MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

Yajnavalkya Smriti: An Introduction
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Smriti Literature -6
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 60
(Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
    Yajnavalkya Smriti is one of the prominent Hindu Dharmashasta texts (code of conducts). Yajnavalkya Smriti period is from 4th to 5th century BCE (Patrick) . Yajnavalkya Smriti is created after Manu Smriti is in verse from and systematic one. Yajnavalkya Smriti influenced  more to central and South India than north. There are three Kandas (books ) –Achar Kanda, Vyavhara Kanda and Prayschita Kanda. There are 1010 Shlokas in Yajnavalkya Smriti .
References
Patrick Olivelle  (2006),  ‘Between the Empires: Society in India between 300-400 CE’ Oxford University Press p176

Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2018  bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India will be continued in next chapter –
Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North India , South Asia; Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , South India; South Asia,  Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , East India, , Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , West India, South Asia; Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Yajnavalkya Smriti , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia,  to be continued 

Concept of Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti -
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Smriti Literature - 8
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 62
( with Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
                Yajnavalkya Smriti is definitely a Hindu code of conducts text. However, Yajnavalkya Smriti followed Charak Samhita for explaining embryo development principles. The narration is more of spiritual sense than scientific explanation from today’s angle.
 Yajnavalkya Smriti (3, 72-81) states that during the *ual intercourse, the universal soul grasps and mixes the five elements and the soul remains in the form of fluid in first month. This is in contrast of soul is form less. In the second month the fluid changes into hard lump. In third month, the limbs and sense organs develop and the mass starts movement in the uterus. According to Yajnavalkya Smriti, the limbs become hard and blood is produced in the fourth month. Yajnavalkya Smriti explains that there is development of strength , color, nails and hairs in the sixth month. Arteries, sinews and blood vessels develop in seventh month with mind in consciousness.  Skin, flesh and memory develop in the eighth month. The energy transition from mother to fetus starts in eighth month. That is why it is general belief that If child delivery is before or on the eighth month, child does not live long.  Charak Samhita also vouches same theory on condition of embryo development in eighth month (Ch Samhita Sha A 4/24)
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2018  bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India will be continued in next chapter –
  Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North India , South Asia;     Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , South India; South Asia,      Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , East India, ,     Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , West India, South Asia;     Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Central India, South Asia;        Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North East India , South Asia;       Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;      Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, Pakistan , South Asia;       Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;      Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ;     Embryo Development in Yajnavalkya Smriti  , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia,  to be continued 

 Effects of Indian invasion by Alexander on History of Medicines 
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Maurya Period -3
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 64
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
             Brief about Alexander the Great
     No doubt, Alexander the great did not win much Indian territory. However, the invasion by Alexander on India influenced directly, indirectly on Indian arts, science , culture and medicines too.
    Alexander the great (356-323 BC.) was the son of Macedon King Philips who invaded Afghanistan and west India after Persian invasion. Alexander and his army did not stay at one place in India  , Pakistan and Afghanistan . Alexander and his army were on campaign. He returned perhaps around 316 BC from western India before his death.
   After the death of Alexander the great his Satraps or governors took over each territory as King. Seleucids was the King of Afghanistan and Indian Territory.
                 Alexander‘s campaign brought new technology
   Alexander campaign for invading today’s Afghanistan and west India opened the way for exchanges of tens of knowledge between Greece, Egypt and India.
   Medical science and war science were also exchanged between the two territories.
 It is easy for guessing that when Alexander’s armed forces were campaigning in Afghanistan and India, the soldiers and back office workers would have extended knowledge for various injury medicines and other medical remedies to the local inhabitants and soldiers might have taken much medicinal knowledge from Indian inhabitants too. 
    Rebelakou et all states, “It is very likely that Greek medicines first arrived in India with the campaign of Alexander the Great in Asia (334 -323 BC).” Alexander campaign created ways for translating medical text (same).
  Forced and lured medical Tourism
 Alexander the Great army passed many months and travelled hundreds of kilometers for campaign in India from Persia. It is easy for speculating –
 Greece soldier got injured and had to stay at nearby place and Greece soldier /soldiers taking rest in Indian village and physicians medicating him.
Greece soldier /soldiers got ill and Greece soldiers inviting or taking forcefully or by luring a Indian physician and getting medical treatment.
Greece soldiers were taking the Indian surgeons or physicians from villages with Greece Army by force or by luring them.
Greece soldiers were getting tired and calling locals for massage or for other reliving acts or refreshing causes or asking energy herbs or energy generating herbs, animal produces.
The Greece soldiers were getting advices from the Indian villagers/experts for medical herbs, muds, stones and animals.
Greece soldiers were taking help of Indian villagers (forcefully or by awarding) for taking ill or injured soldiers from one place to other.
 There are historical or folk stories that Alexander visiting Rishis and Rishis were mental pain relievers as well as physical pain relievers on that period.
The above assumptions are examples of medical tourism of that period.




   
 

References –
Rebelakou E.P., M. Karamanou, A. George (  2015) , The Impact of Greek medicines in India :The Birth of Unani Medicine, Acta med His Andriat 2015 13(2)
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2018 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India will be continued in next chapter –
Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North India , South Asia; Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , South India; South Asia,  Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , East India, , Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , West India, South Asia; Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Effects of Invasion by Alexander the Great on India , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia,  to be continued 

Concept of Visha Kanya or Poison Damsel and Medical Tourism in Mauryan Period
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Mauryan Period (321-187 BCE) -
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia-
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
   We have following literature for knowing Chandragupta Maurya the founder of Mauryan dynasty in India –
Megasthenes literature – Megasthenes was a Greece author that wrote Indika offering us the accounts of India of Chandragupta Maurya (324 -297 BCE) period.
Mudrarakshasa: a Sanskrit classical drama by Vishakhadatta (4- 8th BC)
Artha Shastra by Kautilya
 Mudrarakshasa narrates the story of ascent of King Chandragupta power and administrating India.  Vishakhadatta is supposed to be the writer of Mudrarakshasa play.
 Chanakya and Chandragupta defeated Nanda King Alliancing with King Parvateshwara (Parvata) and other Kings. Parvateshwara was a hill region king.
 Atideva describes that Chandra Gupta and party killed Nanda by offering him poisonous food (example of medical science development concept ).
    Chanakya and Chandragupta promised Parvateshwara for offering him half of the Kingdom of nana Empire (Dabral) after winning Nanda King.  It seems that Chandragupta had blood relation with Parvateshwara.
 After winning the Nanda Empire by killing Nanda King, Parvateshwara asked for his part (from Nanda Empire). Chanakya and Chandragupta I not wish for dividing the won territory.
 Chanakya sent a Vishakanya or prostitute for killing Parvateshwara.
   There is mention of Visha Kanya or poisonous girl or poison damsel It is believed that the blood and fluid of Vishakanya was instant poisonous to other person.
      Medical Tourism in Visha Kanya concept
 Uses of Visha Kanya or poison girl for killing the enemy is having  the factors for medical tourism, pleasure.
 Developing a girl child poisonous – The patron had to offer the girl such foods (mostly folk belief is that such girl was made habitual taking poison on regular basis) that girl became poisonous for poisonous.  Making a girl body poisonous is part of medical science.
The Visha Kanya as attractive hostess or hospitality management –Mostly, Visha Kanya were taught the training of attractive prostitute whose act was to attract the target and enter her fluid or blood into enemy’s body or offering poisonous alcohol to the target.  Seducing by a girl is part of hospitality management.
Girl visiting the target- The concept was that either the Visha Kanya had to travel where target was there and find the ways to meet target (enemy) or somebody used to take the target to Visha Kanya for pleasure etc.
  Poison making science in Chandragupta Maurya Time
  In Mudrarakshasa Play, there is a scene about a physician coming for killing Chandragupta and Chanakya and his party killing the said physician by poisonous food.
  Visha Kanya concept in Kalki Purana
The concept of Visha Kanya is also in Hindu text Kalki Purana wherein Sulochana the wife of Gandharva was Vishakanya (Chturvedi) 
               

References –
1-Atideva, (1960), Ayurveda ka Vrihad Itihas, Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Banaras
2-Shiv Prasad Dabral, (1975), Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 3 , page 95 based on Mudrarakshasa drama Act - 5 shloka 11
3-Chaturvedi B.K. , Kalki Purana , Diamond Pocket Books, Delhi  page  74 

Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2018 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India will be continued in next chapter –
Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North India , South Asia; Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , South India; South Asia,  Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , East India, , Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , West India, South Asia; Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Visha Kanya concept in Mauryan period , of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia,  to be continued 

Medical Tourism in Arthashastra by Kautilya: An Introduction
Medical Tourism in Arthashastra of Mauryan Period -1   
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Mauryan Period (321-187 BCE) -7
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 68
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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   An ancient Sanskrit Indian Treatise created probably in Chandragupta Maurya period and compiled edited in 3rd or 4th century. Arthashastra is about code of conducts, economics war strategies and social norms. Thought, it is believed that Chanakya or Kautilya or Vishnu Gupta was the writer of Arthashastra. However, it seemed that several authors authored Arthashastra. (Boesche and Olivelle)
   There is no mention of Chanakya name in Arthashastra but Panchatantra mentions the name of Chanakya (Atideva)   -
अर्थशास्त्राणी चाणक्यदीनि काम शास्त्राणी वात्सायनदीनि
  Atideva states that the style of Arthashastra is as of Charak Samhita that is prose and sholka .Due to more similarities with Kamasutra, scholars assume that Arthashastra is of 4th century literature. Atideva argued that Arthashastra style is more similar to Ayurveda literature as Charak Samhita and Sushruta Samhita than other literature.


References –
Roger Boesche (2003) , The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and his Arthashastra  Laxington Books page 7
Olivelle Patrick, (2013), King, Governance and Law in Ancient India: Kautilya Arthashastra  , Oxford University press pp 1-5
Atideva , ibid page 129-130

Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2018 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India will be continued in next chapter –
Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North India , South Asia; Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , South India; South Asia,  Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , East India, , Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , West India, South Asia; Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Medical Tourism in  Arthashastra  of Mauryan Period , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia,  to be continued