Author Topic: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh  (Read 55135 times)

Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
« Reply #70 on: March 26, 2015, 06:44:56 AM »
 History: Administration of Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa in Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 9
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -74   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -593
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

          Bhairon Thapa (1808-1811) replaced Hasti Dal Chautariya as Governor of Garhwal. Mola Ram / Maula Ram mentioned him as Bhairavbali.
     Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa was not liberal at all. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa did not have cordial relation with people of Garhwal. On the contrary he was cruel and suppressive, oppressive. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa was always susceptive with foreigners and strangers. Though, Nepal court granted permission to East India Company officers for travelling Garhwal, Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa put obstacles before them.
          Assisting officers under Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa
   The available record for assisting officers under Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa mentions names –Chhanu Bhandari, Buddhi Thapa, Parshuram Thapa, Jamadar Intirana Gurung. Those Gurkha/Gorkha officers were also cruel, oppressive. After some time, Bhairon Thapa, Buddhi Thapa, Parshuram Thapa had to go to Kangra for capturing the Kangra Fort.
 In his absence ‘Vichari’ and ‘Achari’ were administrating Garhwal.
   Shishth Thapa (son of Bhairon) became chief assisting administrator of Garhwal. Before coming to Garhwal, Shishth Thapa was Bhardar of Kumaon.

                   Assisting Gurkha /Gorkha Officers of Dhangu Region

  Mejor Poto, Subedar Balbhadra Karki, Subedar Gyanved, Jamadar Bagsingh, Jamadar Gangodu, Jamadar Ratandev Pande, Havdar Raghuveir Karki were officers.
Upendra Bhandari , Debya Bisht, Dileram Thapa, Gangaram, Ramsingh, Jyanshidatt, Kalubudha. Bhatubudha, Sobanu Bisht, Pavesur Rana, Bajvaran Thapa, Japu Khatri , Kaviraj, Sarvjit were soldiers or Javan in Dhangu. (Collection of Avtar Singh Rawat and mentioned by Dr Dabral)

         Suppression of People by Regional Gurkha/Gorkha Administrators
             The regional Gurkha/Gorkha administrators were suppressive and oppressive by all means. They were not satisfied by Nepal Court Salary. They added many inventive local levies on the subject.
Chait Kar- In Chait, Every Kamin/Thokdar  of Dhangu used to offer gifts or additional tax to Gurkha officers in the form of three buffalo, two goats
Navratri Puja in Asuj month- Every Kamin/Thokdar  of Dhangu used to offer gifts or additional tax to Gurkha officers in the form of four  buffalo, two goats.
 Timasi- Whenever a Gurkha/Gorkha Subedar or Faujdar used to visit a village, every family had to pay timasi (three ana) as gift.  In the record of Dhangu Kamin, Subedar ki Timasi’ and Faujdar ki Timasi is recorded.
According to Hearsay, Gurkha /Gorkha sold thirty thousand Garhwalis as slave. Due to oppressive method of Gurkha, around eighty thousand Garhwalis fled to plains of Garhwal. The people were not enthusiastic in farming. Many villages became barren and desert.

                  Letter by Mola Ram/ Maula Ram
 It is said that Mola /Maula ram sent a letter to Bhimsen Thapa about oppressive methods of Gurkha officers. Mola Ram requested Bhimsen Thapa to arrest the worsening situation. The local administrator withdrew the Jagir and daily allowances of Mola Ram. Mola Ram went to Nepal and got back his salary and Jagir.
                Arrival of Kunwar Veerbhadra
                Veer Bhadra was son of Kunvar Chandravir and son in law of Amar Singh Thapa. In 1809,Bhimsen Thapa sent Kunwar Veer Bhadra for capturing Kangra Fort.Kunwar Veer Bhadra reached Shrinagar in March. There were many companies of soldiers with Kunwar veer Bhadra. They were singing, dancing and playing various music instruments as Dhol, nagade, Damau etc). Soldierrs were having their won weapons.
 Kumnwar Veer Bhadra celebrated Holi or festival of colors in Shrinagar. Women were dancing before Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers.
  Kunwar Veer Bhadra left Shrinagar for Kangra in April 1809.
           Hemp Production in Garhwal Kumaon for British
  There was British factory in Kashipur. Rutherford was factory manager. In 1807, he paid advances to Kumaonis for growing hemp in farms.
Farmers grew hemp in Lakhnapur, Daron, Raugadh, Salam, Badari, Chaubisi, Acchyur, Mahrur, Gumdesh, Dhyanorau, Talla Chaukot.
 In Garhwal people of Pabola people grew hemp for British in Lobha, Badhan, Chaundkot, Chandpur, Dhanpur, and Devalgarh.
              Resin (Leesa ) Production
 Through a letter on 10th April 1809, East India Company persuaded Nepal Government for producing Resin (Leesa ) from Pine trees in Kumaon and Doti. Nepal Government permitted East India Company for Resin extraction from Pine forests of Kumaon and Doti and later on Garhwal. Rutherford trained local people to extract Resin from pine trees.
 In 1811, there,  sourness started  in relation between British and Nepal government. By 1814, British caalld back its workers from Forests to Kahsipur.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 26/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -594
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal; 
History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Pauri Garhwal , History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Tehri Garhwal,      History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Dehradun, Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Old Pauri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Tehri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Dehradun Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Kumaon
 
                          ::: ====स्वच्छ भारत!  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::


Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
« Reply #71 on: March 31, 2015, 08:07:55 AM »

History: Administration of Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Kaji Bahadur Bhandari in Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 10
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -75   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -594
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

             Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Kaji Bahadur Bhandari in Garhwal (1811-12)

                        Improvement of Land Administration in Kumaon

        After Gurkha/Gorkha capturing Kumaon, Gurkha/Gorkha administrators acted suppressive and oppressive cruel methods for administrations. Villagers started leaving villages and villages started become human less. Nepal Court took step and Governor Bamshah altered the land administration of Kaji Revant. Bhotiya also started shifting to Tibet and Captain Bhakti Thapa was sent to improve situation and he reduced the taxes. However, Nepal court and Garhwal administrators did not take notice for improving situation in Garhwal.
                              Mendbandi in Garhwal
 Meend or Mend means the dividing line of two portion of land. Mendbandi means land management. The taxes were imposed on land not by productivity of land but agues work on the income.
 Gurkha/Gorkha administrators had a principle that there is only one way of administration and that is cruel methods or oppressions.
             Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Kaji Bahadur Bhandari in Garhwal (1811-12)
  Nepal Court sent Kaji Bahadur Bhandari and Bakshi Dashrath Khatri for improving land management and administration in Garhwal. Subedar Singhbeer Adhikari and Bakhtwar Singh basnyat were also sent with them in Garhwal. According to Mola Ram ?Maula Ram, RAndhwaj Thapa, Balnar Singh , Bhimbahadur and Gatbahadur were also administrators in Shrinagar at different positions.
 The Sanad Patta (order) of 1Jnauary 812 in Kamleshwar Temple of Shrinagar state that Bakshi dashrath Khatri, Subedar Ajab Bhandari, Daftari Krishna Nand Khanduri, Jamadar Harku Gurung and Havaldar Bagdar Khatri were officer in charges of land management in Garhwal under Kaji Bahadur Bhandari.  Sardar Bhairon Singh was Army Chairf or Senapati inagrhwal.
                   Tax according to Land Fertility
                    As per instruction of Kaji Bahadur Bhandari, village land was divided into five divisions as per fertility -
Abbal – Best
Dom or Doyam –Second class
Som
Chahar
Sunkhbasi or barren non irrigated etc
 The tax were decided as per above fertility rates. This was first scientific system of tax in hills of Garhwal. The analysis was sent to Nepal Court. Nepal Court put Seal as acceptance of the new system. Those records were called ‘Lal Dhanda’.
                        Checking of Past Orders
 The new administrators Bahadur Bhandari and Dashrath khatri checked the old state orders about Jagir , Temple agriculture land and other lands. They cancelled most of orders of Garhwal Kings.  They issued new orders for Jagir. New Copper instructions were issued. For example , Gajadhar Khanduri (Son of Ramapati) and Krishnadatt Khanduri (Son of Dharnidhar Khanduri), Krishnanad and Harshpati were issued new orders in the name of King Geevarnyudhvikram Shah.
   Kaji Bahadur also cancelled Jagir and other allowances of Mola Ram/Maula Ram those he got from Nepal. Perhaps later on, Maula Ram got back allowances by half.
   Nepal Court called back Kaji Bahadur Bhandari from Garhwal in 1812. Dashrath Khatri was handling the job of Bhandari after  Bhandari left for Nepal.




** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 27/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -595
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered


Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
« Reply #72 on: March 31, 2015, 08:09:08 AM »
  History: Representatives of Amar Singh Thapa in Garhwal 1812-1815

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 11
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -76   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -595
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

                              Amar Singh Thapa as Kaji (Minister)
  Nepal Court offered Amar Singh Thapa a position of ‘Kaji’(Minister). Nepal Court did not offer ‘Kaji’ position outside of Royal Family. Mar Singh Thapa was exclusive personality. He used to believe on astrologer and he used to have an astrologer Shivdatt Ray whose father was a Tibetan in battle field too.
 The available records state that , from 1812 to 1815, Thapa, following administrative representatives of Amar Singh were there in Garhwal-
1812- Faujdar Parmaram, Shreshth Thapa, Bandhu Thapa, Bhakti Thapa.
1813- Subedar Tularam Adhikari, Sardar Bhairon Singh and Ranjor Thapa
1814- Subedar Tularam Adhikari, Subedar Hikmat Singh, Subedar Rankishan, Faujdar Kalu Pnade, Faujdar Hari Rana, Kaji Arjun
1815- Subedar Tularam Adhikari, Bakhtwar Singh Basnyat, Sardar Bhairav Sibngh, Faujdar Syamaigiri.
                 Dr Dabral provides following Gurkha/Gorkha Officers of Dhangu in that period referring records of Kamin of Dhangu.
Amaldar Pare, Thokdar Poka, Jamadar Dhanvir Jama, Dafedar Haram Thapa, Dafedar Kashi Gurung, Havaldar Deengsingh, Jasvant Sahi, Vishnu Khabas, Bali Thapa, Jasmu Gurang, Dubalyaram, Harku Thapa, Jujya, Dhanpati Thapa (Thokdaarr Autar Singh Rawat collection).
                  Man-eaters in Garhwal

 Villages were becoming barren due to people fleeing and not doing farming activities. That resulted increasing of forest trees and bushes. The numbers of wild animals also increased ant in Gurkhayni or Gurkha Rule, Man eaters were also bigger problems for people.
                      Arrival of Moorcroft
           P.J. Marczel writes in his ‘William Moorcroft’s commercial pilgrimage to Mansa Sarovar in 1812’ article that Moorcroft visited Mansarovar as Gusain (pedlar) in 1812 to explore its hydrography, appraise  and tapping the trade , commercial and economic potential of the region. Hearsa, Gulam Hayderkhan, Pundit Harak Dev were also with him.
    On 9th May, they entered into Kumaon via Ramnagar.
On 24th May, they reached to Joashimath.
They were in Neeti village on 4th June 1812.
They returned from Mansarovar on 8th August.
While returning, they put on European dresses. The local Gurkha Officer (Bhardar) Banda Thapa caught them.  He freed them after initial enquiries. However, on 15 October another Bhardar caught them and put under house arrest type system. They were freed on 5th November after intervening of Kumaon Governor Bam Shah.
  Moorcroft and Hearsay offer many valuable information about various aspects in their reporting on various journals.


** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 28/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -596
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered

Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
« Reply #73 on: March 31, 2015, 08:09:33 AM »
 History: Information of Pargana and Pattis in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 12
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -77   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -596
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

                   Demolition of Council of Ministers of Garhwal Kingdom
           As soon as Gurkha/Gorkha captured Garhwal, the indigenous system of Administration was demolished. The Garhwal King used to have councils of ministers as Deewan (prime minister), daftary (record), Vajir (minister), Faujdar (defence), Negi )genral administration),, Rajguru or Chief Priest. There was bonded relation among the King, ministers and subjects by language, relationship, devotion for land and people of Garhwal, culture and social norms.
  As soon as Gorkha /Gurkha rule started indigenous way of administration ended. The Nepal representatives (Bhardar) became the chief administrators. The ministers or administrators of past did not get favor from Nepal court barring Sheesram Saknyani of Dehradun. The local Kamin or Sayan in villages were retained as it was not possible to replace them by Gurkha administrators.
              Gurkha/Gorkha acquiring High Posts
  In Shah Garhwal King Period, an unknown person could reach at higher post by his capability and ability as Puriya Naithani, Lodi Rikhola etc.in that time position means execution capability.
 Nepal Court never had faith on local resources and kept Gurkha on High positions.
                          Insult of Local Elites
  Nepal court appointed only Nepalis on positions as governor, army chief, tax collection in charge, ministers etc for Garhwal. The Gurkha/Gorkah administrators did not ask the suggestion of local elites. They dislodged the Jagir or purses of past Garhwal Court employees. Gurkha used to insult and oppress the past administrators.
   Gurkha ?Gorkha administrators insulted Garhwal Brahmins and knowledgeable. Many Knowledgeable, Brahmins, Strategists left Garhwal and took jobs in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Saurashtra.
                Daftary or Record Keepers
            As Muslim administrators were weak in keeping records and they kept Hindu record keepers in treasury in their rules, same way Gurkha /Gurkha were weak in record keeping. Hence, Gurkha retained past Daftari or record keepers in their old position or did not disturb old system of record keeping of treasury.
  A court order of Nepal shows that following Garhwali Daftari or record Keeperswere there in Garhwal for Gurkha from 1804-1811 –
Krishna nanad
Gaja Dhar
Krishna Datt
Harshpati Khanduri
They were reappointed in 1912.
                        Tehsil or Faujdari
  Initially, there were three Faujdari or Tehsil In Garhwal under Gurkha rule
Shrinagar
Chadnpur
Salan
Later on Garhwal was divided into two types of Faujdari
Bigger Faujdari- Ravain, Mal (Dehradun), Salan
Smaller Faujdari- Jaunpur, Bangar, Devalgarh, Nagpur, Chandpur, Lobha, Badhan
  Faujdar used to act as judge too.
                     Garkh or Patti
   Faujdari was divided in Garkh. This was That. In British period the Garkh were renamed as Pargana. Perhaps in later stage of Gurkha rule, Pergana came in existence.
In 1815, there were 16 Pargana and 48 Pattis in British Garhwal (Old Pauri Nad Chamoli Garhwal) –
             1-Ajmir Pargana
Patti- 1-Ajmir
                         2- Udaypur Pargana
Patti- 2-Udaipur
                              3- Salan Pargana
                 Pattis of Salan
3- Dhangu
4-Kurandu
5-Langurgarh
6-Seelha
7-Kaudiya
8-Chaundkot
9-Badalpur
10-Idiyakot
11-Paino
12-Bungi
13-Gujdu
14-Khatli
15-Bangarsyun
16- Dhoundiyalsyun
17-Meldhar
18-Talain
19-Kolagaddi
20-Sainjdhar
21- Bijlot



                            4 Barasyun Pargana
22-36 (total 15 Pattis)
                           5- Devalgarh Pargana
37-Munil
                         6 -Chopdakot Pargana
    38-Chopdakot
                     7- Dhanpur   Pargana   
39- Tambakhan
                    8- Chandpur   Pargana   
40-Chandpur
                       9-Badhan Pargana
41-Badhan
                 10-Dashauli Pargana
42- Dashauli
                      11- Painkhanda Pargana
43- Painkhanda
                     12- Kapiri Pargana
44- Kapiri
                       13- Kuthali  Pargana   
45- Kuthli
                          14-Nagpur Pargana

46-Nagpur
                    15- Pinkandi Pargana
47-Pinkandi
                    16- Lobha Pargana
48-Lobha
                 Division of Garhwal into Districts
    On later stage, Gurkha divided Garhwal into two divisions of Districts
1-District Garhwal
 District Garhwal was divided into two parts
Gangawar- present Pauri, Chamoli and Rudraprayag Districts
Gangpar –Present Their and Uttarkashi Districts
                          2-Jilla Doon
 Present Dehradun barring Jaunsar region
Dehradun was divided into five Pargana
Sabalpur
Vasantpur
Santaur
Kalyanpur
Saudi

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 29/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -597
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered



Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
« Reply #74 on: March 31, 2015, 08:10:40 AM »
  Appointment of Kamin or Sayana in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 13
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -78   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -597
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

              After capturing Garhwal, Gurkha/Gorkha needed money for army and campaign for west Himalaya. Gurkha /Gorkha divided Gurkha Army for Garhwal into three battalions and five companies into each battalion. Gurkha/Gorkha administrators or army men had to collect revenue by themselves for the salaries of Gurkha staff from villages.   
 In Garhwal king rule, Villages were demarked for revenue generation into following major types-
                        Vishnu Preet Gram or Villages Donated to Temples
 The tax collected from village was for temple or a religious Math.

                                          Khalsa Villages

              The tax collected from such villages was deposited in central treasurer.

                                   Sirkari Villages
 The tax used to be used for King family members.
                              Jagir Villages
  Jagir were offered to ministers, army chiefs, army men , brave people, knowledgeable, artists and other elites.
                                 Faujdari Villages
         Army commanders were given villages as Faujdari Ganv for keeping soldiers and paying their salaries etc.
            In Gurkha /Gorkha rule, Vishnu Preet Villages were called Goonth Gram or Sadavrat Ganv but system was not changed.
      There were no King Family Memebrs, hence the Sirkari and jagir were cancelled.
     Apart from Sadavrat villages other villages came under Faujdari System.
          The Faujdar (Army Company Commander)  were offered villages for administration and collecting tax for salaries of army.
 Fuajdar took help of Kamin or Sayana . Kamin and Sayana were regional or local village chiefs.  Kamin was regional head and under him there were Sayana or deputy regional heads.  Sayana used to control Ganvpadhan or Village chief for tax collection.   
  Gurkha called village chief as ‘Sayana’. Kamin and Sayana or Gaupadhan were local Garhwalis.
  Kamin, Sayana and Gaupadhan were basic structure of Economics for Gurkha/Gorkha Kingdom.
 Brahmin or Rajput could be Kamin or Sayana and Harijan were not appointed Sayana, Kamin etc.
 The numbers of Kamin in Old Pauri Garhwal (Gangavar) were as follows-
Pargana------ Brahmin Kamin --------------Rajput Kamin -----------Total Kamin
Ajmeer ------------ x------------------------------3----------------------------3
Udaypur ------------x-----------------------------8-----------------------------8
Salan -----------------4----------------------------41-----------------------------45
Barasyun--------------2---------------------------18----------------------------20
Devalgarh-------------x---------------------------3------------------------------3
Painkhanda-----------x---------------------------2-------------------------------2
Kapiri ----------------1-----------------------------2-------------------------------3
Kuthli----------------x------------------------------1-------------------------------1
Nagpur-------------x------------------------------10------------------------------10
Chopdakot---------x-----------------------------5------------------------------5
Dhanpur-------------x--------------------------1--------------------------------1
Chandpur-------------1-------------------------5-------------------------------6
Badhan ---------------x-------------------------5------------------------------5
Dashauli--------------1------------------------3------------------------------4
Pinkandi--------------1---------------------------4---------------------------5
Lobha -----------------x---------------------------3---------------------------3
=================================================
Total 16----------------10----------------------113------------------------123
==================================================
 It is obvious that in Salan, Brahmins Kamin were from Dhoundiyalsyun, Dhangu, Dabralsyun and a part of Khatli. 
A couple of  Kamins of Dhangu was Ghamdu Kalya Raut, Bhagdeu Bisht and Gablu Sobanu.
Dr Dabral offered the names of Sayana villages of of Dabralsyun in Gurkha rule in 1815-
Village ---------------Sayana
Galigaun-------------Gangu Sayano
Kuntanugau---------Heema Sayano
Davaligaun-----------Dheerju Sayano
Masogiganu-----------Jogi Sayano
Khamanigaun----------Beeju Sayano
Nadgaun-----------------Cheen Sing Sayano
Barring Nadgaun , in other villages, Dabral dominated the population and it is obvious that Dabral were Sayana or Village chiefs. 
                                Rasam or Dastur or Custom
 Kamin or Sayana used to collect tax for the Kingdom and one portion for him too. The tax for Kamin was called Rasm or Dastur in Garhwal Shah Regime. In Garhwal Shah King time, following was Rasam Tax (Dr Dabral) –
Pani –Pithai in daughter marriage- Cash rupees -2
Killing of Goat – One leg piece on each goat
Maize in Shravan Month –One Kandi or Basket
Delvery of calf or buffalo- One Mana (3/4th liter) Ghee
In Gurkha rule, Pani Pithai in daughter maarige was increased for rupees-5 and son marriage for rupees—3.
    Kamin also used to levy tax for himself. His own land used to be tax free in Shah Period. Gurkha Bahadur Bhandari levied tax as per fertility or productivity of land.
                     Jimdar or Jimindar
 Jimdari in Garhwali means farming. The farmers used to have all burdens of administration.
 There were four types of Farmers in Garhwal in Shah period and Gurkha Perod-
Khaikar- Those were Khas and original Garhwal farmer who dug the land made the land for agriculture but from the beginning of  Shah  Dynasty, those became second grade citizen and their land ownership were given to Thatwan who were outsiders. King offered That or the ownership to them who did favor to Kingdom. Khairkar were also servants to Thatwan and his kins.
Khurni. Sirtan – Thatwan brought them in his land for agriculture or service purpose.
                          Chakdait
 
 Chakdait or Bhalmanush used to spread or communicate the Kingdom messages to common people. The ordinance was sent to them and they used to communicate to people. Usually, one or two Bhalmansas used to be in a village.
  There are 64 names of Bhalmansas from different’ Garkha’ (territory) of Garhwal in Gurkha inscription in Kmaleshwar Temple Shrinagar.


** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 30/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -598
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered


Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
« Reply #75 on: March 31, 2015, 08:11:05 AM »
     History: Land Settlement in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 14
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -79   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -598
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

                  Initial Land Administration in Gurkha /Gorkha Rule
       Around, 1803-4, Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers spread terror among all sects of people in Garhwal by setting houses, crops under fire; looting houses and rapping women around Shrinagar region. The terror was such horror full that still Garhwalis equate Gurkhyani (Gurkha rule) with Devil Most Rule. In Garhwali, Gurkhyani means terror and horror.
   Gurkha/Gorkha burnt records of Garhwal Kingdom. They also sent a few records to Nepal.
  Amar Singh Thapa took support of administrators of Garhwal King for land settlement and revenue collection.
 The tax collection record was called “Dhade” or Fard. There are Dhade or Fard of 1805.
                           Garkha or Jadad
  Gurkha /Gorkha divided Garhwal into 84 Garkh or units. An Army officer was made in charge of Garkh or Unit. The Garkh was called Jadad (Jayjad or Property) of that particular officer. Army officer was responsible for administration and revenue collection.
                                 Levying Tax
      Gurkha reduced types of tx collected by Garhwal Kingdom under ‘Chhatis Rakam or Batis Kalam’ provision. However, Gurkha increased total taxes. The salaries of army was criteria for levying Tax and not fertility or productivity of land. 

 Trail mentions following taxes in Gurkha rule-
Mau-Kar or Tax per family-
Tand Kar or weaving machine tax
Mijhari or Doom Tax – from leather maker and sellers
Ghee Kar – tax for  Milk providing cows, buffalos
Salami Kar- Gifts for officers in his visit
Sonya Fagun Tax or Festival Tax
Adhani or Administration tax- for the offices of officers –half Ana per rupee
Asmani –Farmani – Punishmnet on cash basis
The Kamin used to levy tax for his own purpose too.
 There was no fixed system for taking or levying taxes by all army officers. For example Bhakti Thapa wrote letter to Kamins of Dhangu as follows for tax -


               भक्ति थापा का ढांगु के कमीणो को संवत १८६४ चैत्र १४ गते (मार्च 1807 ) भेजा गया पत्र
------------------------
श्री इष्ट देवता
शरण भक्तिवीर
थापा स्व मुद्रा
------------------------
 श्री दुर्गा -१
स्वस्तिश्री भक्ति थापकस्य पत्रं आगे ढांगु  का कमीण घमडू कल्या राउत गबलू सोबनू भागदेव बिष्ट के जथोचित (उ ) प्रान्त हाम्रो रकम साल ६२ देषितमिछे  उवकिर स्याकोर साल ६३ को बाकी हामीले उमराहेरुको तनुषागरिको दियाको छ तप्सील हेरी भरिभराई सवाई भक्ति गरि देऊ
साल ६२ को टिका भेंट  रु०  ३९१
साल ६२ को पगरि   रु० १००
साल ६२ को समांगी    रु० १५६ III )
                                                            ----------------------------------------------
                                                                 ६४७ III )
साल ६३ को ढांगुको पगरि   रु० ३
साल ६३ को ढांगुको सुमांगी  रु० ६६१
                                                            ----------------------------------------------------

                                                                      ६६४
                                                            ----------------------------------------------

साल ६२ -६३ को सर्व जोड़ २ जोड़                              १३११ III )
(* स्रोत्र - थोकदार औतार सिंह रावत का संग्रह पत्र सं -१ (डा डबराल की पुस्तक उत्तराखंड का इतिहास भाग ५ पृष्ठ १९० -१९१ से उद्घृत)



** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 31/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -599
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal; 
History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Pauri Garhwal , History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Tehri Garhwal,      History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Dehradun, Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Old Pauri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Tehri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Dehradun Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Kumaon
 
                          ::: ====स्वच्छ भारत!  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::


Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
« Reply #76 on: April 01, 2015, 10:23:44 AM »

    History: Second Land Revenue Reform in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 15
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -80   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -599
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

                   ‘Bhari Bharai’ Letter
                Every Regional Gurkha Officer used to send a Fard or ‘Bhari Bharai’ record to Kamin under him. This ‘Bhari –Bharai’ was accounting of tax payable by Kamin for his region (Garkh). The latter used to be of Hill Paper and black ink was used. The stamp used to be on the paper than signature of officer.
                           Faults in Land Revenue System
1-Gurkha officers were deputed for one or two years in a territory. Therefore, the Gurkha/Gorkha officer was not attached emotionally to any territory and he used to attention on exploitation of people than the people’s need.
2- The tax was increased without any consideration of earning. This unwarned taxation created problem for people. When people were unable to pay tax, the Gurkha officer used to sell people in Rohilkhand or in Haridwar.
3- Officers used to loot people while returning to Nepal or at transfer.
   The above resulted for human less villages and low productivity.
       Mendbandhi: Second Land Revenue Reform in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal                 
               Kaji Bahadur Bhandari and Bakshi Dashrath Khatri headed the “The Second Land Revenue Reform commission’ (Mendbandhi’) in  1811-12. The tax was decided as per real situation of land in village.
The following important aspects were there for The Second Land Revenue Reform commission’ (Mendbandhi’)-
1-The overlapping of villages in other ‘Garkha’ or territory was stopped. There was clear demarcation of village borders.
2- Recording of Land- The land was recorded in aFard (Record book) for each owner by village numbers, name and land area. The record was sent to Nepal and was returned to each Kamin dully sealed by Nepal Court. 
The land was divided asp er productivity into five divisions-
Abbal –First Class
Dom/ Doyam- Second class
Sem- Third class
Chahar – Fourth class
Sukhvansi –Fifth Class
The tax was accounted as per fertility or productivity.
 The land tax was fixed – One per twenty Nali.
  Tax on Non fertile land was as follows-
First Year- No tax
Second Year- One fourth Tax
Third Year- Half Tax
Fourth Year and further- Full Tax
4- Villages were divided into for Dastur tax to Faujdar, Sayana, Kamin and other officers.
5- The tax payer could pay annual tax in five installments
6- According to Tara Datt Gairola, the crimes were divided into four categories and Slave selling was stopped.
                  Installment System for paying Tax
 People were unable to pay annual tax in one time. Therefore, a Kamin could pay taxes in five instalment. For example there is an official order to Kamin of Gujdu to pay in installments the annual tax of Rs 550 into following installments-
Rs.150 – Immediately in April (Baisakh)
Rs. 125- June-July (Ashadh)
Rs.125-September –October (Asuj)
Rs. 100 – January (Paudh)
Rs. 50- March (Chait)
                         Soldiers for Tax Collection
   In case, Kamin was unable to pay tax in time, Soldiers were deputed to collect tax. Kamin or the revenue criminal had to arrange Rice, Pulse, and Salt for the solider. Onion was to be offered but it was not compulsion (Gairola).
           Kaulkararpatta to Kamin stated that Kamin had to stop migration of people from villages. The Kamin and Sayan were asked to motivate people to do farming on barren land. Kamin were asked to call new owners for un farmed land for years.
                        Right to Sell Land   
   In the second land reform , Gurkha administration offered right to famers to sell their owned land. However, the right was limited to kabjedar or Thokdar or Thathwan and not to Khaikar, Sirtan, Kaini etc.
            Right of State on Land without Heirs
 Mari Right- If a land owner died without proper heir the government used to become owner of such Mari ko Bhumi or land of dead.
Rahta Right- If a person migrated from his village the State used to become owner as ‘Rahta Swami’.
Bahta Swami- If nobody was there to claim the right on any land that land was called Bahta or Floating land and state used to become the owner of such Bahta Bhumi.
Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers used to tease /terrorize the people in the name of Mari, Rahta and Bahta Bhumi.
                    Still Slaves were Sold
                  Nepal court sent order to Kamin and Sayan for stopping Slave selling custom. But there was no control on Gurkha officers who never stopped Slave Selling.
    Kamin were told not to charge interest on laon to farmers but there was no control on that reform too.
 Though, Nepal court wanted tax on fertile land but Gorkah soldiers levied tax as per their need and there was no relief for people. Initially, Kamin took loan to pay tax . However, the production was not such that they would pay the loan. When Gurkha had to run, Kamin , Thokdar were deeply indebted by loan.
           Neetighati Taxation
  Initially, Bhotiya of Neeti resisted Gurkha encroachment. Later on they had to accept Gurkha rule. Gurkha Officer Ranjor Singh Thapa decided annual tax for Rs. 7000 as Tax in Neeti valley. The tax was decided as per thinking of trade in Neeti. That amount was six times more than Garhwal Kingdom tax. Gurkha soldiers increased and took more than Rs 14000 as tax. Bhotiya could not bear the burden and many traders migrated elsewhere. In later stage the tax was reduced to Rs.4700 but still the tax was higher and unbearable.
                Land administration in Doon valley
     Kunwar Balbhadra was in charge of Dehradun till 1814. Balbhadra did not do anything to reform tax etc. Only starry trials were commenced  for increasing agriculture production where water was violable by digging canals. There are no records for order of Balbhadra for taxation etc in Dehradun.  However, as compared to Garhwal, tax in Dehradun was lower than Garhwal region.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 1/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -600
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal; 
History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Pauri Garhwal , History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Tehri Garhwal,      History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Dehradun, Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Old Pauri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Tehri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Dehradun Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Kumaon; History: Land Revenue Reform in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal, History Taxation in Dehradun in Gurkah Period; Land Tax in Dehradun in Gurkha Rule
 
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
« Reply #77 on: April 02, 2015, 09:44:53 AM »
   History:  Temple Land Administration in Gurkha/Gorkha Period in Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 16
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -81   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -600
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

        Garhwal Kings used to donate land to specific temples after getting the desired results by praying the deity. Such land was called ‘Sankalp Bhumi ‘or ‘Vishnu Priti Bhumi /village’. Many times, Garhwal King used to take loan from Temple treasury and used to pledge state land to such temple. In case the kingdom was unable to return the loan, the villages became the property of temple as ‘Vishnu Preeti Land or Village’. Pradyuman Shah pledged land for getting laon for Rs. Fifty thousand from Badrinath Temple (Atkinson). 
             Initially, Gurkha/Gorkha administrators did not disturb the Vishnu Preeti Land Administration. In 1811, Kaji Bahadur Bhandari and Bakshi Dashrath  Khatri reformed the Vishnu Preeti Land administration. Gurkha/Gorkha called temple land as ‘Khalsa’ Land. Gurkha administration checked each temple land in details by auditing Copper inscriptions or other records. There was land with temple that those did not have any state instructions with temples. Gurkha /Gorkha administration sent officers to check with Bhalmanush (gentlemen or Elites) of the area. If the land was proper property of temple Gurkha /Gorkha administrators named such land as ‘Gunth or Gunthi’. Gurkha officers offered written order for such land after verification. Nepal King offered new copper inscriptions or order for old orders. The re are signatures of Kaji Bhandar, dashrath Khatri, Daftari Krishna Nnad Khanduri, Jamadar Harku Guru, havaldar Bagdar Khatri and those Bhalmanash who witnessed about the reality of land .If land did not have proper ownership that land was taken back from temple but with care as Gurkha /Gorkha were also afraid of religious curses from deities. The inscriptions were carved in Devnagari in Gurkha language e and seal of King.
       Objectives of Land Donation to Temples
 The copper inscription at Kamleshwar temple Shrinagar is witness that income from temple land should be used besides various rituals in temples or religious places the Temple priests shoul pray for the good health and prosperity of Nepal King. Instruction clearly stated that there should not be shortcomings in rituals.
            Gunthbhumi or Temple Land of Gangawar or Old Pauri or British Garhwal
    At the beginning of British rule Trail checked and audited the Gunth Bhumi or Temple and land and the description is as under in 1823 –
 Temple -------------Number of Gunth Villages---------Land Area in a Unit equal to twenty Nali
Badrinath -------------262----------------------------------------4780
Kedarnath -----------54-------------------------------------------755
Kamleshwar---------14-------------------------------------------232
Lakshminarayn ------5-------------------------------------------102
Raghunath------------8--------------------------------------------108
Tungnath-------------9---------------------------------------------138
Gopeshwar--------6-------------------------------------------------222
Miscellaneous Temples  ------165 ----------------------------1449
Barren Villages --------12 ---------------------------------------39
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Total--------------------535------------------------------------------7845
          Temple Land in  Old Tehri and Uttarkashi (Gangapar)
Chandravadani
Kamleshawr
Rajguru
Kilkileshwar
Sureshwari Devi
Raghunath (Devprayag)
Kapilmuni
Vishwanath /badahat
Ransi Devi /ranihat
Seem Nagraja
Mangalnath ka Than
Satyanath Bhairav
Gangamandir Gangotri
Das ka Math
                Temple Land in Dehradun

Dubhalwala village for Badrinath Temple
Prempur for Kedarnath Temple
Jakhan for Kedarnath Temple
Rishikesh and Tapovan – for Bharat Mandir
Gorakhpur- for Gorakhnath Temple
Jogiwala- for Gorakhnath Temple
                   Shri Guru Ram Rai Darbar Land
  Before or at the time Gorkha rule in Dehradun, Guru Ram Rai Darbar had following land-
Land donated by Fateh Shah – Khurbura, Rajpur, Chamasari
Land Donated by Pradyuman Shah- Dhamawala, Minyanwala, Panditwadi and Dhurjawala
Apart from the above land, Guru Ram Rai Darbar was offered six villages in Tehri Garhwal too.
 Gurkha snatched all land of Guru Ram Rai Darbar but in 1810, Land was returned. The sanad or state copper inscription by Balbhadra mentions six villages for Guru ram rai darbar.
               The agriculture produces of Dhamawala was used in daily Kadhah Prasad in Darbar. Every day eight Ana was the daily expense on Kadhah Prasad. On those days, wheat was Two and half man per rupee. The Kadah Prasad would be at least of one Man. That  means at least two hundred pilgrims and staff were there on daily basis.
 Doon was also being called Dehra.


** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 2/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -601
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal; 
History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Pauri Garhwal , History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Tehri Garhwal,      History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Dehradun, Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Old Pauri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Tehri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Dehradun Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Kumaon; History: Land Revenue Reform in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal, History Taxation in Dehradun in Gurkah Period; Land Tax in Dehradun in Gurkha Rule ; History:  Temple Land Administration in Gurkha/Gorkha Period in Garhwal

 
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
« Reply #78 on: April 03, 2015, 09:50:51 AM »
Free Food or Sadavart System in Gurkha /Gorkha Regime in Kumaon and Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 17
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -82   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -601
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

                        Satra Vyavstha in Shah Regime in Garhwal
                       In Shah Dynasty or before Shah Dynasty, there was tradition that various temples used offering Free Food and Prasad to pilgrims.  Temples were given villages that by income from villages, temples would offer free food and arrange rituals smoothly. Before Gorkha Rule, villagers of seven villages nearby Shrinagar used to send grains to Shrinagar for pilgrims of Badrinath and Kedarnath etc.
  Due to Shrinagar Court attitude, the small villages also used to offer land to nearby temples. As when Jaspur and Gweel (Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal) were united village, the Padhan or Sayana built a Shivala and offered land for the temple priest (Giri). Still the temple priest had that land in possession and priest family arranges rituals and arranges necessary materials for daily rituals. 
                     Sadavrat Vyavstha in Gurkha/Gorkha Regime
  Gurkha /Gorkha King named Free Food to Pilgrims as ‘Sadavart’.
          In 1797, Gurkha/Gorkha King Ran Bahadur Shah offered Katoli Pargana for sending Grains for Pilgrims of Badrinath. The income (grains) of Katoli, Kumaon was used in offering food to pilgrims of Badrinath Temple. Grains from villages of Katoli, Kumaon was collected and dispatched to Piplakoti (Badrinath road, Garhwal). Rudravir Shah built a Dharmashala in Piplakoti where grains was stored and distributed to pilgrims (Atkinson).
  In 1797, Ran Bahadur on behalf of his queen Kantimati Devi, offered villages of Mahruri Pargana of Kumaon for free food grains for pilgrims of Kedarnath. Rahul mentions about copper inscription about ordering of villages of Mehruri , Kumaon for arranging free grains for Kedarnath Pilgrims. The grains from villages of Mehruri Pargana were dispatched to Balpatan Chatti where Rudravir Shah and Bamshah Chautariya built a Dharmshala for such purpose.
        In 1813, Nepal King Geervanyuddhvikram Shah on his son Indravikram Shah behalf offered villages of Dashauli Pargana for free grains to Badrinath Temple pilgrims. The grains was collected and kept in Joshimath.
   In 1813, on behalf of second son Rajendravikram Shah, Nepal King Geervanyuddhvikram Shah offered villages of Painkhanda, Bamsu, Maikhanda for Kedarnath and Tungnath temples pilgrims.
                             Managing Sadavart Villages
           The following villages were offered for providing free foods to Temple pilgrims in Gurkha/Gorkha regime-
Temple ----------------------Pargana--------------------------------------Income *
Badrinath ---------Katauli, Kumaon-------------------------------------1173
Badrinath -----------Dashauli , Garhwal---------------------------------1315
Kedarnath -----------Mahruri , Kumaon ----------------------------------1006
Kedarnath -------------Painkhanda, Bmasu, maikhanda Garhwal--------1126
Badrinath-Kedarnath -------Khola and seven villages---------------------237
* In Farukhavadi Rupees

           Kaji bahadur Bhandari and Bakshi Dasrath Khatri compiled detailed rules for Sadavart system and sent letter to respective Kamins. Kamins and Sayana were instructed to dispatch the materials /grains regularly for Sadavart in specific destination. Soldiers were kept far from those Sadavart villages.
 There were instruction about quantity of grains for pilgrims and instruction for saving the grains in needy times.
  Priests were also instructed for each ritual acts and food to pilgrims etc.
(for more details pl refer Dr Dabral’s book)



** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 3/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -602
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal; 
History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Pauri Garhwal , History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Tehri Garhwal,      History:  Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Dehradun, Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Old Pauri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Tehri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Dehradun Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Kumaon; History: Land Revenue Reform in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal, History Taxation in Dehradun in Gurkah Period; Land Tax in Dehradun in Gurkha Rule ; History:  Temple Land Administration in Gurkha/Gorkha Period in Garhwal, History: Free Food or Sadavrat System in Gurkha /Gorkha Regime in Garhwal
 

 
                          ::: ====स्वच्छ भारत!  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::


Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Gorkha Rules over Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh
« Reply #79 on: April 04, 2015, 09:12:23 AM »
             History of Yamunotri Temple Garhwal
        History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 18
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -83   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -602
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
          Garhwal Kings and later on, Gurkha/Gorkha administrators offered villages to major temples of Garhwal and the income from those villages used to have been used for running expenses of those temples.
             There are interesting descriptions available about a few temples of Garhwal during Gurkha/Gorkha Regime.

                          Yamunotri Temple in Gurkha /Gorkha Period

            Yamuna River as goddess is called daughter of Sun God and sister of Yama (Death God).
 Yamunotri is source of Yamuna River. However, still, there is discussion on for actual source of Yamunotri. It seems that there were frequent geographical changes in Yamunotri valley and the travelers wrote what they saw at his time in Yamunotri valley. Raturi states that the source of Yamunotri was Kantha or three hill shrines of Bandarpunch . Dr S P Naithani states that according to Robert Survey the source of Yamuna is not Bandarpunch but is Bahu kulind Hills (west of Bandharpuch).
       Traveler and East India Company Surveyor James, B Fraser (1815-18) offered first authentic description about Yamnotri/Yamunotri Temple.
          The road to Yamunotri was difficult to reach. Therefore scanty pilgrims used to visit Yamunotri.  Fraser (Himala Mountains) offered us the painting of Yamunotri temple sight too. Fraser describes that the temple sight was made by two feet high stone walls. There was no idol of any deity or goddess inside the Devala or worshipping place.  There were a couple of iron snake heads and a few tridents. A few were straight and a few were bent. In centre there was a copper umbrella (Chhatra) hung There were a copper lamp (Diya) and a small bell. Pujari used to ring that at the time of rituals.
  Since, pilgrims were scanty there was no such rituals as of today. However, nearby villagers worshipped the Yamunotri or source of Yamuna. In summer, the villagers used to visit here with their village deity idol kept on Palenque. They used to dip the idols into Hot water spring (Taptakund). The villagers used to visit Yamunotri with dance, singing and go with dance and singing. Every villager used to be drunk. The priests of Yamunotri used to live in Kharsali.
   Thereafter Gurkha Rule, various Kings are said to build Yamunotri Temple. 



** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 4/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -603
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal; 
Xx
History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dhangu, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Lansdowne Tehsil Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Haridwar, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period;  History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal,  History of Yamunotri Temples in Uttarkashi Garhwal, History of Yamunotri  Temple in Yamuna –Tones Rivers Valley Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal,  History of Yamunotri Temple Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Uttarakhand, History of Yamunotri Temple Himalaya
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