Uttarakhand > Uttarakhand History & Movements - उत्तराखण्ड का इतिहास एवं जन आन्दोलन
गढ़वाल का इतिहास 1223-1804 AD- History of Garhwal Region from 1223-1804 AD
Bhishma Kukreti:
Marriage Custom in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period
Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -71
History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -261
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -508
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
In General, in Garhwal, following marriage types were prevailing-
1-Endogamy –Marriage with similar social group or tribe
2-Exogamy- Marriage outside the social group or tribe
3-Polygamy-Having more than one wife at a time
4-Polyandry- Having more than one husband at a time
5-Monoandry/Monogamy - Having one husband at a time or only one wife at a time
Khas Marriages in Garhwal
The Khas communities had simple and liberal customs of marriages.
1-Bhidlage or Bhidlagde marriage means marriage in between own Varn /segment. If a Upper cast person married to Harijan person, the person was discarded and this marriage was called Khas-Tal or Dumtal. In some regions as Jaunsar, Jaunpur, Taknaur, Nagpur, Khas bRahmin was allowed to marry a Rajput girl.
2-The people were not allowed to marry with the caste of mother, grandmother from both the sides. This custom is prevailing in Garhwal in all communities till date.
Other Marriage Custom of Garhwal
Kanyadan – The upper caste Brahmin or Elite Rajput did not take maney or gifts from groom and was called Kanyadan Vyau.
Takaun Byau- Takaun Byau means to take money from groom side and marriage procession was not compusary in Takaun Byau.
Takaun Byau or Talwar Byau- In this marriage, groom did not go along with marriage party but a sword was kept as the groom and all perfromanced were performed by bride with Swoard as Groom.
Forceful Marriage- In old days, men used to take the bride forcibly and marry her. There are many community (Jatiy) folktales about man taking girl forcefully to his village. There is description of such marriage in Kukreti Vanshvali (edited Chakradhar Kukreti) that Vrishabh ji Kukreti of Jaspur (Mlla Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal) marrying a Barthwal girl of Bareth (Malla Dhangu) forcefully.
Ghudya Dyur Vivah- There was custom that widow could marry with her younger brother in law (Ghundya Dyur Byau).
Many times, widow used to marry with other men from same village or outside village too. Widow’s remarriages were part and partial of customs.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 10/12/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -509
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued
XX
Notes on South Asian Modern Period History of Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Chamoli Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Rudraprayag Garhwal; South Asian Modern History of Tehri Garhwal; South Asian Modern History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Dehradun, Garhwal; Modern History of Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Manglaur, Haridwar; South Asian Modern Period History of Rurkee Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
Xx
स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत!
Bhishma Kukreti:
Marriage Life; Customary Laws in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period
Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -72
History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -262
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -509
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
In Khas/Khasias society, marriage was not having religious bondage but a social understanding or compromise (Panna Lal, 1920, Hindu Customary Law in Kumaon). Monoandry or monogamy was a rare case in upper Brahmin and upper Rajput. Mostly men used to have more than one wives. The man could marry other’s wife by paying her husband the price. Haiving Rakhail, Dhanti, Bandiyan, maids etc (Keep) was a common and accepted custom.
In Khas society, wife or husband had freedom to leave and remarry with other gender. In Harijan, there was more freedom and remarrying frequently was common custom.
Having relation with Prostitution was also common among elite clas especially Kings and court officers. Kings Shyam Shah, Pradip Shah, Parakram Shah, Parakram Shah used to visit prostitutes. Parakram snatched a Ganika (Prostitute) of Maularam.
In villages, Badi community used to get money by prostitution deeds too.
There wwas custom of keeping Devdasi (prostitutes of temple) in temples of Badrinath, Tungnath, Gopeshwar, Badahat, Kalimath, Ranihat etc. People used to purchase girls from hills for converting them into prostitution.
Sati Custom
Sati custom among Brahmin and upper caste was also there. Widow used to immolate by burning herself with dead husband in funeral pyre. The villagers used to build a Math (small house) in memory of Sati. There are Maths still standing in Jaspur (Malla Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal); Kuntani (Dabralsyun, Pauri Garhwal,); Dadamandi (Sheela Patti, Pauri Garhwal); Goriyaganv (Sheela Patti , Pauri Garhwal); Jaigaon (Ajmer, Pauri Garhwal).
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 11/12/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -510
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued
XX
Notes on South Asian Modern Period History of Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Chamoli Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Rudraprayag Garhwal; South Asian Modern History of Tehri Garhwal; South Asian Modern History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Dehradun, Garhwal; Modern History of Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Manglaur, Haridwar; South Asian Modern Period History of Rurkee Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
Xx
Marriage Life; Customary Laws in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; Marriage Life; Customary Laws in Pauri Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; Marriage Life; Customary Laws in Haridwar, Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; Marriage Life; Customary Laws in Dehradun Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; Marriage Life; Customary Laws in Uttarkashi Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; Marriage Life; Customary Laws in Tehri Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; Marriage Life; Customary Laws in Rudraprayag Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; Marriage Life; Customary Laws in Chamoli Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period;
स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत!
Bhishma Kukreti:
Children Rights in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period
Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -73
History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -263
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -510
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
The children of Brahmin by Brahmin wife and children of Rajput by Rajput wife were called ‘Asal’ (real or pur) and children from non Caste wife as Harijan, Keep (Rakhail), Dhanti (maid) by Rajput or Brahmin were called ‘kamsal’ or not real or not pure. The childn from maid (Dasi) was called the lowest form of child. Bandi or Dasi ka Baccha was an abusive word.
The Jhantela Bacche or children of a Dhanti wife from earlier husbands would be called the children of newer husband.
The young widow having children could keep a new husband from same segment of society and would allow him to stay with her in her dead husband house. Such husband would be caaled ‘Kathala’ or ‘Tikwa’ (Servant) husband. The children of such woman from Kathala’ husband would be called children of old husband only. However, if the widow did not have children from her dead husband she was not allowed to have Tikkwa or Kathala husband.
If a man died and he did not have sons the State used to have right on such land. The daughters did not have right on land in Pal dynasty. That was the reasons that a man used to have many wives for having sons to keep land in his heirs possession.
Even the man who did have sons from earlier wife would marry with a Dhanti having sons from earlier husband as then in such case, State could not take the land in its possession.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 13/12/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -511
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued
XX
Notes on Garhwal ka Itihas, Garhwal ka Madhy Yugin Itihas , South Asian Modern Period History of Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Chamoli Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Rudraprayag Garhwal; South Asian Modern History of Tehri Garhwal; South Asian Modern History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Dehradun, Garhwal; Modern History of Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Manglaur, Haridwar; South Asian Modern Period History of Rurkee Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
Xx
स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत!
Bhishma Kukreti:
Sanskar (Religious Ceremonies) in Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period
Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -74
History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -264
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -511
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
There are said to be 48 Sanskar (religious Ceremonies) performances in a life of Hindu. However, there are 16 main Sanskar those are to be performed by all barring Shilpkar or they are exempted to do so. In each Sanskar, family performs a specific religious ceremony through Pundit.
1-Garbhadhan or egg formation –This Sanskar was /is not performed in Garhwal. Or if at all was performed only by King or very rich family.
2-Punsvan or Godbharai –Historians did not mention about this Sanskar performance in Garhwal
3 Seemantonnayan and 4 Jatkram Sanskar was also not mentioned by historian in Garhwal.
4- Birth –Women used to sing folk song after a boy baby used to take birth.
5-Namkaran or Naming Ceremony –Definitely the upper caste people used to perform this ceremony on eleventh day of birth.
6-Niskraman or Pavitra ceremony was performed on 2nd day of baby delivery and from this day newly mother could touch others and could enter into kitchen etc.
7-Annaprasan or feeding grains food to the child- Very rarely performed in Garhwal.
8-11- Yagyopavit or Chudakram , Keshnat and Karnbhed ( ear piercing) of boy
12-Vedarambh or initiating education- Only elite Brahmins used to perform this Sanskar.
13-Keshnat or cutting head hair- Elite families used to perform Keshant ceremony
14-Marriage
15- Bachidan before death very rarely
16-Anteshthi or death ceremony
After death, there were religious ceremonies of Tirain /Terhaveen thirteenth day of death, Barkhi on completing twelfth month and Shradh every year.
Upper cast people used to burn the dead body near a river and bones were submerged in Ganga. A stone picked up from Ganga shore was kept in Pitarkudi as member of Pitar or forfathers . Pitarkudi used to be in village. The Shilpkar used burn their dead relative on a hill top and a Tumadi with water was hung on a tree branch there.
Every male including boy from a Mundit (families of a link) used to shave their head after death of a family member).
Children were buried nearby village.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 14/12/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -512
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued
XX
Notes on Garhwal ka Itihas, Garhwal ka Madhy Yugin Itihas , South Asian Modern Period History of Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Chamoli Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Rudraprayag Garhwal; South Asian Modern History of Tehri Garhwal; South Asian Modern History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Dehradun, Garhwal; Modern History of Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Manglaur, Haridwar; South Asian Modern Period History of Rurkee Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
Xx
History aspects of Sanskar (Religious Ceremonies) in Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History aspects of Sanskar (Religious Ceremonies) in North Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History aspects of Sanskar (Religious Ceremonies) in South Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History aspects of Sanskar (Religious Ceremonies) in East Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History aspects of Sanskar (Religious Ceremonies) in West Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period;
स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत!
Bhishma Kukreti:
Religious Faiths in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period
Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -75
History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -265
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -512
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
The religious faiths of Garhwalis were mainly due to geographical situations. Each steep and high hill was called ‘Kailash’. People used to bow as soon as they saw snow bound hill. People used to tie colored cloth on tree branch as sign of deity or goddess.
In North Garhwal adjusting Tibet, Kuber was great deity and Ghantakarn was his minister. People used to worship both the deities. Bhotiyas used to catch hot (through keeping on burning coal or wood) iron Janti to worship deities in Janti festival of Pandukeshwar.
Nanda the National Goddess of Uttarakhand
Goddess Nanda Devi is worshipped in both the regions of Uttarakhand (Kumaon and Garhwal). Nanda is called wife of Lord Mahadev. There are many temples of Nanda Devi on hills those are facing the Nanda Mountain.
The Nanda Jat Yatra is performed every after twelve year and is the longest deity worshiping Tour in the world. An animal sacrifice was common in worshiping Nanda Devi.
Ganga Ji
Ganga was a or is a reverend river of Garhwal and India. People used to come to conferences of Ganga for bathing on auspicious days as Baishakhi, Makraini etc.People used to vouch Ganga Ji or used to take Ganga Ki Saugandh.
River source means Dham
There were worshiping places or Dham at the source of reverend rivers. There are five Main such Dham-
Gangotri (Ganga Source)
Yamunotri (Yamuna Source)
Kedarnath (near Mandakini Source)
Badrinath (near Alaknanda Source)
Nanda Devi
There were Panch Kedar (Five Kedar) and Panch Badri (Five Badrinath )
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 15/12/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -513
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued
XX
Notes on Garhwal ka Itihas, Garhwal ka Madhy Yugin Itihas , South Asian Modern Period History of Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Chamoli Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Rudraprayag Garhwal; South Asian Modern History of Tehri Garhwal; South Asian Modern History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; South Asian Modern Period History of Dehradun, Garhwal; Modern History of Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Manglaur, Haridwar; South Asian Modern Period History of Rurkee Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
Xx
स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत
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