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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #4040 on: April 25, 2015, 10:42:21 AM »

        Official Language of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule over Uttarakhand

Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -6

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 36
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -101   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -620
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

              Before, Gurkha/Gorkha invaded Kumaon and then Garhwal, the official language of Chand Kingdom was Almodya Kumaon and Shrinagrya Garhwali was official Language of Garhwal Kingdom.
              After invasion of Gurkha/ Gorkha, Gurkha or Nepali Language became the official language of Uttarakhand and Gurkha territory of Himachal.
            Since, there is least differences among these three languages –Nepali, Kumaoni and Garhwali, there was no big problems of language interpretation among rulers and subjects.
              Administrators, Nepal court used to write orders or letters in Nepali language only. Court or Administrators used to start letter or copper inscription etc by Sanskrit. First line was used to be a Sanskrit language line of each order or inscription.
            At the end of government order or letter ‘Swadattam Pardattaam … ‘Sanskrit Shloka was mentioned compulsorily.
        There is no record of any book written in Garhwali, Kumaoni or Nepali in Uttarakhand in Gurkha Period. 
           Kumaoni, Garhwali or Himachalis used to use their own local dialectal languages for personal uses.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 25/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -621
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal and Official Language ; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal and Official Language ; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Himachal and Official Language;   
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand
Xx

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #4041 on: April 25, 2015, 11:43:46 AM »
   Guild System in Mauryan Period and Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur
                            हरिद्वार  ,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर   इतिहास संदर्भ में मौर्य काल  में  संघ , श्रेणी  याने ट्रेड गिल्ड

           Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur  Part  -   109   
                         
                     हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 109                 


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
 मौर्य काल की एक प्रमुख विशेषता है कि इस युग में गिल्ड /सहकारिता याने संघ /श्रेणी प्रणाली के विस्तार व विकास से आर्थिक स्थिति में विकास हुआ।
व्यापरी व शिल्पकारों ने सहकारिता के तहत संघ बनाये।  संघ अपने सदस्यों के व्यापार वृद्धि हेतु संगठित रूप से कार्य करते थे।
संघ का प्रधान श्रेणीमुखिया या जेष्ट श्रेणी कहलाया जाता था।  यह पदवी खानदानी पदवी थी। श्रेणीप्रमुख के पास न्याय व कार्यकारी अधिकार थे और वह सदस्यों को नियंत्रित करता था।
राज्य का न्याय विभाग भी व्यापारी या शिल्पकार संघ के न्याय को मान्यता देता था।
संघ का काम राज्य को कर भी चुकाना होता था। कौटिल्य ने संघ से लाभ का पूरा व्यौरा दिया है।  कौटिल्य के अनुसार समय आने पर राजा संघ के धन को लूटकर राज्य का काम चला सकता था।
कभी कभी श्रेणी इतना ताकतवर हो जाता था कि राजा व सामंत भी उसके सामने झुकते थे।
किरणकुमार थपलियाल ने व्यापारियों व शिल्पकारों के संघों का अध्यन पूर्व वैदिक , बुद्ध काल , जैन काल व मौर्य काल में  किया है। (Kiran Kumar Thapliyal, 2001, Guilds in Ancient India, In Life Thoughts and Culture in  India Delhi)
 जहां तक हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का प्रश्न है तो यह कहा जा सकता है कि कालसी में बड़ी मंडी होने और उत्तराखंड की पहाड़ियों से निर्यात की प्रचुरता के कारण इन क्षेत्रों में स्थानीय संघ अवश्य रहे होंगे।
       


 ** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड  इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ  , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 25 /4/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -    Guild System in Mauryan Period   Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period   Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Guild System in Mauryan Period    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;   Guild System in Mauryan Period    History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Bijnor;    Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period   Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Guild System in Mauryan Period    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient Saharanpur History,   Guild System in Mauryan Period   Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास                      :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #4042 on: April 25, 2015, 12:48:57 PM »

 Two Folk Stories about Marsa (Amaranth) and Mungari (Maize) entering into Garhwal

Garhwali Folk Tales, Fables, Traditional Stories, Community Narratives -107 
(Garhwali religious Folk Tale Literature, Garhwali Traditional Religious Story Literature)
  Compiled and Edited by: Bhishma Kukreti (Management Training Expert)
      (This is very uncommon Folk Story and narrated by late Shri Mohan Lal Lakhera, Village Rikhyd, Udaipur Patti, Pauri Garhwal)
         Late Shri Mohan Lakhera was author’s class mate in Dehradun. He told this author many folk stories that this author did not hear in his village or region.
 The folk stories about Mungari (Maize) and Marsa (Amaranth) entering into Garhwal are  very interesting and non popularity of this folk story shows that those stories are very new.
     In one village, Monkeys were suffering hunger because they were not getting crops in agro field that they could pluck easily. The ants were also suffering some difficulties in collecting grains from agrarian fields.
           Monkeys went to seek the blessing of Hanuman Ji. All monkeys requested Hanuman Ji, “Please provide farmers such a crop that we can pluck easily.” Hanuman Ji blessed them the Maize crops for farmers.
 At the same time, ants also went to seek the blessing of Lord Ganesha, “We are having problems of collecting heavy grains from agrarian Fields.” Lord Ganesha blessed the ants and created Marsa Grains for Garhwal.
That way, Garhwal farmers got Maize and Marsa Grains for farming. Now, it was easy for Monkeys to pluck Maize Cob and it was easy for ants to collect low weight Marsa (Amaranth) grains.
 Shri Mohan Lal Lakhera told another version of Marsa and Maize entering into Garhwal.
  A famer was frustrated by thieves that they used to theft his grains and crops easily. Farer was in distress.
 A landless thief was also in distress by that he was not getting crops that he could do easy theft.
Separately both went to Supreme God for help. God was pleased by their requests.
 God offered Marsa (Amaranth) crop for Farmer request and Maize crop for Landless Thief’s request. From that day, farmers got Mungari (maize) and Marsa (Amaranth) crops. It is just difficult to theft Marsa and it is the easiest to theft Maize Cobs.



Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 25/4//2015 for review and interpretation

                                 References

1-Bhishma Kukreti, 1984, Garhwal Ki Lok Kathayen, Binsar Prakashan, Lodhi Colony, Delhi 110003, 
2- Bhishma Kukreti 2003, Salan Biten Garhwali Lok Kathayen, Rant Raibar, Dehradun
Xx
South Asian Modern Folk Story Literature from Garhwal Marsa (Amaranth) and Mungari (Maize) entering into Garhwal; Modern Folk Story Literature from Pauri Garhwal Marsa (Amaranth) and Mungari (Maize) entering into Garhwal; South Asian Modern Folk Story Literature from Chamoli Garhwal Marsa (Amaranth) and Mungari (Maize) entering into Garhwal; South Asian Modern Folk Story Literature from Rudraprayag Garhwal Marsa (Amaranth) and Mungari (Maize) entering into Garhwal; South Asian Modern Folk Story Literature from Tehri Garhwal; South Asian Modern Folk Story Literature from Uttarkashi Garhwal Marsa (Amaranth) and Mungari (Maize) entering into Garhwal; South Asian Modern Folk Story Literature from Dehradun Garhwal; South Asian Modern Folk Story Literature from Haridwar, Garhwal Marsa (Amaranth) and Mungari (Maize) entering into Garhwal;







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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #4043 on: April 26, 2015, 10:07:09 AM »
                 Gurkha /Gorkha Ignoring Social Welfare Works
Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -7

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 37
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -102   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -621
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

           Gurkha/Gorkha totally ignored social welfare in Garhwal and Kumaon in their rule.  There is no mention about Gurkha /Gorkha helping hospitals, schools or irrigation system in Kumaon, Garhwal. There was no state sponsored hospital or doctors for offering assistance to patients.
                  Common Diseases of Garhwal, Kumaon Gurkha Period
             There were no remedies for physical injuries and societies had to depend on local Ayurvedic Doctors, Tantrik, and Mantrik, Jagris etc for each disease remedy.
Goiter was common in Bhagirathi valley, Badhan regions.
         Epidemics as cholera, small pox, pox, etc were common diseases all over Kumaon, Garhwal.
               Different types of Fevers were common across Uttarakhand.
Bhotiya were ill famous for dirty clothing and many diseases.
 There were cattle diseases common too.
                  Jadun Bharin Thupri , Rudi ma Khali Thupri
 There was a proverb commonly used ‘Jadun Bharin Thupri , Rudi ma Khali Thupri’  that spoke about diseases of River valleys people and those staying in river bank region. The literary meaning of proverb ‘Jadun Bharin Thupri, Rudi ma Khali Thupri’ is that ‘In Winter the basket is Full but in Summer, the Basket is Empty. The real meaning is that there are newly born children in winter but due to disease all children die in summer near River Bank Valleys.
                       Miscellaneous Diseases of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Period
 Due to cholera and other epidemics villagers used to run from their houses. Other diseases were –
Toothache (Ghunad)
Ear diseases (bayalu)
Khaj –Khujli
Dag (Skin Disease)
Leucorrhea (Pramey)
Dyspepsia
Liver diseases
Jaundice
Conjunctivitis (Ankh An)
Cateress (Motiyabind)
Haematuri
Cough
Throat Souring
Asthma
Different Types of Body ache
 Bronchitis
Inflammation
Diseases of Blood and Bones
Menstrual Disorders
Arthritis
Mental Disorders
Migraine
Burn Wounds
Urinary Disorders
Flatulence 
Gangrene
Leprosy 
Plague (epidemic)

Some diseases were not named as Heart Attack (Chati fatan)  or Caner.
 
 



** Most of aspects were taken from Asiatic Researches volume- 11 and Dr Dabral
* History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal in next chapter …   

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 26/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -622
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx


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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #4044 on: April 26, 2015, 10:46:24 AM »
Kukreti and Jakhmola Women Fighting With Bahuguna Women for Equal Rights 
                     (Folk Tales from Garhwal series)
           Narrated by Mrs. Damayanti Kukreti, Jaspur, Pauri Garhwal
                            Bhishma Kukreti
        A social, political, cultural or religious Movement brings other movements too. Arya Samaj Movement and Independent movements brought many innumerous movements in urban and rural India.   
              In an Uttarakhand village Jaspur, Malla Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal, Arya Samaj Movement could make awareness among deprived class (Harijan) and Harijan men started putting one Janeu (an auspicious thread). Though there were conflicts and confrontations among Harijan and upper Castes in Jaspur for Harijan putting Janeu. 
       Jaspur is original village of Kukreti settling in Garhwal long back in fourteenth century. Kukreti brought a Bahuguna Pundit (Guru) from Takoli, Chalasnsyun for perfroming ritual perfromances. Kukreti offered land and a Kukreti girl was married to Chaitram Bahuguna in early or mid-nineteenth century.
 In early twentieth century, there were three Brahmin families -Kukreti, Jakhmola and Bahuguna families in Jaspur. Bahuguna comes under High Class Brahmins. In that time, there were many social norms. One norm was that Bahuguna men and women did not take Rice and Dal cooked by Jakhmola and Kukreti especially in Feast. Bahguna used to cook food for Bahuguna people in any feast. In feast row for taking food, Bahuguna women used to sit separately or just one or two yards away from Kukreti and Jakhmola women. Another discrepancy was that Kukreti and Jakhmola men and women used to participate in Bahuguna’s marriage for fetching water, collecting wood, collecting malu leaves for Pattal, making Pattal etc. But Bahuguna women did not participate or help in marriages of Kukreti and Jakhmola.
      The above norms created social tension among Kukreti-Jakhmola and Bahugunas. The most critical aspect was that when two sisters of Dabral Brahmin class were married in Jaspur one to Kukreti or Jakhmola and other to Bahuguna, after marriage, Dabral sisters used to get different social status. The Dabral sister married to Bahuguna used to get higher social status than Dabral sister married to Kukreti or Jakhmola. Even in feast, a Dabral sister married to Bahuguna never took food cooked by her own sister married to Bahuguna. In person such discrepancy was not there. The Dabral sister married to Bahuguna did not help to her own Dabral sister married to Kukreti or Jakhmola in marriage ceremony but Dabral sister married to Kukreti or Jakhmola used to work (fetching various works) in marriage ceremony of her sister married to Bahuguna.
      When both the sister used to be in their Mayka (mother village) they were equal for every social norm.  This norm was creating lowness among Kukreti and Jakhmola women. Kukreti and Jakhmola women tried to fight that social fight many times for many years. However, the religious or caste system was so hard that Kukreti and Jakhmola women could not get results easily in getting equality among them and Bahuguna women.
   One day, there was feast and Kukreti and Jakhmola women told that if Bahuguna women and men do not take food cooked by Kukreti and Jakhmola men or women they would not invite Bahuguna in feast and even would not accept the invitation from Bahuguna for their auspicious works. Due to pressure from Kukreti and Jakhmola on their men, Kukreti and Jakhmola people stopped inviting Bahugunas in their feast. Kukreti and Jakhmola women stopped participating in marriage works of Bahuguna families. The situation passed for one or two years. At last, Bahuguna came to terms. Bahugunas accepted the terms of Kukretis and Jakhmolas that Bahugunas would take food cooked by Kukreti and Jakhmola in feast and Bahuguna women would also participate in marriage ceremony works of Kukreti and Jakhmola.
 These incidents took place before 1925 or around that time. Today, it looks the fight would be easy but that fight for equality was not easy because nobody wanted conflicts with Guru or High priest as Bahuguna.
When this author asked his mother Mrs. Damayanti Kukreti about time period and  she did not remember the exact time. She tells that her mother in law told such story.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 26/5/15, Mumbai, India
Notes on South Asian,  Garhwali Folk Stories about Women Equal Rights from Garhwal, Uttarakhand; South Asian,  Garhwali Folk Stories about Women equal Rights from village Jaspur , Garhwal, Uttarakhand; South Asian,   Garhwali Folk Stories about Women equal Rights from Jaspur Malla Dhangu , Garhwal, Uttarakhand; South Asian,  Garhwali Folk Stories about Women equal Rights from Lansdowne Tehsil, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; South Asian,  Garhwali Folk Stories about Women equal Rights from Gangasalan Garhwal, Uttarakhand; South Asian,  Garhwali Folk Stories about Women equal Rights from Pauri  Garhwal, Uttarakhand; South Asian,  Garhwali Folk Stories about Women equal Rights from Garhwal, Uttarakhand; South Asian,  Garhwali Folk Stories about Women equal Rights from Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India; South Asian,  Garhwali Folk Stories about Women equal Rights from Garhwal, Uttarakhand, South Asia   
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #4045 on: April 27, 2015, 10:24:16 AM »
           Highways in Kumaon and Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 38
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -102   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -622
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

         Temples and Dharmsalyan (religious Rest Houses) in Gurkha Period   

           Gurkha paid attention on temples and religious rest houses. Gurkha administrators retained land for major temples (sadvart). Amar Singh Thapa repaired Bhaironghati, Kedarnath and Gangotri Temples too. Gurkha built Ghat and Haveli in Haridwar. Gurkha also built or repair a bridge perhaps –Lakhshman Jhula Pul. Bamshah and Rudravir Shah built a few religious rest houses on major temple tour rod.
                     Highways of Gurkha Period
             Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers and officers were habitual to walk on ‘Gurbat’ (In normal circumstances that are used by domestic animals).  Therefore, they never paid attention on National Highways or State Highways.
               Nazibabad –Shrinagar Highway
          In this highway people used to reach from Nazibabad Mandi to Shrinagar. Nazibabad was wholesale market for Garhwalis in terms of export and import. The rout was from Nazibabad to Shrinagar via Kotdwara –Ghat (Bhabhar), Amsaud, Dwarikhal, Banghat, Kanskhet, Adwani to Shringar.
       Bulls and horses were used for loading the goods. Garhwal kings used to repair the road when there was need. However, Gurkha/Gorkha did not pay attention on widening or repairing the road.
               Hardwick travelled on Nazibabad –Shrinagar route with ease. Saxena comments that the road was broken at many places in Gurkha Period (Historical papers related to Kumaon).
** Most of aspects were taken from  Dr Dabral
* History of Highways in Gorkha /Nepal Period in  Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal in next chapter …   

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 27/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -623
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History Highways in Kumaon and Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Highways in Old Nainital Kumaon and Old Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Highways in Old Almora Kumaon and Old Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Highways in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon and Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period;

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #4046 on: April 27, 2015, 12:26:33 PM »
           Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang /Adhogang (Haridwar )- (Sambhut Sanvasi )

                       हरिद्वार इतिहास  और अहोgang  (हरिद्वार ) के बौद्ध स्थाविर  -(Sambhut Sanvasi )

                          Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur  Part  -110     
                         
                     हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -110                     


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
  कहा जाता है कि बुद्ध अपने जीवन काल में उशीरध्वज पर्वत पंहुचे थे।  [उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल ]. इस पर्वत की पहचान जिसे बौद्ध साहित्य में 'अहोभंग' कहा गया है कनखल की पहद्दी  की पहाड़ी से की जाती है। डा खरकववल लिखते हैं की इस क्षत्र को 'ज्ञानपाली प्रदेश ' कहा जाता था (जे एस खर्कवाल , लैंड ऐंड हैबिटाट )।.
गंगा जी से रामगंगा तक के क्षेत्र में शिवालिक की गिरिशाखा का प्राचीन नाम 'मयुरपर्वत ' या 'मोरीगिरी' था। महाभारत व बौद्ध साहित्य में गंगा जी के पूर्वी तट से लक्ष्मण झूला की पहडियां ९उद्य्पुर व तल्ला ढांगू क्षेत्र ) की उशीरध्वज , अहोगंग , अधोगंग नाम से पहचान हुयी है।
 
                                                सम्भूत साणवासी

   बुद्ध के समय ही उशीरध्वज , गंगाद्वार कनखल क्षेत्र पुनीत क्षेत्र या ज्ञानपाली प्रदेश ' क्षेत्र बन चुका था। बुद्ध निर्वाण के पश्चात गंगाद्वार का भाभर क्षेत्र बौद्ध चिंतन मनन का क्षेत्र बन चुका था।
बुद्ध के प्रथम  शिष्य का नाम आनंद था। आनंद ने बुद्ध की मृत्यु के बाद प्रथम संगति सभा महाकश्यप की अध्यक्षता में हुयी थी।
आनंद का एक शिस्य यश था व दूसरा  शिष्य जो कनखल -अहोभंग का था का नाम साणवासी सम्भूत था [महवंश -पृष्ठ १७ ]।
  साणवासी के जीवनकाल में बौद्ध धर्म के दो दल हो चुके थे।  वैशाली और पाटलिपुत्र का दल कठोर अनुशाशन में शीतलता का समर्थक था।  किन्तु कौशंबी , पाथेय व अवन्ति के संघ अनुशाशन के समर्थक थे।  बौद्ध धर्म पर संकट के बादल छ चुके थे।
    इस संकट को दूर करने हेतु यश अहोगंग में साणवासी सम्भूतके पास पंहुचा।  पावावाले साठ , अवंतीवाले अट्ठासी भिक्षु थे।  ये सभी महाक्षीणाश्रव स्थविर अहोगंग में एकत्रित हुए।  दोनों क्षेत्र के सभी आरण्यक , पांसुकूलिक , त्रिचिवरिक व सभी अर्हत अहोगंग पर्वत पर पंहुचे।  वहां इन नब्बे हजार  भिक्षुकों ने अहोभंग में साणवासी सम्भूत  से विचार विमर्श किया।
          तब यश , साणवासी सम्भूत व रेवत स्थविर के प्रयत्न से कालाशोक के राजयकाल में बुद्ध  निर्वाण के 100 वर्ष पश्चात बौद्धमति की द्वितीय संगीति का आयोजन हुआ (महावंश पृष्ठ १७ )

   
* शेष भाग अगले अध्याय में

 ** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड  इतिहास - भाग -२ [समस्त संदर्भ सूची हेतु देखें ]राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ  , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 27/4/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -    Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) &    Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) &   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) &   Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) &    Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) &  Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) &  Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) &   Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahobhang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) & Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) &   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;      History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Buddhist Sthavir (Apostles ) of Ahogang/Adhoganga (Haridwar ) &  Ancient History of Bijnor;    Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;    Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;   Ancient Saharanpur History,     Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास                      :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #4047 on: April 28, 2015, 08:28:23 AM »
Best  Harmless Garhwali Literature Humor that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad   , Garhwali Literature Comedy Skits that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad , Garhwali Literature  Satire, Garhwali Wit Literature that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad , Garhwali Sarcasm Literature that Not Taught in II M Ahmadabad , Garhwali Skits Literature that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad , Garhwali Vyangya  , Garhwali Hasya


                    जु आइ आइ ऐम अहमदाबाद मा नि सिखाये जांद -1

                            जी मि भय्या ना भुल्ला छौं

                      चबोड़्या मैनेजमेंट संस्मरण :::   भीष्म कुकरेती

 हमर बगत विद्यार्थ्युं कुण सलाह आदि कुछ नि छे।  बस पोस्ट ग्रेजुएसन करणो सलाह ही सलाह छे।  मीन बि एमएससी इनि बॉटनी मा कार।  ना तो मकसद पता छौ ना ही मकसद कु रस्ता बस पोस्ट ग्रेजुएसन करण छौ स्यु कर दे।  किलै बॉटनी ले आज तक नी पता।

खैर जब मि डीएवी कॉलेज मा छौ तो एक दगड्या उपाध्याय छौ जु एमए इकोनोमिक्स से करणु छौ। वु हम मा बुल्दु छौ ," इकोनोमिक्स की बड़ी डिमांड च।  बस कॉलेज से भैर औलु अर क्वी बि नौकरी दे दयालु। "

तो मी बि इनि सुचद छौ कि क्वी बि नौकरी दे दयालु।

जब देहरादून आदि मा नौकरी दीण वळ  क्वी बि नि मील तो मि बम्बई (तब बॉम्बे छौ ) ऐ ग्यों।

अर फिर शुरू ह्वे नौकरी की खोज।  छै मैना तो नौकरी का वास्ता प्रार्थना पत्र लिखण सिखण मा बीती गेन।  मि तै तो ना पर माँ बाप तै मेरी डिग्री पर जब संदेह हूण लग तो मीन कै बि तरां से इंटरव्यू का वास्ता कोशिस शुरू कार कि इंटरव्यू द्योलु तो ब्वे बाब तै मेरी डिग्री पर संदेह नि होलु।

एकॉन मि तै गुरु मंत्र बताइ बल दस जगा एप्लीकेसन भेजो तो एक जगा से इंटरव्यू का वास्ता लेटर आइ जालु अर दस इंटरव्यू का बाद एक जगा अप्वॉन्टमेंट लेटर मिल ही जालु। तो मीन अखबारुं मा जु बि जनि बि विज्ञापन ह्वावन ऊंकुण एप्लीकेसन भिजणशुरू कर दे।

एक जगा बिटेन अंततः इंटरव्यू लेटर ऐ गे।  संस्था तै जूनियर क्लर्क की जरूरत छे तो मि क्लर्क का गुणों बारा मा एक किताब पढ़िक इंटरव्यू दीणो ग्यों। द्वी घंटा  बाद इंटरव्यू कुण भितर बुलाये गे।

इंटरव्यू लीण वळ द्वी आदिम छया। 

एकॉन पूछ - तो आपक नाम भीष्मा चंद्रा कुकरेटी च ?

मि - जी ना।  भीष्म चन्द्र कुकरेती

दुसर - तो आप तै ठीक से अंग्रेजी नि आदि ? अपण नाम बि ठीक से नि  लेख सकदा ?

मि - जी ! अंग्रेजी मा इन इ लिखण पोड़द।

पैलु - आज का टाइम्स ऑफ इण्डिया की मेन न्यूज क्या च ?

मि -जी मीन आज टाइम्स इंडिया नि पौढ़।

पैलु -हैं ? इंटरब्यू कुण ऐ अर टाइम्स नि पौढ़ ?

मि - जी मि 'अच्छे क्लर्क के गुण ' पढ़णु रौं तो टाइम्स पड़णो टैम नि मील।

दुसर -व्हट नॉनसेंस ? क्या क्लर्क का बि गुण हूंदन क्या ?

पैल - क्लर्क तो एक सीधा साधा आदिम हूंद जु उथगा इ काम करद जथगा बॉस ब्वालो।

दुसर -हाँ चंट चालाक अर दिमाग लगाण वळ त चपड़ासी हूंद।

मि -जी मि तै अनुभव नी च।

पैलु - अच्छा तो तुम भय्या हो ?

मि -जी नही।

दुसर - अरे तुम भय्या नि छंवां ?

मि -जी ना।

दुसर - तो फिर एप्लीकेसन मा झूठ किलै ल्याख ?

मि - जी एप्लीकेसन मा मीन नि ल्याख कि मि भय्या छौं।

पैलु -व्हट नॉनसेंस ! तीन साफ़ साफ़ लिख्युं च कि तुम भय्या हो।

मि - जी मीन जात मा कुकरेती , ब्राह्मण अर हिंदू लिख्युं च पर भय्या नी लिख्युं च।

दुसर - नै नै मि राज्य याने पोविन्स की बात करणु छौं।  साफ़ साफ लिख्युं च कि तुम यूपी का छंवां।  लिख्युं च कि ना ?

मि -हाँ यूपी लिख्युं च।

पैल - तो पान की दुकान या दूध की दुकान किलै नि खुल्दी ?

दुसर - हाँ या चना या सब्जी दुकान में भी अच्छा पैसा है।

मि -जी मी यूपी को अवश्य छौं पर मि भय्या नि छौं।

दुसर -तो क्या छे ?

मि -जी मि भुला छौं।

पैल - तुम यूपी के ही हो ना ?

मि - जी हाँ पर मै गढ़वाल कु छौं।

दुसर -गढ़वाल ! यु क्या च ?

मि -जी हिमालय -

पैलु - औ  हिमाचल का छे ?

मि - जी ना हिमाचल तो अलग राज्य च।

दुसर - टोटल कनफ्यूजन !

पैलु -एब्सॉल्यूट कनफ्यूजन। यूपी कु च अर भय्या नी च।  हिमालय कु च पर हिमाचल कु नी च।

दुसर - यदि म्यार क्लर्क इन कनफ्यूज रालु या कनफ्यूज कारल तो चल गे कम्पनी।

पैलु - वेल मिस्टर कुकरेटी या कुक्रेती अबि हमन पचास इंटरव्यू लीणन।  यदि क्वी नि मीलल तो हम आप तै बुलौला।

[यु म्यार पैल इंटरव्यू छौ अर मीन दसेक किताब 'हाउ टु गिव इंटरव्यू ' पढ़िन पर कखिम बि नी लिख्युं कि इंटरव्यू मा इन प्रश्न पूछे जाल ]


28 /4/15 ,Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti , Mumbai India
*लेख की   घटनाएँ ,  स्थान व नाम काल्पनिक हैं । लेख में  कथाएँ , चरित्र , स्थान केवल व्यंग्य रचने  हेतु उपयोग किये गए हैं।
 Best of Garhwali Humor Literature in Garhwali Language that Not Taught in II M Ahmadabad   ; Best of Himalayan Satire in Garhwali Language Literature that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad ; Best of  Uttarakhandi Wit in Garhwali Language Literature  that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad ; Best of  North Indian Spoof in Garhwali Language Literature that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad ; Best of  Regional Language Lampoon in Garhwali Language  Literature that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad ; Best of  Ridicule in Garhwali Language Literature that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad ; Best of  Mockery in Garhwali Language Literature  that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad   ; Best of  Send-up in Garhwali Language Literature  that Not Taught in II M Ahmadabad ; Best of  Disdain in Garhwali Language Literature  that Not Taught in II M Ahmadabad ; Best of  Hilarity in Garhwali Language Literature  that Not Taught in II M Ahmadabad ; Best of  Cheerfulness in Garhwali Language  Literature that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad   ;  Best of Garhwali Humor in Garhwali Language Literature  from Pauri Garhwal that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad ; Best of Himalayan Satire Literature in Garhwali Language from Rudraprayag Garhwal  that Not Taught in I.I. M Ahmadabad ; Best of Uttarakhandi Wit in Garhwali Language from Chamoli Garhwal that Not Taught in II M Ahmadabad   ; Best of North Indian Spoof in Garhwali Language from Tehri Garhwal  ; Best of Regional Language Lampoon in Garhwali Language from Uttarkashi Garhwal  ; Best of Ridicule in Garhwali Language from Bhabhar Garhwal  ; Best of Mockery  in Garhwali Language from Lansdowne Garhwal  ; Best of Hilarity in Garhwali Language from Kotdwara Garhwal  ; Best of Cheerfulness in Garhwali Language from Haridwar  ;
Garhwali Vyangya , Garhwali Hasya,  Garhwali skits; Garhwali short skits, Garhwali Comedy Skits, Humorous Skits in Garhwali, Wit Garhwali Skits   
                    स्वच्छ भारत  , स्वच्छ भारत , बुद्धिमान भारत!



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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #4048 on: April 28, 2015, 09:31:48 AM »
     Kotdwara -Dehradun Highway in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

           Highways in Kumaon and Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period -2

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 39
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -103   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -623
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
  Kotdwara –Dehradun Highway had been important before Nanda Period for various regions. The road was connected to Nazibabad and stoppages were Kotdwara Ghat, Mavakot, Chaukighat, and Lal Dhang in Bhabhar Garhwal. In Shah period, Ravasan River near Laldhang was a dividing place for Awadh and Garhwal territories. At the time of Gurkha, Awadh was under British and Garhwal was under Gurkha. The travelers usually businessmen used to take rest at west part of Rawasan River that was flat and having facilities of water and grass for horses, bulls.  Dr Dabral states that there is a Peer Samadhi and a ruined temple at this junction.  The travelers used to reach above Haridwar at Lakadghat and used to cross Ganga there. Gorkhali Officers used to levy tax on crossing Ganga at this Ghat. From Lakadghat, road at bottom of Shivalik Hill range was for Dehradun (or Gurudwara).
         From Dehradun, travelers used to cross Yamuna and used to reach Kyardadun (Himachal) . From here road was for Nahan (Himachal) and then for Jammu from Nahan (Himachal). There were two roads from Saharanpur via Timli and Mohan. Due to frequent looting attack on Businessmen from Maratha, Sikh, Rohillas on Delhi –Doab road, they preferred this rout for safe business journey.
 In Gurkha period, this rout was under Gurkha and was also not safe.

** Most of details  were taken from Dr Dabral and Foster, A Journey from Bengal to England

* History of Highways in Gorkha /Nepal Period in  Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal in next chapter …   

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 28/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -624
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx


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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #4049 on: April 28, 2015, 10:37:52 AM »

                        History of Buddhist Monk Moggaliputta  Tissa/ Son of Moggalik   of Ahogang (Haridwar )
                                अहोगंग (हरिद्वार )  संदर्भ में  बौद्ध विद्वान मोग्गलिपुत तिस्स  का इतिहास

                            Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur  Part  -111       
                         
                         हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -  111                   


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
    अशोक को बौद्धमत प्रचार हेतु प्रेरणा देने वाले स्थविर मोग्गलिपुत (Moggaliput Tissa  ) थे।  बुद्ध के बाद उपलि , दासक , सोनक , सिग्गव , तथा चंडवज्जि पश्चात मोग्गलिपुत (Moggaliputta  Tissa) ही बड़े विद्वान माने जाते हैं। कहते हैं कि मोग्गलिपुत (Moggaliputta  Tissa) तिष्यब्रह्मा के अवतार थे।         
               मोग्गलिपुत (Moggaliputta Tissa 327 -247 BC   )  धर्म पर विप्पति टालने हेतु मोग्गली नामक ब्राह्मण के घर पाटलिपुत्र में जन्म लिया।  सोलह वर्ष की वय में मोग्गलिपुत (Moggaliputta Tissa ) ने शिक्षा , कल्प , निघंटु , इतिहास , तीन वेदों का ज्ञान प्राप्त कर लिया था।
             सिग्गव व चंडवज्जि ने मोग्गलिपुत (Moggaliputta Tissa) को दीक्षित किया था।  अल्पकाल में ही मोग्गलिपुत (Moggaliputta Tissa ) ने बौद्ध धर्मग्रंथों का ज्ञान प्राप्त कर लिया।
      मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )  ने अशोक व अशोक के पुत्र को बौद्ध ज्ञान दिया था।  अशोक  राजयभिषेक के समय   मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa ) /तिस्स  साठ साल की थी।   मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )  के प्रेरण से हीअशोक ने अपने परिवार वालों को मगध से बाहर बौद्ध  धर्म प्रचार हेतु भेजा।
       जब बौद्ध मठ व भिक्षुक आमोद प्रमोद में लिप्त हो गए और मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )  /तिस्स आदि विद्वानो के समझाने से भी बौद्ध विद्वान व भिक्षु नही माने तो  मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )  खिन्न होकर अहोगंग (कनखल , हरिद्वार के पास की पहाड़ी ) पर्वत पर चले गए और एकांतवासी हो गए।
अशोक ने पहले चार मंत्रियों को मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )  /तिस्स को लाने अहोगंग (कनखल हरिद्वार ) भेजा किन्तु मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )   तिस्स पाटलिपुत्र नही आये।
फिर अशोक ने आठ मंत्रियों व हजार स्थाविरों को  मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa ) /तिस्स के पास अहोगंग ( कनखल ,  हरिद्वार के पास की पहाड़ी )  भेजा।   मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )  पाटलिपुत्र आने के लिए तयार हुए। मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )   नाव  से गंगा मार्ग से पाटलिपुत्र पंहुचे जहां बीच गंगा में अशोक ने  मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )   स्वागत किया।
अशोक ने मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )  की अध्यक्षता में बौद्ध धर्म की तृतीय संगीति का आयोजन किया।
नौ मॉस के गहन विचार के बाद मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )  ने अशोक को बौद्ध धर्म के प्रचार हेतु मगध से बाहर कार्य करने की सलाह दिया। मोग्गलिपुत तिष्य (Moggaliputta Tissa )   ने तृतीय संगीति के बाद निम्न स्थविरों को विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में भेजा -
मज्झंतिक स्थविर - कश्मीर , गांधार
महादेव स्थविर -महिषक मंडल (इंदौर )-
रक्षित - महाराष्ट्र का  कोंकण व उत्तरी कनारा
धर्मरक्षित - नर्मदा से महाराष्ट्र
मंज्झिम - हिमवान या हिमालय क्षेत्र
सोणक , उत्तर स्थविर - पेगु  , वर्मा
महेंद्र व चार स्थविर - श्री लंका व अन्य द्वीपों के लिए


 ** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड  इतिहास - भाग -२ व महावंश राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ  , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 28/4/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -      Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;      History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Bijnor;    Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;    Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;   Ancient Saharanpur History,     Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास                      :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:


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