheng Bugao  is called first talkie movie of China.
      There have been many ups and downs in Chinese film industry due to Japanese invasion and political transformations in China itself.
                        Film in Hong Kong
                “Zhuangzi Tests His Wife” (1913) is first feature film of Hong Kong.. in 1933 , the move came for sound in film in Hong Kong too.
                               First Film of Japan
 The motion picture was shown in Japan in 1896. First documentary film was released in in 1897.
   “Fujiwara Yoshie no furusato (1930) is first feature talki film of Japan.
                         First Film of Korea
                 Before first domestic film of Korea “Uirijeok Guto)” (1919 was released, foreign films were shown in thetres of Korea.
  The first talkie feature film of Korea is “ Chunhyang-Jeon”(1935)  by  Myeong woo.
                                   Film in Mongolia
  It is presumed that film screening started in Mongolia around 1903-1931.
    “Norjmaagiin Zam”  ( 1938) by Temet Natsagdorj is first Mongolian directed film . Parashar gaur is Temet of Garhwali film industry.
                                  Film in Taiwan
     First film was shown in 1901 in Taiwan . There effects of Japan on Taiwanese films till r Japanese rule.
                           Film in Armenia
                 “Soviet Armenia” (1924) was first documentary film of Armenia.  Namus (1926) by Hamo Beknazerian   was first silent black and white feature film of Armenia  .Pepo (1935) by Hamo Baknazeria  was first sound picture of Armenia  .
                               Film in Azerbaijan
     The history goes back to 1898 when first film was shown in Azerbaijan. . “ the woman” around 1915 is supposed to be first film of Azerbaijan. Maiden Tower (1924)  was first  Azerbaijani Soviet  film.
                                 Film in Bahrain
                    Al-Hazij (1990) is first Bahrain film.
                          Film of Cyprus
           “Roots” (1958) is first independent Cyprus film
                           Film in Georgia
 In 1912 th e fist documentary film was shot and I 1916, first feature film  “Christine” by Tsutsunava  was shoot. Due to Soviet invasion, the film industry in Georgia became irregular and now after independence , there are sign of development in  Georgia
                           First film of Iran
                Mirza Ebrahim filmed Shah of Persia (1900). .. Ovanes Ohanian  produced first silent Iranian feature film haji Agha in 1930.
  First sound film of Iran was Lor girl (1932) by  Abdolhossein Sepanta. Iranian respects Abdolhossein for his initiative  and Uttarakhandis (India) admire Parashar gaur for his initiative in making first Garhwali film.
                                     Film in Iraq
 The first film was projected in 1909 .
                          Film in Israel
              The first film is . Sallah Sebati  (1964) by  Ephraim Kishon of Israel
                              Films in  Jordan
  The Jordan does not produce films but promote the country that outsider filmmakers come to Jordan to film their movie and Jordan is successful in that act.
                       Uttarakhand government should study the strategy of Jordan for promoting outside film makers to film their films in their territory
                              First Cinema of Kuwait
             The first cinema of Kuwait is “ Bas ya Bahar”(1972)
                                 Lebanese Cinema
                              Mughammarat Elias Mabruk (1930) is first feature film of Lebanon.
                                  First Cinema of Palestine
     In true sense , “The Realized Dreams” is called first film  of Palestine
                                     First Cinema of Syria
  “Al Muttaham al Baree”(1928) is first movie of Syria .”Nur wa Thalam “ by Nazih Shabandar (1947) was first talkie movie of Syria
                                   Films in Tajikistan
   The first film was produced in Tajikistan in 1930 
                                First Cinema of Yamane
   The new day in old Sana’a (2005) is the  first film of Yamane
                                      First Cinema of Burma (Myanmar)
      U Ohn Maung produced the first silent cinema of Myanmar in 1910. As U Ohn Maung is father of Burma’s film , Parashar Gaur is Garhwali’s film father.
                                   The first sound film of Myanmar Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya directed by Toke Kyi  was produced in Mumbai, India in 1932 .
                   Surprisingly, Parashar Gaur has to fly from Delhi to  Mumbai for various works to complete first ever Garhwali film Jagwal
                                       Cinema of Cambodia
       Dan Prean Lbas Prich  (1950) is supposed to be the first cinema of Cambodia. , while first feature film was supposed to be Kar Pear Prumjarei Srei Durakut by Sun Bun Ly.
                                      Cinema of Indonesia
            Loetoeng Kasaroeng, by Dutch directors G. Kruger and L. Heuveldorp.(1925) was fist silent film of Indonesia.
                                           First Cinema of Malaysia
                           The cinema history begins around 1930 in Malaysia. Laila Majnu (1933) directed by B.S Rajhans   and produced by Motilal Chemical company Bombay of Singapore  was first film of Malaysia .
                                 Initial days of Cinema  in Philippines
                                     First moving picture was projected in 1897 in Philippines. Dalagang Bukid (1919) was first film by a  Filipino Jose Nepomuceno .
Parashar Gaur is  Jose Nepomuceno of  Garhwali film.
Ang Aswang (1932)  was first  half sound cinema of Philippine, Punyal na Guinto  (1933) by Jose Nepomuceno is the  first complete sound film of Philippine. 
                               Cinema of Singapore
 The true Singaporean first film is “Medium Rare “ (1991)
                         Cinema of Vietnam
          First ever documentary film of Vietnam is produced in 1920. Chung một Dòng sông (1956) by Nguyen  Hong Nghi is first feature film of Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
                              Cinema of Afghanistan
              Amir Habibullah (1901-1919)introduced film in Afghanistan but limited to royal Court only. The first Afghani film  “Love and friendship”  was produced in 1946. Farar (1960) is first colour film of Afghanistan . Otherwise, Hindi film dominated Afghanistan.
                              Cinema of Bangladesh
   Till 1947, the history of Bangladesh film is Indian film history. The first feature film with sound of East Pakistan (Now Bangladesh) was “Mukh O Mukhosh “ (1956) By Abdul Jabbar khan .
                             Cinema of Nepal
                         The first Nepali film “Satya Harishchandra” (1951)  by D.B Pariyar was produced in Calcutta , India.. Aama was first film produced in Nepal (1964).
                            Cinema in Sri Lanka
             The film show was organized in 1901 in Sri Lanka. “Rajkiya Wickremaya  “ (1925) is called the first film made in Sri Lanka. (but could not be screened in Sri Lanka)   Initaillay English films dominated but later on Indian films became popular in Sri Lanka.
                         Cinema of Pakistan
   The history of Pakistani film up to 1947 is same of India. First Pakistani film is “teri Yad” (1948)
                         First Cinema of India
    Raja Harishchandra (1913) by dada Saheb Phalke is first full length silent feature film of India. Alam Ara (1931) by Ardshir Irani  is first talkie film of India . Parashar Gaur is dada Phalke of Garhwali film industry
                            First Telugu Cinema
                       Bhakt Prahlad (1931) by H.M Reddy is first Telugu  film ,
                              First Tamil Film
 Kalidas (1931) by Ardshir Irani  is first Tamil film.
                   First Marathi film
                “ Raja Harishchandra” is also first Marathi silent film   Ayodha cha Raja (19320 by Prabhat film is first talkie Marathi film .
                              First Malayalam Film
  D C denial produced first silent Malayalam  film :Vigahthakumaran “ (1928). The first talkie Malayalam film is “baln” (1938) by Tamil producer
                          First Bengali cinema
  Bilwamangal (1919) by Madan theatre is first silent Bengali film . Jamai Shashthi is first talkie film in Bengali language.
                             First Bhojpuri Cinema
 Ganga Mayya Tohe Piyari Chadhaiba (1962)by Kundan Kumar  is called first Bhojpuri film
                           Gujrati film
 Gujrati  film production started from 1932
                         First Oriya Film
   Sita Vibah (1936)  is first Oriya talkie by Mohan Sundar Dev Goswami
                                First Punjabi Film
                     K D Mehra made first Punjabi film “Pind di Kudi”
                         First Assamese Film
                         “Joymati” (1935)  by Rupkunwar Jyoti Prasad Agarwal was first Assamese film
      bckukreti@gmail.com
   
             
           
               

                       
   

 
       

                               
                     
 


                 
         
     
         


                   
                                                         
                                           
         
 
 
                                     

                           








                       
                   

 
                                     
             

 
   

                                 

                             


                             
             
                 

Thanks a lot sir.

Very useful information being provided by you..

                   Deities  Folk Worship Song in Garhwali Wedding Ceremony
 
         (Garhwali Wedding Folk Songs, Himalayan Wedding Folk Songs, Indian Wedding Folk Songs)
                                           Bhishma Kukreti
               After Arti which is performed after bathing, the Metal Vessel (Kalas ) is put on the head of bride and groom at their respective home. Then a close relative pick bride or groom and take groom /bride at the  wedding ritual place.
 Pundit jee does pooja of various deities in Sanskrit
 The women sing folk song regarding worshipping Brahma jee, Ganesh jee and many deities
      The worship is not limited to Garhwali community but it is in many religions and ethnic groups.
 For examples:
 Chinese Deity for Marriage, newly wedded couple visit Yue Lao temple, Yue Lao is the god of marriage in Chinese culture. There is pooja in the temple according to Chinese customs.
Japanese Deity for Marriage: When a couple is engaged, they visit to at a Shrine where Shinto custom is performed. The bride-groom are purified and they take marriage vow before Kamisama (god)
  The Garhwali wedding folk song for deity worship is as under:
               विशिष्ठ दिवतौं पूजा

कै द्यावा बरमा जी कै द्यावा बरमा जी  गणेशा की पूजा
कै द्यावा बरमा जी  गणेशा की पूजा ए s s s

गौरी गणेश  गौरी गणेश विष्णु महेश
गौरी गणेश विष्णु महेश ए

फूल पात्यून फूल पात्यून जौंळी हत्यौलू
फूल पात्यून जौंळी हत्यौलू  ए s s s

कै द्यावा बरमा जी कै द्यावा बरमा जी कलस की  पूजा
कै द्यावा बरमा जी कलस की  पूजा ए s s

गणेश माराज गणेश माराज सागसी ह्व़े जावा
गणेश माराज सागसी ह्व़े जावा  ए s s s

कै द्यावा बरमा जी कै द्यावा बरमा जी  मंदिरों की पूजा
कै द्यावा बरमा जी  मंदिरों की पूजा  ए s s

हाथ जोडीला हाथ जोडीला सीस नवेला
हाथ जोडीला सीस नवेला ए  s s
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti bckukreti@gmail.com

  Satirical Garhwali Poem of Deveshwar Joshi

   Deveshwar Joshi  is famous Hindi and Garhwali poet, story writer. he was born on 21st June 1938 in village Kund, Hisriyakhal, Tihri Garhwal.
Recently, this author got opportunity to meet Deveshwar Joshi in Mumbai. it was interesting evening with him. Joshi read his Garhwali poems till late night
enjoy his poem, the poem is on Jagar style and is satirical
                   
               जै दारु दिबता

                 देवेश्वर जोशी (दिल्ली)

 पैलो प्रणाम पौंचे मेरो तै गुरु को जैन यू दारु बणाइ
दुजू प्रणाम पौंचे  मेरो  ऊन दारु भक्तों को जौं यू दारु गौळ लगाई
            जागरण
जै दारू देब जाग कच्ची तू दारु जाग
पक्की तू दारु जाग देसी तू दारु जाग
अंग्रेजी तू दारु जाग, ब्रांडी की तू बोतले जाग
जिन की बोतळ जाग , स्कोच्च की तू बोतल जाग
थ्री एक्स रम जाग , ओल्ड मोंक की बोतल जाग
व्हिस्की की तू बोतल जाग, बैग्पैप्र के बोतल जाग
सैम्पियन का प्याला जाग , बिपर को गिलास जाग
दिप्लोमत को क्वार्टर जाग
जाग दारु शराब को प्याला जाग
 - ३-
जाग दारु भक्त जाग , छ्वटु  नौनु तैं ब्रांडी दे
घर की नार को तू जिन कोइ बोतल दे
बच्चों  का सिर जाग बूढों का सिर जाग
नौ नाडी बहत्तर कोठों जाग
मंत्री को ध्यान जाग , संतरी का ध्यान जाग
जाग रे बाबा जाग
पी मी का ध्यान जाग सीएम् का ध्यान जाग
डीएम् का ध्यान जाग एडीएम् का ध्यान जाग
जाग रे बाबा जाग
आईएएस का ध्यान जाग, पीसीएस का ध्यान जाग
ऑफिसर  साब का ध्यान जाग , कर्मचारी का ध्यान जाग
पटवारी का ध्यान जाग , कानूनगो का ध्यान जाग
थानेदार का ध्यान जाग दरोगा का ध्यान
पाँच का ध्यान जाग परधान का ध्यान जाग
डाक्टर का ध्यान जाग , क्म्पौंडर का ध्यान जाग
इंजीनियर का ध्यान जाग, ठेकेदार का ध्यान जाग
कर्नल का ध्यान जाग , जर्नल का ध्यान जाग
बिधायक  का ध्यान जाग सांसद  का ध्यान जाग
रेंजर   का ध्यान जाग
फोरेस्टर  का ध्यान जाग
बी डी ओ  का ध्यान जाग  ए डी ओ  का ध्यान जाग
नेता  का ध्यान जाग  अभिनेता  का ध्यान जाग
     ४-
इंटरनेसनल दिबता तेरो ध्यान जाग
बिश्व प्रसिद्ध दारु देब त्वेकी नमस्कार
हर जाती हर धर्म का दिबता तेरी जैजैकार
जाती पाट को दुश्मन छै धर्मनिरपेक्ष दिबता छे
जूठा पिठा नि माणदो , छुवाछुत की बि  जाणदो
५-
प्रात:   की त्वे पूजा देलू , सूर्योदय के त्वे पूजा देलू
ग्विर्मिलाक की त्वे पूजा देल , धडांदि दुफरा की त्वे पूजा देलू
गो धूलि की त्वे पूजा देलू बारा बजे रात की त्वे पूजा देलू
             ६-
जौंळ त्वे बुग्ठ्या देलू, चौसिंग्या त्वे खाडू देलू
पांच त्वे सलाद द्योलू , सात त्वे नमकीन देलू
इक्कीस भांति को मांस देलू , बखरा की क्च्छ्बोळी द्योलू
बखरी की त्वे भित्र्वांस देलू मिरग की कल़ेजी द्योलू
घ्व्वेद को फाब्सू द्योलू , माकच को सुरवा देलू
जौंळ त्वे मुर्गा देलू , तीतर को मॉस देलू . बटेर को मॉस देलू
चकोर को मॉस द्योलू
जाग दारु देब त्वेको नमस्कार
८-
बेरोजगार को तू रोजगार दींदु , बिगड़याँ तू काम बणऊदू
मूसुं तैं तू बाग़ बणऔन्दु  बुड्डयौं तैं तू जवान बणऔन्दु
जवानुं तैं बुड्या बणऔन्दु शेर तैं गीदड़ बणऔन्दु
जौनका गिच्चा दांत नीन पुटका अंत नीन ऊंका ब्योऊ करौंदु
हार्दा मुकदमा जितौंदु , जित्यान उक्द्मा हरौंदु
बड़ा बड़ा ठेका दिलौंदु , बड़ा बड़ा की मति हरण करदो
होणी की निहोणि , निहोणि की होणी करोंदु
राजौं तैं रंक बणोऊन्दु  रंक तैं राज दिलौंदु
सै णा को गोर भेळ हकांदु चलदा घरु खन्द्वार करदू
अच्छा अच्छा कु ठिकाणा लगान्दु
हंसदा प्रिवारून रुलांदु
रिश्तेदार को माँ रखदो दोस्त की तू शां रखदो
.....
जै दारु देब की जै देब की
Copyright Deveshwar Joshi, Delhi, 2011

 
             Garhwali Folk Songs about Ancestor Worship at the Time of Wedding
           (Garhwali Wedding Folk Songs, Himalayan Wedding folk Songs, Indian Marriage Folk Songs)
                                                       Bhishma Kukreti
 In Hindu religion, paying homage to their ancestors is very important Sanskar out of 44 sanskar. The season of fortnight, for paying homage is called Shradh time.
   Apart , Shradh, Hindus pay homage to their ancestors at many auspicious ceremony as in wedding ceremony  after Haldihath, the Pundit jee pays homage to ancestors of the family . The spirits of ancestors are invited to bless the bride or groom.
  Paying homage or remembering ancestors and paying tribute is common in many communities of other countries and religions too.
                                    Tribute to Ancestors in Japan
                     An ancestral ceremony ‘Bon’ takes place either in july or August every year. During Bon ceremony family members return to their parental homes for paying honour to their ancestors.  The family members visit the temple to meet the souls of their ancestors.
 The Bon ceremony also take place after one year, three years, seventh years, thirteenth, seventeenth, twenty third, twenty seven, thirty third, fiftieth and hundredth years of the dead ones.
 At the time of wedding Japanese remember their ancestors.
                                Worship of Ancestors by Mulam Ethnic Groups in China
 In china, Mulam ethnic groups pay homage to their ancestors by performing  ceremony  in February . At Grave Sweeping Festivals, the Mulamian people sweep the grave of ancestors and collect money for the gravestoo. There are folk songs related to sweeping grave ceremony
                                 Ancestral Tribute  Worship in Inca
          In South America, in pre Colombian era, ‘Aya marcay Quilla’ or Month of dead is celebrated.(November) . The dead were  taken out from crypts, the dead one are dressed and offered food. Then there were dances and rituals to pay homage the ancestors (Reference: D'Altroy, Terence N. The Incas. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell, 2002.)
                        Ancestoral Worship in Guzhou China
         In Guzhou community, ancestral worship is very important Ssanskar or custom to celebrate. Shi community call this ceremony “Yulunduan”
                   Vietnamese way of Ancestral Worship
Nearly in every house, office or business, there is an alter which is for to use to commune with ancestors
 In Vietnam, apart from death day , the Vietnamese people remember their ancestors on birth, on birth day, starting a new business, buying costly products as house, marriage or whenever a person needs help, favor .
              Ancestral worship in Lesotho (African country)
 Though, the majority of people of Lesotho are  Christians, but their rites in Church are mixed with ancestor worshiping chants   
                Ancestral worship in  Sisa (Africa)
  There is a dance and music in Africa called “ Ring Shout”. This is prayer to god for calling their ancestor
               Ancestral Worship in Jewish religion
 Joseph Jacobs provides  details of ancestor worshipping in Jewish religion by providing the references of Old Testimonials and references from C.Grüneisen,Der Ahnenkultus und die Urreligion Israels, Halle,1900, which contains a full bibliography (pp.ix.-xv.)
                       Ancestral Worship in Korea
                     In Korea the name of ancestral worship is Jerye” or “Jesa”. The ceremony of the death anniversary is called “ Charye” 
                           Ancestor Worship or Tribute to dead ones in  Europe
          In most catholic families of Europe , “All Saints Day” is ancestral worshipping day
                  Ancestral Worship in Ireland
 Irish believe that during Samahian , dead were supposed to return and in old tradition, Irish people left food and light were left for them.
                            Garhwali Tradition to pay Homage to Ancestors and Folk Songs for Nandi Mukh Shradh
  At the time of wedding in Garhwali community, ancestors are remembered many times . There is one ritual after haldihath, bathing , Arti , the Pundit jee read chants regarding Nandi Mukh Shradh (A Rritual to remember ancestors)as done in Shradh ) . T Here, pundit jee reads rituals in Sanskrit women sing the particular folk
      विवाह के अवसर पर  गया जाने वाला  नंदी मुख श्राद्ध का मांगळ (गढ़वाली लोक गीत )
          The song is about inviting their ancestors to attend wedding ceremony .
                Initially the ancestors are invited in initial wedding ceremony to bless the groom/bride
 In the song the society assume that the ancestors in heaven above the sky. the song presumes that the path from heaven to the earth is having rogh roads, hills, spiky bush. and the singers ask the live members to clean the roads by various appliances as spades, reaping hooks etc
 there is mention and assurance to ancestors souls that we shall offer libation of water and milk to the ancestors .
At last the ancestors of nine generations are requested to bless
           ऐ जावा पितरा ऐ जावा पितरा मैं मात लोक     
            ऐ जावा पितरा ऐ जावा पितरा मैं मात लोक    ए  s s s

           तुम तैं पितरा  तुम तैं पितरा न्यूत बुलोंला
           तुम तैं पितरा  तुम तैं पितरा न्यूत बुलोंला ए  s s s
         
           कनकैक ऑन्ला कनकैक ऑन्ला मै मात लोक
           कनकैक ऑन्ला कनकैक ऑन्ला मै मात लोक ए s s s

           मै मात लोक मै मात लोक किंकर्युं का झ्याळ
             मै मात लोक मै मात लोक किंकर्युं का झ्याळ ए s  s s

            किंकर्युं का झ्याळ किंकर्युं का झ्याळ  पोड पखाण
            किंकर्युं का झ्याळ किंकर्युं का झ्याळ  पोड पखाण  ए  s s s

          कोरी तुमड़ी  ल़ा कोरी तुमड़ी ल़ा कुयादी फटोला
           कोरी तुमड़ी  ल़ा कोरी तुमड़ी ल़ा कुयादी फटोला

             पयाँ बींड़  दाथिन पयाँ बींड़  दाथिन  जील कटला
              पयाँ बींड़  दाथिन पयाँ बींड़  दाथिन  जील कटला
               
              घौणु   सबळयूँन  घौणु   सबळयूँन  पाड़ फोडला
              घौणु   सबळयूँन  घौणु   सबळयूँन  पाड़ फोडला  ए  s s s

            अपणा  पितरों कु अपणा  पितरों कु बाटो बणोऔल़ा
             अपणा  पितरों कु बाटो बणोऔल़ा  ए  s s s

            चांदी सांगउ चांदी सांगउ तुमकू लगौन्ला
            चांदी सांगउ तुमकू लगौन्ला ए s s s
   
            तुम बिन पितरो तुम बिन पितरो कारज नि होंद
            तुम बिन पितरो कारज नि होंद  ए
 
             ताम्बा परात  मा ताम्बा परात  मा तर्पण द्युन्ला
             ताम्बा परात  मा तर्पण द्युन्ला ए s s s
 
            गाई दूधन गाई दूधन तर्पण द्योला
             गाई दूधन तर्पण द्योला  ए s s  s

             ऐ जावा ऐ जावा पितरो मैं मात लोक
             ऐ जावा पितरो मैं मात लोक  ए s s s

             कै जलमो हवालो  कै जलमो हवालो पूत सपूत
              कै जलमो हवालो पूत सपूत  ए  s s s

              जौन हमकू जौन हमकू न्यूतो भिजाई
               जौन हमकू न्यूतो भिजाई  ए

               जो ह्वाला तुमारा जो ह्वाला तुमारा  पिंड पळयावूँ
               जो ह्वाला तुमारा  पिंड पळयावूँ  ए s s s

                पिंड पळयांवुं पिंड पळयांवुं  अंचळी ढ्क्याओ
                 पिंड पळयांवुं  अंचळी ढ्क्याओ ए s s s

                सागसी ह्व़े जाओ  सागसी ह्व़े जाओ नौ पीढयूँ  का
                 सागसी ह्व़े जाओ नौ पीढयूँ  का  ए

                 नौ पीढयूँ का नौ पीढयूँ का  सात साक्युं का                   
                नौ पीढयूँ का  सात साक्युं का ए s s

                पितर लोक पितर लोक चमकै उठाला 
                 पितर लोक चमकै उठाला  ए s s s

                 मुळकै हैंसाला मुळकै हैंसाला जुप कै बैठाला
                   मुळकै हैंसाला जुप कै बैठाला  ए s s s

                   हमारो कारज हमारो कारज सुफल करियां
                   हमारो कारज सुफल करियां  ए s s s

                  दे द्याओ पितरो दे द्याओ पितरो अपणो दुरबा
                  दे द्याओ पितरो अपणो दुरबा ए

                  सदा रैं अमर सदा रैं अमर पितर लोक
                  सदा रैं अमर पितर लोक  ए s s  s

                 दे जावा पितरो दे जावा पितरो आशिरबाद
                 दे जावा पितरो आशिरबाद ए s s s
 
 Reference : Totaram Dhoundiyal Shrimati Shailja Thapliyal, Mangal, Dhad Prakashan , Dehradun
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti bckukreti@gmail.com

         
   
 
               
           

           
           
           

         Economical Conflicts and Tension in  Garhwali Wedding Song For Vedi Worshiping
                                   वेदी पूजन लोक गीत  में आर्थिक विषमता से उपजा तनाव  का उल्लेख     
                         (Garhwali Wedding Folk Songs, Himalayan Wedding Folk Songs, Indian Wedding Folk Songs)
                                                            Bhishma Kukreti
                          The marriage ceremony of Hindus take place at 'Vedi' .''Vedi' is prepared at bride's country yard or now, at wedding place.Vedi' is squarish prepared by mud and stones. Around 'Vedi' there are pillars of pine branch and banana plants. One banana plant has to be with fruits.
 When 'Vedi' is ready, Pundit jee does ritual performance for worshiping 'Vedi' through bride's house . Pundit Jee speaks chants in Sanskrit . at another side the women sing a folk song of Vedi' Poojan or Vedi worshiping .
             
                 The difference between rich and poor is universal truth. Folk songs are mirror of society’s thinking too . There are many examples when the folk songs display the differences between rich and poor. In book-‘The Alabama folk Lyric: a Study in origins and media of dissemination’, Ray Broadus Browne details about the economic class differences and tension in the folk songs of Alabama. Nickajack who collected various folk songs from the area states that the folk songs express resentment against the “rich man’s war and poor man’s fight”
 In this Garhwali Folk song of Bedi Poojan  there is conflict about the showmanship in wedding by rich families  and the solution for filing the gap between riches and poor in wedding ceremony . The song also indicates  the tension because of showmanship by rich people in wedding ceremony and thus creating problem for poor
     
      वेदी पूजन लोक गीत
 ऐ जावा पिताजी ऐ जावा पिताजी बेदी जगसीला
ऐ जावा पिताजी बेदी जगसीला ए

 के केकी पिताजी के केकी पिताजी  बेदी बणि च
के केकी पिताजी  बेदी बणि च  ए

के केका पिताजी के केका पिताजी खम्भ घट्याँन 
 के केका पिताजी खम्भ घट्याँन  ए

के केको पिताजी के केको पिताजी चंदोया ओड़यूँ  च
 के केको पिताजी चंदोया ओड़यूँ  च ए

के केन पिताजी के केन पितजी  बेदी भरीं  च
के केन पितजी  बेदी भरीं  च ए

के केको पिताजी के केको पिताजी दान करीला
के केको पिताजी दान करीला ए

सोना चांदी की सोना चांदी की बेदी बणी च
सोना चांदी की बेदी बणी च ए

हीरा मोत्युनं हीरा मोत्युनं बेदी भरीं च
हीरा मोत्युनं बेदी भरीं च  ए

सोना चांदी का सोना चाँदी का खंभ घट्यान 
सोना चाँदी का खंभ घट्यान  ए

सोना चांदी का सोना चांदी का चंदोया ओड्यू  च
सोना चांदी का चंदोया ओड्यू  च  ए

तुम छावां पिताजी  तुम छांवां पिताजी अमीर लोक
तुम छांवां पिताजी अमीर लोक  ए

गरीब लोक गरीब लोक क्या क्या दान द्याला
गरीब लोक क्या क्या दान द्याला  ए

बताऊ मेरी कनियाँ बताऊ मेरी कनियाँ बेदी की बिधि
बताऊ मेरी कनियाँ बेदी की बिधि  ए

मित मेरी कनियाँ मित मेरी कनियाँ जणदू नि छंवूं
मित मेरी कनियाँ जणदू नि छंवूं ए

जणदो नि छंवुं जणदो नि छ्वुं सुणदो छंवुं
जणदो नि छ्वुं सुणदो छंवुं  ए

तू छे मेरी कनियाँ तू छे मेरी कनियाँ अकल की दाता
तू छे मेरी कनियाँ अकल की दाता  ए

गारा माटी की गारा माटी की बेदी बणऐल़ा
गारा माटी की बेदी बणऐल़ा  ए

आटा पीठान आटा पीठान  बेदी भरीं च
आटा पीठान  बेदी भरीं च  ए

क्याल़ा कूंलेँ की  क्याल़ा कूंलेँ की   बेदी बणऐल़ा
क्याल़ा कूंलेँ की   बेदी बणऐल़ा  ए

सूता धागुन सूता धागुन कुलैं बंधिला 
 सूता धागुन कुलैं बंधिला  ए

क्वारो कपड़ोंन क्वारो कपड़ोंन चंदोया बणऐल़ा
क्वारो कपड़ोंन चंदोया बणऐल़ा  ए

सूता धागुन सूता धागुन चंदोया उठैला
सूता धागुन चंदोया उठैला
 Curtsy for Folk Song: Totaram Dhoundiyal, Shrimati Shailjaa Thapliyal , Mangal, Dhad Prakashan
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti bckukreti@gmail.com








 















 

Symbolism in Garhwali Dhuliarg Wedding Songs, Symbolism in Worldwide Wedding Folk Songs  and Symbolism in Various Wedding Customs
                                               Bhishma Kukreti
(Abstract: There are four parts in this article. First part defines symbolism in poetry, the second part details about symbols in wedding of various societies all over world , third part opens the studies of symbols in wedding folk songs of various areas and fourth part discusses the symbols used in Garhwali Dhuliarg Wedding folk Song)
                       Michael Meyer  in his scholarly research “ The Online glossary”, ,  defines symbol in  a poetry or song   “ A person, object, image, word, or event that evokes a range of additional meaning beyond and usually more abstract than its literal significance. Symbols are educational devices for evoking complex ideas without having to resort to painstaking explanations that would make a story more like an essay than an experience. Conventional symbols have meanings that are widely recognized by a society or culture”
              Michael further elaborates the definition of symbols in literature A literary or contextual symbol can be a setting, character, action, object, name, or anything else in a work that maintains its literal significance while suggesting other meanings. Such symbols go beyond conventional symbols; they gain their symbolic meaning within the context of a specific story”.
                          Wedding in any society of any era is very important aspect for the family and for the society too. Wedding means the preparation for the future journey for the gain of new generation. Therefore, in all the marriage customs, there are symbols in various stages of marriage.
                        Symbolism in Traditional Chinese Wedding
 The traditional dowry includes scissors shaped two butterflies  symbolizing joy, warmth and inseparable, vase in dowry is symbolic to peace and , rulers symbolizing large farming fields In dowry, there is a chamber pot filled with fruits (symbol of fertility) and coins ( symbols for prosperity and wealth).
 The bridal bed is prepared by a person who has “good luck” or having many children. The fruits on bridal bed as dates on the bridal bed means   “soon”,  chestnut is symbols of established sons, pomegranates (fertility), lotus seeds (continuous birth),bran (rich son),
 The phoenix and dragon styled hair style of bride means the union of a man and woman. The cypress leaves on groom’s cap means for many children and wealth.
 Traditional gifts of shoes and bronze mirror are symbolic to togetherness with harmony. Vowing by bride and groom by taking  wines and honey is symbolic to “gold of marriage”.
 Stepping over a saddle by bride at groom’s house means the sign of peace.
                                               Japanese Engagement Wedding Characters
  There are many symbolic items in Japanese engagement as abalone stands for longevity, cuttlefish  represents pregnancy, kelp resemblances “child bearing woman” and longevity of union. Japanese exchange m any  items engagement ceremony  and each item represents some meaning as decorated items by crane (mates for life), tortoise (lays many eggs –capacity for many children), pine (stands for evergreen –prosperity) , bamboo represents integrity and cherry plant is the sign of lifelong happiness
 The Japanese engagement outfit also represents new beginning , leaving father being the wife of husband.
    In Japanese wedding, the couple hold a rosary (Juju) contain 21 beads. These beads are symbolic to 18 beads for couple, two beads for two families and one bead represents for Buddha. The decoration of food also represents many meanings in Japanese customs.
                                                Symbols in Cambodian Marriage
 The items used in Cambodian marriage are deeply rooted in Hindu culture and Buddhist culture. Though Buddhist priest performs the marriage rituals but many items are related to Hindu symbols as soaking of cotton beads tied on couple’s hands by holy water (Ganges of Hindu), The gotrachar in Hindu sytem is same as in Cambodian system . Gotrachar means to digging information about bride and groom by opposite party.
                                                   Symbolic Items in Thai Wedding
     The family or friends put sesame seeds, rice and coins in between blanket and sheets for bridal bed. These items are symbols of fertility, children, and happy life.
                                Pine Trees in Norwegian Marriage
              In Norwegian marriage, the couple is gifted two pine trees. These trees are grwon on the each door side of couple hose. The pine tree is sign of evergreen and thus sign of fertility .
 Same way, in Garhwali tradition pine tree branches are put at four corners of Vedi  the marriage place and  symbolizing the fertility factor in Garhwali wedding.
                             Garhwali ‘Sapata’  and Malaysian Meminang
                   In Malaysia ,   after the agreement about engagement of bride and groom,  a couple of people from groom side visit the bride house , discuss and agree upon the following aspects of engagement
1-The date and time of Meminang ceremony
2- Money to be paid by groom side for arrangement
3-Details of gift items from both sides
4-Exavt date and timing of wedding
5- List of guests (numbers) from groom side.
6-Other important aspects of exchanges of gifts and responsibilities
 In old time Garhwali wedding, before a week or two three days before the wedding a wise or experienced person and pundit jee from groom side visit the bride side and this visit is called Sapata. There is one page paper written by pundit jee about wedding ceremonial timing (Nakshtra) which is handed over to pundit jee of bride side. The wise man or experienced person discuss the following aspects of marriage
1-Exact date and timing of wedding as per Nakshtra.
2- Numbers of guests from groom side and arrangement proposals
3- Gifts proposals from both side usually jewelries is discussed
                                                   Symbolism in Philippines Marriage
         The wedding ceremony in Philippine has  social bondage. There are many symbols in Filipino wedding as
1- Principal and secondary sponsors represent the importance of people in the life of bride and groom
2-The participation of aunts, and other old people as principal sponsors represent witnessing , wisdom and support.
2-Wedding coins are symbols of prosperity
3-white Veils by groom and bride: The veil is symbol of purity or presence of God (cloud)
4-Cording ceremony is the symbol of bondage
5-Candle: The candle symbolize the Light of Christ
                     Symbols in Christian Engagement and Marriage
1- Circle of Ring is the sign of perfection, infinity in love
2-White colour of bride is the the sign or purity
3-throwing rice is symbolic to fertility but this custom came from Indian culture
                            Irish wedding Symbols
 There are Christian wedding custom and regional customs in Irish wedding
1- Hand fasting has some debate as it is symbol of public announcement of betrothal or ‘trial marriage   ?
2-The Claddagh ring is symbol of everlasting love and marriage
3-Horseshoe is to stop bad luck
4-Jumping the broom is the symbol of health and home
5-Mead offer is the historical incidents took place for honeymooning in Ireland
           A couple of exclusive wedding customs of Italy
 1- Cutting the log by double handed saw by bride and groom is the symbol of their partnership in love and marriage
2-Breaking glass and counting the broken pieces by groom and bride represents the years of couple being together after marriage
                                      French Wedding Symbols
 There are many symbols in wedding ceremony in urban and rural France
1- Wedding Armoire is known as ‘Hope Chest’
2- Groom’s marriage procession” In villages of France, the groom takes the marriage procession to the bride’s house and take bride towards wedding chapel. In the mean time, the village children block the path of bride –groom by white ribbon and bride has to cut the ribbon. In path, the beggars plaited the hedge grow brier and the bride-groom have to bribe to remove the hurdle. These customs are to teach newlyweds for overcoming hurdle together.
                    Symbols in Spanish Marriage customs
 Though, there are many customs in Spanish marriage and groom presenting 13 coins to bride is  important as symbol of unity in earlier age. Today coin offering  is the sign of wealth and prosperity
                         Symbols of Greek Traditional Wedding
          In the marriage ceremony the best friend puts on a golden crown or wreaths of orange blossoms on the head of groom and bride. Rest of the day, groom is supposed to be king and bride as queen.
          At the reception, dishes are smashed as ‘good Luck” and money is thrown on the musicians .
                          Traditional Jewish wedding
 There are stages, steps and rituals in Jewish wedding and each step has symbolic meaning and those meanings are still relevant in many ways.
                             Symbols in African Wedding
     There are many items required in African ethnic wedding and each item has an importance as far as symbolism in wedding is concerned
1-Broom: The broom is the sign of  ‘Cleanliness of Health , Long married life,
2- Bitter Herbs : The painful life may be ahead
3-Four Cowry shells: The symbol of Truthfulness, Prophecy, Life time devotion, Fertility
4-Iron Pot and Spoon: healthy food for building strong married life and family
5-Cinnamon and Honey : Sweet Lovely life and blessing from the Goddess Oshum
6-Pepper: In heated time, family  may experience and avert
7- Queens shield and crown: represents honor and pride of family
8- Rain water : represents purification, cool roads, dissolution of problems
9- Sea Salt: Quick healing and preservation of marriage
10-Warrior machete : for protection of sanctity and communities
11- Wheat for fertility, giving life and land
12- Wine is the symbol of mixing of blood of two families.
                        Symbols in Persian wedding
              The custom Sofreh-ye-Aghad is  important ceremony takes place at bride’s house or place. The following items and rites represent various aspects of life
1-Mirror – represents fate
2-Candlebars symbolizes brightening the future of bride-grom
3- a Tray of seven multicolored spices and herbs –Poppy Seeds ( for breaking spells and witchcraft), Wild rice (fertility and prosperity, Angelika (purity), Salt (blinding  evil’s eyes ),Nigella seeds, Black tea, Frankincense (to burn the evil spirits).
4-Baked and decorated flatbread for prosperity and happiness
5-A basket of eggs, basket of almonds and other fruits in baskets for fertility
6-Basket of pomegranates and appeals for joyful life
7- Rose water for purifying the air and pure life in future
8-Crustalized sugar for sweet life
9-Burning coal sprinkled with wild rue for keeping away the evil’s eye and bringing health
10- cup of gold coins for prosperity
11-A needle and seven strand of seven coloured thread  for sewing up mother in law’s lips for bad and unpleasant words.
                    Symbolism in a Garhwali Wedding
 Garhwalis are Hindu , therefore all symbols of Hindu  way of wedding  exist in Traditional Garhwali  wedding . There are a few additions of items and rites or activities in Garhwali wedding  as per regional needs .
                       Symbolism in Wedding Folk Poetry
  There have been very less research on comparative study on folk songs specially wedding folk poetry because there is less translation of the folk poetry. However, Louise O Vasvari initiated to compare the wedding folk songs of Garman, Hungary and Spain in her brilliant article,” A Comparative Approach  to European folk Poetry and the erotic Wedding Motif”. She states that at one hand the songs are appropriate for the festivities and other hand the folk songs offer warning to young women the *ual and consequently , social dangers always present in their interaction with men.  Louise proved that symbolic folk poetry(here erotic wedding  songs) does  fulfill various  motives as  creating musical atmosphere in wedding , amusing the people and lastly the wedding song s provide preaching to younger ones.  Louise provided tens of words and phrases which are simple words on surface but they represent different meanings . Examples are – dark coloured girl, going to wood, not pulling out snake by mother and brother,
          J C B Petropoulus provides tens of examples of symbolism in Greece wedding folk songs or poetry in his book , “Erotism in Ancient and Medieval Greek Poetry” for example, in a folk song, the bride is compared to  dove and tortoise dove .
               Radost Ivanova briefs the symbolism in  Bulgarian wedding and Bulgarian wedding songs his article , “Wedding as a System of Symbols”
                    Jam Adamowsky , in his brilliant article , “ Semantic and Organization of the Wedding Ritual Space “ provides us various symbols in Polish wedding and symbols in folk poetry or rituals.
 Tatyana Zayokowsky briefs the differences and similarities among Ukrainian wedding symbols, Slav wedding customs and Greek wedding customs in his article, “THE BRIDE AS A BIRD, 1. FLIGHT OVER OTHER WORLD”. In this article, he provides various example from folk poetry,
               Albert Bayburin, Deyan Aidachich, Aleksandar Loma, Zoya Karanovich, Biljana Sikimich, Ljubinko Radenkovich, Danica Djokich, Irina A. Sedakova, Rachko Popov, Elena S. Uzeneva, Tatyana A. Agapkina, Vitaliy Zaykovskiy  provide the detailed knowledge of symbols in Slav wedding and Slav wedding folk songs and other folk songs  in a book “Codes of Slav Cultures”. The book is very crucial to study the comparative studies of symbols uses in wedding folk songs in various culture thought the world

           V.V Freiberga detailed symbols in folk songs of Lativa in Journal of Baltik Sudies, 1975.

               Nikifor Robovsky provide various examples of symbols in folk poems of  Macedonian area in his article,” Macedonian Folkloristic Theme “.

                   Brone Stundzhiene provide analytical study of symbols in Lithuanian folk songs in his brilliant article, “ The Depiction of Trees in Lithuanian folk Songs”

 Batya Fonda provides readers about various symbols used in Jewish folk songs in an Internet site . “http://www.jewishfolksongs.com/en/kings-and-queens”

                         Symbolism   in  Garhwali Wedding Folk songs of Dhuliarg 
     Dhulyarg  is ritual performed by Pundit jee and the parents of bride also perform as per advice of Pundit jee. The women sing the specific folk song for Dhuliarg time as :                           
                 धूळयर्ग  के समय का गढ़वाली लोक गीत
 ऐ गई पितैजी ऐ गई पितैजी दिया का कन्या
 ऐ गई पितैजी  दिया का कन्या

खड़ा रैन्गीं पितैजी खडा रैन्गीं पितैजी दिया का कन्या 
खडा रैन्गीं पितैजी दिया का कन्या  ए

दे द्यावा पितैजी दे द्यावा पितैजी धूळीअर्ग 
दे द्यावा पितैजी धूळइयर्ग  ए

धूळीअर्ग धूळीअर्ग  पुनिया समान
धूळीअर्ग  पुनिया समान  ए

को ह्वालो कनियाँ को ह्वालो दिया का कन्या
को ह्वालो दिया का कन्या  ए

कें देलू बेटी कें देलू बेटी धूळीअर्ग
कें देलू बेटी धूळीअर्ग ए

को ह्वालो बेटी को ह्वालो बेटी श्री रामचंदर
को ह्वालो बेटी श्री रामचंदर ए

जोंकी होली पितैजी जोंकी होली पितैजी बैजंती माला
जोंकी होली पितैजी बैजंती माला  ए

वूं दीण पितैजी वूं दीण पितैजी धूळीअर्ग
वूं दीण पितैजी धूळीअर्ग  ए

दे द्यावा पितैजी दे द्यावा पितैजी शंख की पूजा
 दे द्यावा पितैजी शंख की पूजा  ए

कें देलू बेटी कें देलू बेटी शंख की पूजा
कें देलू बेटी शंख की पूजा ए

जोंकी होली पितैजी जौंकी होली पितैजी राजूं पैर्वाग
जौंकी होली पितैजी राजूं पैर्वाग  ए

राजूं पैर्वाग राजूं पैर्वाग पीताम्बर धोती
राजूं पैर्वाग पीताम्बर धोती  ए

दे द्यावा पितैजी दे द्यावा पितैजी नर्युळ जनेऊ
दे द्यावा पितैजी नर्युळ जनेऊ ए

जोंकी होली पितैजी जोंकी होली पितैजी  पायूँ मा पदम
जोंकी होली पितैजी  पायूँ मा पदम ए

वूं दीण पितैजी धूळीअर्ग  वूं दीण पितैजी धूळीअर्ग
वूं दीण पितैजी धूळीअर्ग  ए

राम जी आई गेन राम जी आई गेन जनकपुरी मा
राम जी आई गेन जनकपुरी मा  ए

अयोध्या का लोक अयोध्या का लोक जनकपुरी मा
अयोध्या का लोक जनकपुरी मा  ए

जनकपुरी मा जनकपुरी मा धूम मचीन चा
जनकपुरी मा धूम मचीन चा  ए

राजा जनक की राजा जनक की कनियाँ कुँवारी
राजा जनक की कनियाँ कुँवारी  ए

जनकपुरी मा जनकपुरी मा सीता स्वयम्बर
जनकपुरी मा सीता स्वयम्बर

The girls request the bride's father that marriage party has arrived. The girls ask him to stand at the site of Vedi. Then the girls request the bride's father to pay Dhuliarg (it is again symbolic that to take the soil of foot of groom on the head by bride's father and that means to pay high respect to groom)
the innocent bride's father asks that he does not know to recognize Shri Ramchandra (the groom is symbolic to lord Ram Chandra)
the girls say that the person putting on Baijayanti garland (lord Vishnu or Ramchandra  puts on Baijaynti garland) is the groom
Again the girls ask to worship Shankh (the symbol of lord Vishnu) . The bride's father ask the method of recognizing groom. The girls suggest that who is in King's dress he is groom (Here groom is symbol of the king)
 Then in symbolic language , motifs the girls tell that the people of Ayodhya (Groom's marriage party) have  arrived in Janakpuri (the village of bride) and there is festivity in Janakpuri (in bride's village).
The whole song is in symbolic wordings and depiction
         Conclusion is that the items and song of wedding ceremony are full of symbols in all societies of the world.
Ref: for Garhwali Folk songs -- Totaram Dhoundiyal, Shailja Thapliyal, Mangal, Dhad Prakasahn Dehradun
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