MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

                      Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration in context History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur

                          हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास संदर्भ में चन्द्रगुप्त प्रशासन
                              Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur  Part  -  97   
                         
                                   हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -  97                   


                                                                     इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
                                                            चाणक्य व कौटिल्य
                           
          ऐसा कहा जाता है कि चाणक्य ने मौर्य प्रशासन सुव्यवस्थित करने हेतु चन्द्रगुप्त का आमात्य बनना स्वीकार किया था।  चाणक्य ने चन्द्रगुप्त व अन्य शाशकों की शिक्षा हेतु 'अर्थशास्त्र ' की रचना की। कौटिल्य रचित 'अर्थशास्त्र ' चाणक्य की रचना है या नही इस पर इतिहासकारों म ेमतभेद है।  किन्तु अधिकतर माना गया है कि 'अर्थशास्त्र ' का रचनाकाल चन्द्रगुप्त के शासनकाल का है।
                                                      मौर्य शासन प्रबंध
यूनानी राजदूत मेगस्थनीज के लेखों व  'अर्थशास्त्र' से मौर्य शासन प्रणाली का वर्णन है।
             चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य का शाशन संभवतया चार या पांच प्रांतों में विभाजित था और उनका केंद्र थे -
तक्षशिला
उज्जैन
सुवर्णगिरि
तोसली
पाटलिपुत्र
           यमुना  का पूर्वी प्रदेश का शासन पाटलिपुत्र से होता रहा होगा।
        उपराजा या महामात्र स्थानीय राजा होते थे।
स्वायता का बोलबाला था।  विभिन्न जनपदों में स्थानीय परम्पराओं , धार्मिक व सामाजिक जीवन बिताने की स्वतंत्रता थी।

                        कुलिंद जनपद के विभागीय  महामात्र

अंदाज लगाया जा सकता है कि कुलिंद जनपद में निम्न उपराजा या महामात्र थे -
तामस
कालकूट
तंगण
भारद्वाज
रंकु
आत्रेय
बिजनौर संभवतया पांचाल या कुलिंद के भारद्वाज का भाग रहा होगा।

          पाखंड पर प्रतिबंध

 चननकय ने पाखंड पर प्रतिबंध लगवाया था।

           पर्वतवासी आयुधजीवी
पर्वतवासी आयुधजीवियों की विश्सनीयता पर कोई शंका नही होती थी इससे अंदाज लगाया जा सकता कि चन्द्रगुप्त के राज में उत्तराखंड , हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर के सैनिकों का महत्व था।


 ** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड  इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ  , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 10/4/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -      Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration  Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration  Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration  Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   AncientHistory of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration  Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Chandragupta  Maurya  AdministrationAncient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;    History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration Ancient History of Bijnor;  Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration   Ancient History of Saharanpur; Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Chandragupta  Maurya  Administration Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient  Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास                      :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

History of Ranihat (Tehri Garhwal) Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule over Garhwal
        History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period -6
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 23
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -88   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -607
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)


            Ranihat was an ancient settlement just opposite of Shrinagar (present day Pauri Garhwal) at Alaknanda River in present day Tehri Garhwal (K.P Nautiyal, 1977, The Himalayas). Asiatic researches and Tehri Museum offered glimpses of Temple of Ranihat in Gurkha Rule over Garhwal.
 In Gurkha/Gorkha period too, there was sizable population in Ranihat. There were small and big temples in numbers. People used to cross Alaknanda by Jhula Bridge (plant fiber rope way) or by boats.
                            Rajrajeshwari Temple Ranihat
 The biggest temple was Rajrajeshwari and that temple still exists. Garhwal Kings donated Ranihat village and nearby villages to Rajrajeshwari temple and Gurkha retained land as same.                                 
                  The Bammargi or Tantrik were there governing the temple and they used to perform scared and enigmatic rituals in the temple. Those Bammargi used to have researches too on Tantra and Mantra.
Tantra is a system of extorted practices involving Yoga, Meditation,  Hypnosis, Autosuggestion, asana, Exercise, Self Control for the fulfillment of worldly desires as well as the spiritual experience.
  The Devdasi (devoted to temple) had major population there and they used to dance, sing and had life of prostitutes.
  When a girl used to come to become a Devdasi (definitely by force from parents or society) the priest used to paste the Oil from the Lamp of Temple on her hair. From that day (Deeksha) those girls were called Devdasi. In reality they were religious prostitutes. 
                                     Das ka Math in Ranihat

  Das ka Math was again a Nath ritual place. Garhwal Kings had donated land for das ka Math. Later on Tehri King Sudarshan Shah also retained the Gunth (land to temple) to the temple.
                       Sureshwari Devi temple Ranihat
    Here too, Tantrik used to use the goddess temple Sureshwari Temple for Tantrik studies. Common people were interested in normal goddess worshipping. Land was donated for temple from Garhwal King and Gurkha Administration too.
                                         Ransi Temple Ranihat
 The temple was related to goddess Rati the wife of God Kamdev. The temple was connected to education of Kamkrida or Love Making perhaps in past. 
 Garhwal Kings donated land for the Rati temple and Gurkha and Tehri kings retained the land for the temple.


** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 11/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -608
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal; 
Xx
History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dhangu, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Lansdowne Tehsil Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Haridwar, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period;  History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal,  History of Yamunotri Temples in Uttarkashi Garhwal, History of Yamunotri  Temple in Yamuna –Tones Rivers Valley Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal,  History of Yamunotri Temple Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Uttarakhand, History of Yamunotri Temple Himalaya, History Gangotri Temple;  History of Barahat or Uttarkashi Temples in context Gurkha /Gorkha Rule; History of  Devprayag  Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha rule on Garhwal; History Raghunath Ji temple in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal; History of Shrinagar Garhwal, Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule on Garhwal ; History of Ranihat (Tehri Garhwal) Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule on Garhwal;

                           ::: ====स्वच्छ भारत!  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

                      Forest Produces of Haridwar,  Bijnor,   Saharanpur in Chandragupta Maurya Period
                       मौर्यकालीन हरिद्वार  ,  बिजनौर   , सहारनपुर   इतिहास संदर्भ में वन्य  उत्पादन


               Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur  Part  - 98     
                         
                     हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -98                     


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

        कौटिल्य ने निम्न वन उत्पादनों का विवरण दिया है जो अवश्य  ही हरिद्वार, बिजनौर व सहारनपुर के वनों में प्रचुर मात्रा में उपलब्ध थे।
दारु /फर्नीचर काष्ठ - शाल , शीशम , भवन निर्माण हेतु
वेणु - बांस व अन्य बांस की प्रजातियां
बल्ली - बेंट आदि से टोकरियाँ आदि बनतीं थीं
छाल - विभिन वनस्पतियों की छालें कई प्रकार के उपकरण निर्माण हेतु व दवाइयों में भी। जैसे सेमल , भांग आदि
रेशे - बाबड़ , मालू आदि
पत्तियां - ढाक  , मालू , बेडू , तिम्लु के पत्तों से बर्तन व मकान बनाने हेतु
फूल - कई प्रकार के फूल जो औषधि व रंग निर्माण हेतु
कंद मूल - भोजन व औषधि हेतु
विष - कई वनस्पति विष बनाने हेतु प्रयोग होते थे
विविध - अन्य कार्य हेतुं
        भाभर में मंडी
पहाड़ों से वनस्पति उत्पाद को मैदानों में बेचने व मैदानी उत्पाद को पहाड़ों में बेचने के लिए हरिद्वार , बिना , सहरनपुर में मदनियाँ थीं या व्यपारी थे। 


 ** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड  इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ  , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया
मुखर्जी  चन्द्रगुप्त ऐंड हिज टाइम्स Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 11/4/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -      Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   AncientHistory of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;    History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bijnor;  Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;    Ancient History of Saharanpur;  Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;  Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient  Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास                      :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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  History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period -7
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 24
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -89   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -608
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

            History:  Temples in Devalgarh, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
    There were three major temples in Devalgarh near Shrinagar.
Rajrajeshwari Temple in Devalgarh –Uniyal caste Pundit was priest
Gaurja Temple in Devalgarh –Bahuguna caste Pundit used to be Priest of Gaurja Temple
Satyanath or Satpir Math in Devalgarh - The Math had importance in the society and administration. The priests and people of Shrinagar and nearby used to visit Math and temples in Navratra.
 Gurkha administration kept those temples under ‘Sadavrat’ that is land was provided to temple. All used to offer gifts .

                 History: Temples in Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
         There was a small Math in Rudraprayag. Asiatic Researches (Vol. 11, page 503) reported that there were a few houses in Rudraprayag occupied by Brahmins.

            History:  Temples in Karnaprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
  There was a small Math in Karnaprayag. It was said that there was an idol of King Karna inside the Math or temple in Karnaprayag. There were seven eight houses in Karnaprayag. Gurkha Administration built a rope way bridge on Pindar River in Karnaprayag.
            History:  Temples in Nandprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
   Nandprayag was a barren village in 1808. The temples were ruined by 1808 due to earthquake of 1803. Two or three shopkeepers used to sell necessary materials in Nandprayag. There was a very small stone temple and a couple of deity idols were kept there. A Brahmin used to be there for necessary rituals.
            History:  Temples in Joshimath Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
Most of temples of Joshimath were destroyed in 1803 Earthquake. However, following deity temples were still safe in 1808-
Vishnu Temple of Joshimath
Ganesh temple of Joshimath
Surya Temple of Joshimath
Navdurga Temple of Joshimath
People used to paste butter on idol of Navdurga and butter was used in such quantity that idol was never seen by the pilgrims.

            History:  Temples Pandukeshwar in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

      There were two ancient temples in Pandukeshwar in 1808. There were 20-30 Houses in Pandukeshwar in 1808.

                   History:  Temples in Vishnuprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

 There was a fife feet broad wooden bridge on Dhauli Ganga River in Vishnu Prayag. There were 2 or 3 houses in Vishnuprayag.
   The land (Goonth) was donated for all the above temples.
            Badrinath or Rajbadri Temple in Mana Village
       Badrinath region had importance from Mahabharata time. Badrinath temple was in very bad condition due to 1803 Earthquake. When Daulat Rav Scindia repaired Badrinath temple its ancient style was lost.
          In 1808, There ws Katyuri Shikhar on temple and a copper was covering Katyri Shikhar. On top of Shikhar there was Gold Pot (Kalas). The height of temple was 40-50 Feet.
Taptakund was 20-30 square feet. The roof of Taptakund was of wood.
         Garbhgrih and Idol in Badrinath temple in Gurkha Period
         There was three feet black marble Idol inside the temple. Pujari used to dress Idol by gem clothing and gem crown. On crown, there was a small mirror. There was adiamond on crown. There was no any source of light in Garbhgrig beside door. There used to be two lamp lighted for24x7. There was aChauki (squares low height table) before the idol covered by clothing.
  The temple door used to open in morning. The Bhog used to complete at one Pm and then door were closed. In evening, the door used to open and those were open till night till bedding for God was prepared and in night the door were closed. Main ritual was performed by Rawal or Priest. There were Dharmadhikari and other officers and servants for the Temple. There were Devdasi too in Badrinath Temple.
 In winter the temple was closed and people used to shift to Pandukeshwar and Joshimath.
                Rawal or Main Priest of Badrinath Temple   
  The main priest was called Rawal who used to be a Kerlaite Nambudiparad Brahmin. He used to enter into Garbhgrih and light the place. In 1808, Narayan was Rawal of Badrinath.
 There used to be three four Chobdar before and behind Rawal whene he used to come for ritual performance in the temple. A servant with Chanvar of peacock wing used to be with Rawal. Brahmins for other rituals used to be with Rawal. Rawal used to put green silk with cotton filled  Choga. The waist tag used to be of white ‘Shaul’. He used to put a red Turban and half colored shocks on foot. He used to put big ear rings those having a Mani too on each ring.Rawal used to put Mani garland. He had a multi gemmed Bajuband on each upper hand.  Rawal used to put rings on fingers.
 When Rawal used to shift to Joshimath in winter he used to spend lustful life.
                     Pilgrims of Badrinath
    It was estimated that around 40-50000 pilgrims visited Badrinath Temple in 1807 (Asiatic Researches) . Sadhus were more in numbers. Two or three hundred pilgrims died on that year. Pilgrims had to offer gifts or Chadhava in many places of Badrinath Temple as in Kund, Door, etc. The last offer used to be inside Badrinath Temple. It was not cheap to visit Badrinath. Though, the food was free from the temple management.
       Distribution of Chadhava in Badrinath Temple
 The offerings from Pilgrims was distributed as follows-
1-Bhent – or Idol offering
2-Bhog – for Temple food and clothing etc
3-Dakshina – for Rawal and other priests
 Raper reported that there was a ledger on which the record was kept for income and expenses of Badrinath temple. Outsiders were not shown the ledger.
                          Opening and Closing of High Altitude Temples
 The temples of Yamunotri, Gangotri, Badrinath, Kedarnath and Tungnath were opened in May and closed around or before Deepawali.
 The people of Kedarnath used to shift to Ukhimath in winter and Joshimath from Badrinath. 
 Gurkha used to offer offering on behalf of Gurkha King to Badrinath. In 1813, Gurkha administrators offered worth Gurkha Rs 280 (Farukhabadi Rupees 210) to Badrinath temple.

                   Guru Ram Rai Durbar Dehradun Temple in Gurkha Rule

Guru Ram Rai Temple was built on the style of Jahangir Makbara.
 In Gurkha Time, Mahant Hari Sewak was Mahant of Shri Guru Ram Rai Durbar. Mahnat used to have a specific dress on the occasion of rituals in Guru Durbar. Mahant used to put a red silk cap on his head. The cap used to be round and erected above. There were embroideries on cap.
            Mahant Hari Sewak did his best to improve the farming situation in Dehradun. 
  Every year, three to four thousand pilgrims used pay tribute to Guru Ram Rai durbar. On Kumbh time, the numbers used to increase dramatically.
                    Income of Guru Ram Rai Durbar
 Garhwal King donated seven villages of Dehradun and six villages of Tehri Garhwal to Guru Ram Rai Durbar. Initially, Gorkha got back villages but later on returned the villages to durbar. William wrote on his Memoir of Dehradun that the annual income from Dehradun villages was for Rs 1600 and income from Tehri Garhwal villages was British Rs 35. There used to be Tribute from pilgrims around 3 to 4000 British rupee. I tmeans in Gurkha period the annual income of Guru Ram Rai Durbar was around

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 12/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -609
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal; 
Xx
History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dhangu, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Lansdowne Tehsil Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Haridwar, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period;  History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal,  History of Yamunotri Temples in Uttarkashi Garhwal, History of Yamunotri  Temple in Yamuna –Tones Rivers Valley Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal,  History of Yamunotri Temple Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Uttarakhand, History of Yamunotri Temple Himalaya, History Gangotri Temple;  History of Barahat or Uttarkashi Temples in context Gurkha /Gorkha Rule; History of  Devprayag  Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha rule on Garhwal; History Raghunath Ji temple in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal; History of Shrinagar Garhwal, Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule on Garhwal ; History of Ranihat (Tehri Garhwal) Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule on Garhwal; History Badrinath temple, History  Guru Ram Rai Durbar

                           ::: ====स्वच्छ भारत!  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

                 Bhavani Datt Thapliyal: First Modern Garhwali Playwright
              Garhwali Dramatists/Playwrights, Dramatists, Drama Activists -2 
                                        By: Bhishma Kukreti
 
          Bhavani Datt Thapliyal is first Modern Playwright of Garhwali Language. Bhavani Datt Thapliyal wrote two major Modern Stage Plays in Garhwali Language.
  Bhavani Datt Thapliyal was born in Khaid village, Mawalsyun of Pauri Garhwal in 1867.  The first Modern Garhwali dramatist Bhawani Datt Thapliyal expired on 29th April 1932. His grandson Urmil Thapliyal is famous Dramatist of Hindi and Garhwali.
  Bhawani Datt Thapliyal worked with state service in District Board of British Raj. Bhawani Datt Thapliyal started Hindi poetry in his literature career but later on shifted to Garhwali language literature.   Bhawani Datt Thapliyal published a few Garhwali poems too.
      Bhawani Datt Thapliyal wrote Garhwali Language Jay Vijay Drama in 1911.  However, he wrote Bhakta Prahlad in 1913 before jay Vijay. Since, Bhakt Prahlad was first published in 1930 that is why ‘Bhakta Prahlad’ play is called first Modern Garhwali Stage Play. In reality Jay Vijay is first written second Garhwali Stage Play.
 There are other plays are as part of Bhakt Prahlad as Baba ji Ki kapal Kriya, Faundar ki Kachhedi.
 Bhawani Datt used the epic as base for his dramas. The playwright was capable of showing the corrupt methods in British Raj. There are many social, cultural, administrative, educational ills shown in the dramas and surprisingly, the dramas are still relevant. The theme did not lose its relevancy at all. It might be said that the subject are evergreen in the dramas of Bhavani Datt Thapliyal.
 The characters are named in such way that the dramas become interesting. Many characters as Murkhanand, Ghimnadu, Durachari Durmati, Jimindar Ji  are symbolic characters and are still relevant in the society.
 The dialogues clear the situation very effectively as –
Bin pani Banji Sar, Beej bhi Khaigaun Kismatmaar.
Gothan Goru Gay Gothyar, Mai Jimindar Ji Jimindaar Ji
 Characterization is perfect in his dramas. The dialogues are effective in exposing psychological aspects of the character.
Durmati- Jhatpat Utha Danda aur Jaldi Lhau Gunda, Bhukunda
Doot- A ! kya bolde -khund balinda? Hajur ! tana Hukm na deva abinda, jabki kakhi ni rayo Jangal ka Jhinda ! Khan ni Milda falinda, Jaganu ni Milda Sirkanda, Ghasau ni milda Binda, Tab bol daun mi kakhai lhaun Khunda Balinda?
 The dialogues are the central points of Dramas by Thapliyal. The dialogues are sharp, satirical with lot of humor. Thapliyal also offered songs to speed up dramas or for creating the atmosphere as required. The prose dialogues are also in poetic design and having flow.
        The place of Bhawani Datt Thapliyal in World Drama is as of Russian Playwrights Alexander Ablesimov, Leonid Andreyev, German Playwrights as August W Iffland,  Bertolt Brecht, Horvath,  Goethe;  French Playwrights as  Antonin Artaud, Ionesco,  Zola, Sartre; UK English Playwrights as  William Shakespeare, Arthur Miller, Denmark Henrick Ibsen etc.  in the world drama.   
     
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, Mumbai, India, 12/4 2015
                                 References
Garhwal Chitrashaili ke Unnayak Barrister Mukandi Lal
Dr Anil Dabral, Garhwali Gadya ki Parampara
Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna, Gad Matyeki Ganga
Bhishma Kukreti, Garhwali Dramas
Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Drama
Eugene Vale, The Technique of Screenplay Writing
Xx
Notes on Garhwali Stage Plays/ Dramas Playwrights, Dramatists, Drama Activists  from Garhwal; Garhwali Stage Plays/ Dramas Playwrights, Dramatists, Drama Activists  from Pauri Garhwal; Garhwali Stage Plays/ Dramas Playwrights, Dramatists, Drama Activists  from Chamoli Garhwal; Garhwali Stage Plays/ Dramas Playwrights, Dramatists, Drama Activists  from Rudraprayag Garhwal; Garhwali Stage Plays/ Dramas Playwrights, Dramatists, Drama Activists  from Uttarkashi Garhwal; Garhwali Stage Plays/ Dramas Playwrights, Dramatists, Drama Activists  from Tehri Garhwal; Garhwali Stage Plays/ Dramas Playwrights, Dramatists, Drama Activists  from Dehradun Garhwal; Garhwali Stage Plays/ Dramas Playwrights Dramatists, Drama Activists  from Haridwar Garhwal;