MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

            Rights for Khaykar in Ibbotson Settlement in Garhwal
   
                     

                 Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -15

                            British Administration in Garhwal   -71     
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -89
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -926
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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   The ownership of Khayakar were determined in the following circumstances –
1-Those became Khayakar of Thatwan in Garhwal and Gorkha regime

2-Though, they were King’s Khayakar but due to deceptive methods by Padhan, Thokdar etc were made Khaykar in early British period (Pauw, page 33)
3- Kairni or Khurni- Those were settled by Thatwan (owner) and they used to cultivate land and used to pay one third of produces to Thatwan. Kairni or Khurni used to do other jobs for Thatwan as carrying people through ‘pinus’ etc
4- Registered Khaykar in British records
5- Sirtan were promoted as Khaykar in British Raj (Stowel, page 63)
6- British made a rule that if a Sirtan build a new land by digging hills for a Thatwan that land would be under that Sirtan as Khaykar. (Stowel 64)

             Permanent and temporary (Pakke and Kacche) Khayakar

            In case, the Thatwan was also living in same village where his Khayakars were living and Thatwan was also cultivator, such Khaykar were called ‘Kacche Khayakar’. If a permanent Khaykar died without sons, in that case the new Khaykar under Thatwal would be called kaccha Khaykar.
         If the Khaykar were living in a separate village (where Thatwan was not living) such Khaykar were called ‘Pakke’ Khaykar. In case, the Khaykar died without son the Thatwan would not become Hissedar of that land but the Khaykar villager used to become Khaykar.
 
                 Tax on Khaykar
 
 The Khaykar had to pay tax as per determination to the government through Thatwan. Khaykar had to pay additional 20% of tax to Thatwan too from Pauw settlement.
  Khaykar used to be a permanent structure that sons used to be owner of the land but Khaykar did not have right for selling the land.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -927
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 234-247
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11
3-Pauw, Garhwal settlement report, page 37
4-Stowell, V.A., Manual of Land Tenures in Kumaon division page 5- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.3, 490
Xx
 
History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;   

Modern Garhwali Verses  Songs,   women empowerment ,   Poems

माँ न ब्वाल  (स्त्री स्वाभिमान , प्रेरणा )

रचना --   कमला विद्यार्थी
Poetry  by - Kamla Vidyarthi
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Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali (Asian) Poetry – 217
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साहित्य इतिहास , इंटरनेट प्रस्तुति और व्याख्या : भीष्म कुकरेती
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माँ न मिथैं , पाटि की रणाघुसि मा
कमेड़ा कु समोंदर दिखायी
अंक -आखरुं की दुनिया मा /माँन
आख्यौं न  तोलणु सिखायी
माँ न ब्वालि निसु मुक्क नि रैणु
बेबात कि बात नि सैणु
समणि रैण , नि लुकाणि मुखड़ि   
झेंकड़ा ही सै , पर खड़खड़ु रैणु
माँ न ब्वाल अफरि रीढ़ हूण चैंद
 अफरि विपदा अफरा  छंदा सैंण
माँ न ब्वाल सगोडै लगुली तरां
बाड़ का पिछनै ऐंचा -ऐंची रौण
माँ न ब्वाल बुरा   वक्तै रोपणि लगौण
आंसू पेणा हरेलि सि रैण
मेरि लाटि हैंसणु सीख ले
बिना बातै  संगरांद बजौण
  माँ न ब्वाल   ...
 
सौजन्य - श्रधेय -बी मोहन नेगी
(Ref-हलन्त अगस्त 2004 )
Poetry Copyright@ Poet
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti  interpretation if any
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 Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Songs women empowerment ,  Poets   ; Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali Verses ,  Poets ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Poetries women empowerment  ,  Poets  ; Poems Contemporary Poetries women empowerment  ,  Poets  ; Contemporary Poetries from Garhwal; Development of Modern Garhwali Verses; Poems  women empowerment ; Critical and Chronological History of South Asian    Modern Garhwali Verses  ; Modern Poetries ,  Poets  ; Contemporary Poetries,  Poets  ; Contemporary Poetries Poems  from Pauri Garhwal; Modern Garhwali Songs  women empowerment ; Modern Garhwali Verses women empowerment  ; Poems,  Poets   ; Modern Poetries  ; Contemporary Poetries  women empowerment ; Contemporary Poetries from Chamoli Garhwal  ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Verses ; Modern Garhwali Verses,  Poets women empowerment   ; Poems,  Poets  ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian  Modern Poetries  ; Contemporary Poetries women empowerment  , Poems Poetries from Rudraprayag Garhwal Asia women empowerment   ,  Poets   ; Modern Garhwali Songs,  Poets    ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Verses  ; Modern Poetries  ; Contemporary Poetries women empowerment ,  Poets   ; Contemporary Poetries from Tehri Garhwal  ; Asia  ; Poems  ;  Inspirational and Modern Garhwali Verses ; Asian Modern Garhwali Verses  ; Modern Poetries; Contemporary Poetries ; Contemporary Poetries from Uttarkashi Garhwal  ;  Modern Garhwali Songs; Modern Garhwali Verses  ; Poems  ; Asian Modern Poetries  ; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Poems  ; Asian Contemporary Poetries ; Contemporary Poetries Poems from Dehradun Garhwal; Famous Asian Poets  ;  Famous South Asian Poet ; Famous SAARC Countries Poet  ; Critical and Chronological History of Famous Asian Poets of Modern Time  ;
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 पौड़ी गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली , कविता ; चमोली  गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली पद्य  , कविता ; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली पद्य  , कविता ;टिहरी गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली पद्य  , कविता ;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली पद्य  , कविता ; देहरादून गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली पद्य  , कविता ; 
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  स्वच्छ भारत ; स्वच्छ भारत ; समर्थ गढ़वाल

 Sushil Pokhariyal: A poet concerned about changes in Garhwal
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Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali (Asian) Poetry – 135
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                    Literature Historian:  Bhishma Kukreti
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            Sushil Pokhariyal has been publishing his Garhwali poems for long in various periodicals. Sushil Pokhariyal has been relaying his modern poetries through All India radio too.
               Sushil Pokhariyal was born in 1966 in Sanglakoti, Gurarsyun of Pauri Garhwal. Sushil is teacher by profession.
                Sushil Pokhariyal also published Garhwali Cross word in Khabarsar news paper.
 Sushil Pokhariyal is always concerned about social changes due to migration from hills. His poems show concern for corrupt machineries and suppression of deprived class. Sushil Pokhariyal uses simple phrases for illustrating poems. Sushil Pokhariyal creates poetries in modern style. 
    उज्याड़  (झपोड़दी , छपोड़दी , चिरड़ान्दी  गढ़वाली कविता )


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 जौं पुंगडौ मा
घेर -बाड़ नी छ
त गोर /खाई दिन्दी उज्याड़
बाजि -बाजि
बाड़ तोड़ि बि खै जंदन
पर तब  ...
ये कन उज्यड़ा छन
घर -धौंस कै खै जंदन
गोर स्वटगा डैरी भाज बि जन्दी
पर ये हकेंदा नि छन
 यूंतैं रपटाणा खुण
नि हूँदि कैकि हिकमत
ह्वे जांद बाच जम्पत
देखिकै यूंका पैना सिंग
उठ जांद रिंग
तबि त दिन दुफरि
विकास का नौफर /कुर्स्युं मा बैठिक
उज्याड़ खाणा छन
छक ह्वे कै बि
नि ठसगणा छन।     
 

( साभार -- अंग्वाळ )

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Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, 2016
Asian  Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Asian Modern Poetries, Poems Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary folk Poetries from Garhwal; Development of Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Poems, South Asian    Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Modern Poetries, Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary folk Poetries Poems  from Pauri Garhwal; Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Poems , Modern Poetries, Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary folk Poetries from Chamoli Garhwal; Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Poems, Asian  Modern Poetries, Contemporary Poetries, Poems folk Poetries from Rudraprayag Garhwal Asia; Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, , Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Modern Poetries, Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary folk Poetries from Tehri Garhwal, Asia ; Poems,  Inspirational and Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Modern Poetries, Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary Folk Poetries from Uttarkashi Garhwal; , Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Poems, Asian Modern Poetries, Asian Poems, Asian Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary folk Poetries Poems from Dehradun Garhwal; Famous Asian Poets, Famous South Asian Poet , Famous SAARC Countries Poet , Famous Asian Poets of Modern Time,
पौड़ी गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली लोकगीत , कविता ; चमोली  गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली लोकगीत , कविता ; रुद्रप्रयाग गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली लोकगीत , कविता ;टिहरी गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली लोकगीत , कविता ;उत्तरकाशी गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली लोकगीत , कविता ; देहरादून गढ़वाल, उत्तराखंड  से गढ़वाली लोकगीत , कविता ;   Asian Poems for ; South Asian Poems for  ; Indian Poems for  ; North Indian Poems for   ; Himalayan Poems for
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  स्वच्छ भारत , स्वच्छ भारत , समर्थ गढ़वाल

     Kaini or Khurni   in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal
   
                     

                 Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -17

                            British Administration in Garhwal   -73     
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -91
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -928
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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            Taradatt Gairola suggested that instead of calling Pakka Khaykar they should be called as ‘under proprietors Malik Adna’.  Kaini or Khurni were the cultivators those were established by Thatwan. Those Kaini or Khurni were living nearby villages of Thatwan.
  According to Atkinson, the status of Kaini or Khurni was as slave, family servant or permanent servant. Kaini or Khurni used to do the family woks of owners too.
    Kaini or Khurni used to pay 1/3 of produces to owners and were different than Khaykar.  By 1882, Khaykar and Kaini were mixed with each other. As per Traill, Kaini used to pay higher tax than Khaykar. If a Kaini died without heirs the land would go to land owner (Thatwan). Batten wrote that Kaini were converting Khaykar very fast. Perhaps, Kaini or Khurni status was not recorded in British record. (Atkinson)

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 20/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -929
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 234-247
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages
3-Pauw, Garhwal settlement report, page 46
4-Stowell, V.A., Manual of Land Tenures in Kumaon division page 61
5- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.3, 490-91
6- Tara Datt Gairola, Selected Revenue decisions of Kumaun. Page 74-146
Xx
 
History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;   

Aas: A varied themes Garhwali Poetry collection .
 
 Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali (Asian) Poetry – 136 A
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                    Literature Historian:  Bhishma Kukreti

 
       The followings subjects are in the poems of poetry collection ‘Aas’ by Shanti Prakash Jigyasu--
 Shanti Prakash shows hope to all of us and also humanity does not belong to self interest but for others in ‘Aas’poem.
 In the poem ’ Mera Gaun ku Thaud, the verse creator feels sorry that in the name of development, the bulldozer diminished the  village Thaul/Thaud/chaupal or villagers common meeting place.
The poet remembers the old days of cooperation and love among villagers before globalized economy took over from self contained village economy in the poem‘Kakh ch v Bat’
 In ‘Daud’ poem, Shanty Prakash ‘jigyasu’ is searching the reasons for human being running for non winning race of fulfilling never ending desires.
‘Chakhula tain kya pata’ is a symbolic poem and Jigyasu does experiment with phrases having two or more philosophical or spiritual meanings for readers.
‘Dalu’ poem is pro ecology poem and speaks about tree plantation movement definitely not in the tone of preaching.
 ‘Ghanghtol’ is a truth-seeking poem for seeking reasons for our aspirations and not leaving anything for our fellows.
‘Daktaran na boliyaal’ cautions softly that if human being would not take care in the early days the health problems are bound to come. The poet also depicts the differences between haves s and haves not with same phrases of poem.
‘Manjhyun k buru hal ch’ is a symbolic, philosophical poem. Jigyasu used his name parts ‘Prakash’ and ‘jigyasu’ as base for creating meaningful verse.
 Jigyasu illustrates the love of a mother towards her children in ‘Baulya’ poem.
 Banu reflects enjoyably the non believable logic of powerful countries or men snatching other’s rights or even right of living.
‘Basant’ poem creates images of spring but poet uses spring and never changing habit of nature depiction for satirical use to criticize the changing mentality of human beings.
‘Kweebat nee ch’ poem is dedicated to humanity.
‘Pida’  critises the exploitation of natural resources by human beings and not taking care of environment. The poem brings sadness too apart creating geographical images.
‘Gareebi’ poem shows the deceptive methods of shameless exploiters for taking benefits in the name of poverty.  In the name of ‘poverty eradication’ scheme, crooks are becoming richer and poor are becoming poorer.
‘Sanskar’ poem takes the readers in the world of dream and the reality of protection of old customs.
These days, the community is unhappy on girl birth. The poet Jigyasu shows the importance of girl to the humanity and future of humanity.
Shanty Prakash foresees the problems of mass migration from rural areas to urban regions in the poem ‘Maulkai reeti’.
The human being needs stable mentality as there are bound to be ups and downs in our lives is the theme of ‘Bakt’ and ‘Ek dhung’ poems.
The poet Shanti reveals the experiences of experiencing with easy and understandable phrases in ‘Rachna’ poem.
Today, human beings are busy to cut the same branches whereon they are living. ‘Kuryo’ poem of Jigyasu cautions us for our inhuman behaviors.
 Satirically, Shanty Prakash criticizes the partiality among human beings for not providing dues to deserving people both in the society and in the government administration in ‘Mainge’ poem.
Jigyasu is worried that the real culprits are showing crocodile tears to the public but in reality looting the public in ‘Kagja rawan’.
Shanti Prakash creates images of morning, sun rising and people of hills in the poem ‘Suber’.
 In the verse ‘Kaga Raibar’, Shanty Prakash feels pains of empty villages due to migration.
Shanty Prakash laughs at our double standard in discriminating our daughter and our daughter in laws in ‘ham’ poem.
Due to migration children are in cities and never remember parents in villages but mother always remembers her children.  Shanty Prakash depicts this theme differently in ‘Ag Bhabhraigi’ poem.
In ‘Nirasi Jindagi’ poem, Jigyasu is furious about nature’s discrimination. This poem is soft and with rapture of pathos but in fact, the poem is a rebellion poemagainst the whole system.
‘Hak ka bara’ poem attacks sharply on lazy nature of people.
When our own fellows ignore us we feel bad and the poem ‘Antar’ is about the sharp pain of our own people ignoring us.
‘Daulat’ poem attacks on greedy nature of rich countries for their exploitation of poor countries.
The rain is essential for everybody but daughter in law does not require rain that she completes her job that her mother in law does not lambast her. The poem’ Barkha’ describes our inner conflicts and contradictions.   
‘Betulo Bhag’ poem asks us about our discrimination between daughter and son in the ‘Betulo Bhag’ poem.
The poem ‘Choli’ describes phrase casting pearls before swine very effecting and at the same time, creates pathos rapture too.
  From centuries, there is a tragedy for hills that the youth and water of hills is for plains. The poem ‘Pahadai Cheej’ tells effectively the tale of this necessary evil.
‘Jagwal’ poem is about the sacrifice of a mother who could not see the good days by her son’s progress.’ Man ki Ankhi’ poem is also about sacrifice of a mother.
‘Syani’ poem is witnessing the changes taking place all over world by an old woman and the village woman is not enjoying the city life.
The poem ‘Thandi Jhaul’ is a satirical poem and shows the capability of Jigyasu’s command over the words.
The poem ‘Reeti riwaj’ attacks on the political leadership for its deceptive acts.
The poem ‘Jahar’ is a satirical figurative poem attacking the cunning people and their habits.
‘Mayam’ poem depicts the psychology of a lover.
Rain is a must but when there is heavy rain the people find different difficulties is the theme of ‘ Basgyal’ poem.
‘Alan’ poem describes the difference between life style of a rich man and poor man.
Jigyasu expresses the reality of luck, opportunity and execution in ‘Bhag’ poem.
Shanti Prakash attacks on blind faith and non descrimitive power of people to understand what is good and what is bad for them in ‘Ghadeli’ poem
Shanti Prakash Jigyasu is furious about pollution of reverend river Ganga in ‘Ganga’ poem and condemns all responsible for such inhuman acts.
‘Aina’ is a philosophical poem and at the same time a satirical poem too wherein the poet tries to search the difference between illusion and the reality of life.
Shanti Prakash is frustrated about the reality of Garhwal in ‘Apdu Gadhdesh’ poem.
Shanti Prakash Jigyasu does experiment by using proverbs and sayings in the poem ’Virani as’ and at the same time brings moral learning in the poem.
                                        Chhitga
        There seventy three poems in the form of ‘Chhitga’. ‘Chhitga’ is variety of Garhwali poem of either two lines or four lines poems. Virendra Panwar a prolific Garhwali literature critic states that ‘Chhitga’ are as rain drops, water drops, spit drops, acid drops in poetry format. Panwar further stresses that ‘Chhitga’ should create wider effect than the poem as the water drops work in awakening a sleeping person. Usually in ‘Chhitga’ of Shanti Prakash, there is satirical theme and there is comparison of two themes.
           In old generation poets, Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna and Prem Lal Bhatt did experiment by creating ‘Chhitga’. In contemporary Garhwali poetic world, ShantiPrakash Jigyasu and Narendra Kathait are two Garhwali poets famous for creating ‘Chhitga’ poems. However, Shant Prakash created more than two hundred ‘Chhitga’ poems till now.
 The above detailing of poems of ‘As’ confirms that there are varied subjects and theme in the poems of Shanti Prakash Jigyasu and those are of universal concerns.
 Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, 2016
Critical and Chronological History of Asian  Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Critical and Chronological History of Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Poetries, Poems Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary folk Poetries from Garhwal; Development of Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Poems, Critical and Chronological History of South Asian    Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Modern Poetries, Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary folk Poetries Poems  from Pauri Garhwal; Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Poems , Modern Poetries, Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary folk Poetries from Chamoli Garhwal; Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Poems, Critical and Chronological History of Asian  Modern Poetries, Contemporary Poetries, Poems folk Poetries from Rudraprayag Garhwal Asia; Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, , Critical and Chronological History of Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Modern Poetries, Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary folk Poetries from Tehri Garhwal, Asia ; Poems,  Inspirational and Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Asian Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Modern Poetries, Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary Folk Poetries from Uttarkashi Garhwal; , Modern Garhwali Folk Songs, Modern Garhwali Folk Verses, Poems, Asian Modern Poetries, Critical and Chronological History of Asian Poems, Asian Contemporary Poetries, Contemporary folk Poetries Poems from Dehradun Garhwal; Famous Asian Poets, Famous South Asian Poet , Famous SAARC Countries Poet , Critical and Chronological History of Famous Asian Poets of Modern Time,
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  स्वच्छ भारत , स्वच्छ भारत , समर्थ गढ़वाल