Author Topic: HISTORY of MEDICAL and WELLNESS TOURISM IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT , SOUTHEAST ASIA  (Read 69768 times)

Bhishma Kukreti

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 The Places of Expounding Chapters in Charaka Samhita


Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita -2
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -17
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 108
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
 
Charaka Samhita if the first Treatise in the world that dealt with Medical geography first time in the world and not Hippocrates as cited by many medical geography scholars as Meade and Emich (1).
   The Medical experts have to visit places for studying various geographical facts in context with medical factors for medical geography. Visit by medical experts to various places is part and partial of medical tourism as cited in chapter 100 of this series.
   Melinda and Emich divided Medical Geography from point of views from into following systems (2) –
Geology Geothermology
Pedology
Hydrology
Climatology
Biology
Land Use
Economics
Transportation
Politics
Sociology
Anthropology
Behavioral Geography
History
  There are mentions of Deshas (places in Charaka Samhita and those are related with Medical geography of India (3)
              Places of Expounding of Chapters in Charaka Samhita
 Medical Education is important aspect of medical tourism. There are mentions of places of expounding chapters in Charaka Samhita. That explains the tour and educating disciples by the Medical Science Teacher. Charaka Samhita mentions the places of expounding of chapters of the treatise as follows (3)
The  chapter Janapadodhwamsa Vimana Addhyaya  (Chapter on Epidemics) of Charaka Samhita was explained by Guru to his disciple in the city of Kampilya at Ganga bank a province of Panchala region (4)
The Chapter on Raktpita (Bleeding Disorders) of Charaka Samhita was explicated by Guru to disciple in Panchagnga (5).Panchgnga is today’s West Punjab in India as well East Punjab in Pakistan.
The Chapters on Udara Chikitsa (acitis) and Visarpa Chikitsa (herpes) were explained in Mountain Kailasa , (Uttarakhand) 6,7) .
 The chapter Atreya Bhadrakapeeya was debated in Chaitraratha(8) .
The Chapters of Yonivyapath (9)(Gynecological disorders) and Bastisutriya chapter were discussed in the region of Himalaya Mountain (10).
  It is to be noted that mostly the place of expounding the subject of diseases were chosen  where the people are more prone to disease as Panchagnga or Punjab was more prone  to Bleeding disorder (2)
 The above citation from Charaka Samhita indicate that mostly Medical Guru were visiting various places rather patients coming to the learned medical experts. 

References –
1-Meade, Melinda S., Michael Emich, (2010) The Guilford Press, NY, MEDICAL GEIGRAPHY (Third edition)  Page -2
2-Meade, Melinda S., Michael Emich, (2010) The Guilford Press, NY, MEDICAL GEIGRAPHY (Third edi.)  Page 3
3-R.Bhavna , Shreevathsa (2014)  'Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita '   Ayu 2014 Octo-Dece.35(4) p371-377
4- Agnivesha , Charaka , Dridhabala , Charaka Samhita ,Vimana Sthana ,Janpadodhwamsavimana In 3:3
5- Ibidem , Charaka Samhita , Chikitsa Sthana , Raktpita Chikitsa 4/3;438
6- Ibidem , Charaka Samhita , Chikitsa Sthana , Udara  Chikitsa 13/3;491
7- Ibidem , Charaka Samhita , Chikitsa Sthana , Visarpa  Chikitsa 21/3;559
8- Ibidem , Charaka Samhita , Sutra Sthana ,  Atreya Bhadrakapeeya Adhyaya 26/3;135
9- Ibidem , Charaka Samhita , Chikit Sthana , Yoniyapath  Chikitsa 30/3; 631
10- Ibidem , Charaka Samhita , Siddhi Sthana , Bastisutriya Chikitsa 3/369

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Drug Nomenclature based on name of Place in Charaka Samhita (Toponym Names)

Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita -3
Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Charaka Samhita, Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -18
Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 109
(With Special mentions of Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India)
 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
 Naming a drug based on a place where the drug was originated or found in abudent is quite old concept. The concept of drug nomenclature based on place of origin or manufactured is still in practice. For example – Adriamycin is named after doxorubicin was reportedly discovered in Italy near Adriatic Sea. Bhavnagar ka Kayam Churna is named after where the medicine (OTC) is manufactured.
   Many herbal medicines were named after the place names or regions where the medicines or medicinal plants are found in abundance. 
  Bhavna and Shreevathsa illustrate the ‘Drugs Indicating the region of their origin in Charaka Samhita’ as follows (1)-
Magadhi (Piper longum) (2) is derived from Magadha.
Kampalika (Mallotus philippensis ) is derived from Kampilya place
Vatsaka (Holaarrhena antidysenterica ) is derived from place Vatsa
Yavanika (Trachyspermum ammi) is derived from region Yavana or west of Old India (Iran and Arabic region)
Ashmantaka (Bauhinia  racemosa) is derived from region Ashmaka
Badara (Zizuphus mauritiana ) derived from Vadari area
Kashmarya (Myrica nagi) is derived from region Kashmir
Saurashtri (alum) is named due to Saurashtra region (West Gujarat) as it was found there at that time.
Kalingaka (Albizia lebbeck) is derived from Kalinga region name or used to grow in Orissa .
Without tours by medical experts to various places were s not possible for identification of plants , studying the uses of plants for drugs and discussion with local medical experts. Those all examples are proof of medical tourism in India at Charaka Samhita creation period .
References –
1-R.Bhavna, Shreevathsa (2014) ‘Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita ' Ayu’ 2014 Octo-Dece35(4) p371-377
2-Agnivesha ,Charaka, Dridhabala ,Charaka Samhita , In Ist Edi.Yadavaji Trikam ji Acharya editor Varansi : Chaukhambha Surbharathi Prakashan 2011 in Trishna Chikitsa 22/53;570

   
 Copyright @  Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , North India , South Asia; Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , South India; South Asia,  Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , West India, South Asia; Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical Geography , nomenclature of drugs in  Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia, 




Bhishma Kukreti

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Drugs Popular in Particular Places in Charaka Samhita : an Aspect of of Medical Geography

Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita -4

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Charaka Samhita, Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -19
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 110
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
The father of Medical Geography is not Hypocrites but is Maharishi Charaka of Charaka Samhita. Medical Geographer plays a great role in writing medical geography. Medical geographer has to tour for getting the real knowledge.
 Today, normal jobs for Medical Geographers are not to explore  the land lay outs  only but the way location effects the health; pinpointing the points of factors those would improve health ; mapping the spread of diseases ; uncovering the geographical and disease relationships or pattern; mapping the region for high risk region due to lacking medical facilities and protecting international travellers too.
  The aspects of medical geography in Charaka Samhita show that there were medical geographers (expert explorers) not only at the time of Charaka Samhita creation period but long before Charaka Samhita was created. Presence of medical geographers means somebody travelling for medical purposes.
 One aspect of medical geography is Drugs popular in particular places. Bhavana and Shreevatsa offered (1) us the details of mentions of drugs popular in particular places. Bhavana and Shreevatsa mentions that Chakrapani the commentator on Charaka Samhita mentions certain drugs popular in particular places as follows -
Drugs Popular in Uttarpatha in Charaka Samhita –
Peelu (Salvadora persica) , Abhishuka (Pistacia vera), Aaruka ( Prunus domestica) , Nikochaka (Alangium lamarckii) , Akshoda (Juglans regia) , Vatma (Prunus amygdalus) , Leliataka (Gandhaka) .
Drugs popular in Dakshina Desha or Southern regions in Charaka Samhita –
Kanchana Gairika  and Vartaka
Drugs popular in Kamroopa region in Charaka Samhita –
Amlika (Tamarindus indica)  and Pravata
Drugs and animals popular in Kartikeypura Tanka –
Aaruka (Prunus dmoestica) and animal Shwamdashtra
Animals popular in Kashmira and Kumkuma –
Sharabha (eight legs deer)
Drugs popular in Bhalika Magadha –
Maha Shali and priyala (Buchanania latifolio )
Drugs and Plants /drugs famous in Himalaya
Many divine drugs, Brahmasuvarchala, aindri and animal Himalayan Buck beak (Rama) 


References –
1-R.Bhavna, Shreevathsa (2014) ‘Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita ' Ayu’ 2014 Octo-Dece35 (4) p371-377
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Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India  , North India , South Asia; Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India  , South India; South Asia,  Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India , East India, , Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India  , West India, South Asia; Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Drugs Popular in Particular places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Drugs Popular in  Particular  places in Charaka Samhita, History of Medicines in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia, 


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Different names for a Drug in Different Regions

Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita -5
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Charaka Samhita, Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) – 20
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 111
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)

 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
   Medical geography plays a great role in promoting medical tourism. There are many aspects of medical geography. Naming a drug or plat is one important aspects of medical geography.
  One important aspect is different names for a drug in different regions.
 Bhavana and Shreevathsa offered us the details of drugs having different names in different regions in Charaka Samhita (1) as follows-
Shakunahruta was famous as Vaka in Shravasti and Avanti and it was famous as Pashaka in Magadha
The common name of  Shwetashali Rice was Pundarika Shali in Magadha.
In Gandhar, the name of Yava was Sampishtha but it was called Yavachipita rest of India .
In Teerabhukta region of Videha , Shivira was considered as Siddhaka.
In rest of India , Kulmasha was prepared by steaming Yavapishta and in Pariyatra egion, Kulmasha was prepared by steaming Masoora and Mudga.
Medical geography study of Charaka speaks that people used to travel different regions for different drugs available or drugs were  famous on those regions.
-
References –

1-R.Bhavna, Shreevathsa (2014) ‘Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita ' Ayu’ 2014 Octo-Dece35 (4) p371-377
   
 Copyright @  Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com

  History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India  , North India , South Asia; Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India  , South India; South Asia,  Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India , East India, , Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions, Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India  , West India, South Asia; Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different names for drugs in different regions , Charaka Samhita  History of Medicines in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia, 




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Unique Food Habits of Different Regions mentioned in Charaka Samhita

Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita -6
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Charaka Samhita, Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -21
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 112
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
  A book, classic describing unique food habits clearly indicate development of tourism and medical tourism of that period. Unique food habits of a place attract foreigners for travelling the cited place.   As such Ayurveda is not a medical science but a code of conducts of eating food and drinks. The unique food habits described in Charaka Samhita clearly indicate the factors of medical tourism development.
Bhavana and Shreevathsa  offered the unique food habits of different places in United India mentioned in Charaka Samhita (1)  as follows .Bhavana and Shreevathsa offer the references of Charaka Samhita created by Agnivesha and completed by Charaka and  Dridhbala (published from Chaukhabha Prakashan Banaras) –
Bhalika , Cheena, Pahalava, Shoolika , Yavana, Shaka had unique food habits that is love for Meat, Wheat, and were strong to undergo for surgery .
The Prachaya people liked fish more than any thing.
The people of Sindhu Desha liked milk .
The People of Ashmaka and Avantika loved oily and sour food.
The people of Dakshina Desha (south )liked drinks (might be butter milk etc).
The people of uttar and pashchim (North west) liked stirred and mixed drinks .
The people of Madhya Desha were habitual of barely , wheat and milk prodcts .
  The above citing in Charaka Samhita (Chikitsa sthan ,Yonivyapath Chikitsa adhyaya  ) indicate that tourism and medical tourism were in  developed form in the era of Charaka Samhita .
-
References –   

1-R.Bhavna, Shreevathsa (2014) ‘Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita ' Ayu’ 2014 Octo-Dece35 (4) p371-377

 Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India  , North India , South Asia; Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India  , South India; South Asia,  Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India , East India, , Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India  , West India, South Asia; Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Unique Food Habits mentioned  in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Unique Food Habits  mentioned  in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Unique Food Habits   mentioned   in Charaka Samhita and  History of Medicines in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia, 


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Charaka Samhita mentioning Salts found in different regions

Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita -7
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Charaka Samhita, Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -22
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 113
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)

 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
 Any classic treatise describing regional food or food occurring in different regions that means in that tourism for food or Ayurveda (Taking /eating something for good health) was popular at that period or before that period of creation of treatise . Ayurveda is not treatment but eating /taking food for good health. Export import of healthy food or drug is part and partial of medical tourism development.
  Charaka Samhita mentions different salts (Lavana) of different regions of India as follows (1) –
Salt obtained from Sauvira was called Sauvarchala Lavana
Salt obtained from River Sindhu was called  Sindhuva  Lavana
Salt obtained from East Ocean or Poorva Samudra was called Pamshuja Lavana
Salt obtained from South ocean or Dakshin Samudra was called Samudra lavana
Salt obtained from bank of Ruma river was called  Romka Lavana
Charaka Samhita offer indication that  salts were imported or exported from one region to other for different reasons and those indications support medical tourism.

-
References –   
1-R.Bhavna, Shreevathsa (2014) ‘Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita ' Ayu’ 2014 Octo-Dece35 (4) p371-377

 Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India  , North India , South Asia; Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India  , South India; South Asia,  Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India  , West India, South Asia; Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Different Names for Regional Salt in Charaka Samhita  , History of Medicines in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia, 


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Region wise Excess Food Consumption and related Diseases

Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita -8 
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Charaka Samhita, Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -23
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 114
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
    The knowledge of food ingredient consumed by specific or particular region and the food  ingredient consumptions resulting  a specific diseases in that region is nothing but result of medical related tour .
 The world scholars are thankful to Bhavna and Shreevatsa those studied the medical geography in Charaka Samhita in details (1)
 Bhavna and Shreevathsa offered following knowledge of Charaka Samhita that speak about regional habits of consuming a specific food ingredients and those resulting specific diseases or shortcomings (1) –
The people of China and Prachya taking more of Alkaline food and resulting blindness, impotency , loss of hairs or greying of hairs at early age or baldness.
The people of Bhilika, Saurashtrika , Saindhva , and Sauvira taking more of salty foods thuse inviting the diseases as immature greying of hairs , alopecia and baldness.


References –   
1-R.Bhavna, Shreevathsa (2014) ‘Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita ' Ayu’ 2014 Octo-Dece35 (4) p371-377

 Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India  , North India , South Asia; Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India  , South India; South Asia,  Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India  , West India, South Asia; Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Excess Food Consumption ,Regional  Diseases , India , History of Medicines in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia, 



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Mountains and Rivers mentioned in Charaka Samhita

Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita -9 
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Charaka Samhita, Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -24
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 115
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
       If a Medical book or scripture describes the rivers and mountains with relation to medical sense it clearly shows there was tour for medical science .Tour for medical science development is nothing but medical tourism.
     Bhavana and Shreevathsa   offer the details of mountains , rivers mentioned in Charaka Samhita as follows (1) –
              Rivers mentioned in Charaka Samhita
Ganga (Both the reverend Rivers Bhagirathi and Alaknanda are called Ganga )
Chandrabhaga
Ruma
Sindhu
          Mountains mentioned in Charaka Samhita
Meru
Himalaya is mentioned many times .Himalaya is considered for collecting divine medical plants and medicines The rivers, Malaya (nector)  ,  smell from Himalaya was considered healthy . 
Punarvasu Atreya is compared with Meru for huge knowledge
Charaka Samhita mentions the qualities of different water sources (rivers originating from mountains) .The Himalayan water was mentioned healthier.
The water source originated at Vindhya , Sahaya and Pariyatra cause headache, heart problems and skin diseases
The chapter about Udar Chikitsa of Charaka Samhita was discuused and created in Kailasha Mountain.
References –   
1-R.Bhavna, Shreevathsa (2014) ‘Medical Geography in Charaka Samhita ' Ayu’ 2014 Octo-Dece35 (4) p371-377

 Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com

Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , North India , South Asia; Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , South India; South Asia,  Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , West India, South Asia; Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Mountains, Rivers in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia, 



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Medical Malpractices in Presnt Time Medical Tourism and Charaka Samhita

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -8
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 99
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)

 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
 Understanding Medical Torism in India before and After British Rule
-
 Today, Medical tourism is defined that patients visit foreign territory for medical treatments. However, when there were no formal hospitals in India before British came in picture, the medical tourism was different than today's definitions and explanations by tourism scholars. This author is witness in Rural medical system in Pauri Garhwal till 1980 . Till 1980, In Rural Garhwal or Rural India as whole, Ayurveda medical practitioners used to treat citizens than allopathic hospitals. In Rural Garhwal and In India as whole, usually patients did not visit Ayurveda Vaidya or physicians or traditional surgeons or physicians but the Ayurveda medical practitioners used to visit patients . This practice was also there in Charaka or Atreya period .That was why those medical practitioners used to be called 'Charaka' or roamers for treating patients.
         
            Malpractices in medical profession
  These days, there is always discussion about malpractices and unethical practice sby fake medical practitioners (2) . However, in ancient India, our scholars pointed out the attentions on such fake or ill knowledgeable medical practitioners.

      Malpracticing Medical Practioners in Charaka Samhita
   Charaka Samhita (Sutrasthanam ekonatrisho Adhyaya prose 8) differentiates between Right medical practitioner and fake medical practitioners (1) . Charaka Samhita names the Right Physician as Pranbhisar or that brings back life and Fake Physician as Rogbhisak or that brings diseases or illness.
  After explaining characteristics of Right physician , Atrideva explains to Agnivesha the characteristics of Fake Medical Practioners as (3) -
     Chhadmachar Vaidya- Those Thug/fake doctors change their appearances/dresses  and show as if those are real physicians and deceive the public.
Siddh Sadhit Vaidya or Copycat physicians- Those thugs change their names as per famous physicians in the territory or other territories and deceive people. (Charak Samita A, 11/50,52,52)
-
References –
1-Mahrshi Agnivesh Pranit Charak Samhita Pratham Khand , 1948, ' Sutrasthana, Prathamo Adhyaya' ,  (Translation in Hindi by Kaviraj Atrideva, Gupta )  Bhargava Pushtkalaya Banarasa  , India ,page    387  -391   
2-Philips M.Singer (2007), Medical Malpractice Oversease : The Legal Uncertainty Surrounding Medical Tourism, Duke Law Scholarship Repository Journals LCP , vol 70 no 2 (2007) page 211-232
2-Mahrshi Agnivesh Pranit Charak Samhita Pratham Khand , 1948, ' Sutrasthana, Prathamo Adhyaya' ,  (Translation in Hindi by Kaviraj Atrideva, Vidyalankar  )  Hinsi Samiti  Banarasa  ,India  page    172

 Copyright @  Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –

Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India  , North India , South Asia; Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India  , South India; South Asia,  Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India , East India, , Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India  , West India, South Asia; Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medical Tourism  , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Medical malpractices in Charaka samhita, History of Medicines in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia, 




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Supporting Nonmedical Factors for Medical or Wellness Tourism mentioned in   Charaka Samhita

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Charaka Samhita, Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) – 25
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 116
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)

 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
 Medical tourism require many nonmedical factors for medical tourism development as transport, hotels/food, music, entertainment, digestion experts, medicine grinders etc. .
  There is mentions of many such nonmedical factors in Charaka Samhita (1)and Charaka Samhita describes help of nonmedical professionals  (Charaka Samhita anusheelan bhag 15/2 )essentials for keeping companies of patients as-
Digestion experts
Bathing expert for patients
Massage experts (head massage)
Medicine grinders
Medicine despatchers
Musicians
Entertainer by telling tales
Poetry (Shlokas) readers or tellers
History tellers
 

-
References –   
1- Mahrshi Agnivesh Pranit Charak Samhita Pratham Khand , 1948, ' Sutrasthana, Prathamo Adhyaya' ,  (Translation in Hindi by Kaviraj Atrideva, Vidyalankar  )  Hinsi Samiti  Banarasa  ,India  page    173 

 Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , North India , South Asia; Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , South India; South Asia,  Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , West India, South Asia; Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism  , Health Tourism and Wellness Tourism  and Nonmedical factors for Medical Tourism in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia, 





 

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