MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

Medical Facilities for Army in Mauryan Period (Arthashastra)
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Mauryan Period (321-187 BCE) -9
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 70
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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    Army campaigning or defending the enemy attack is not pleasure tour but it is tour or war tour . The medical facilities for army in any territory indicate the status of available medical facilities for the touring people.
        Gabriel taking references from Thapliyal (Military Organization) states that ‘Arthashastra’ offers better clues than old texts for ‘effective military medical services.
 Arthashastra describes the existence of military ambulance corps drawn by horses and elephants .The competent surges or physicians were regularly attending the army. The commanders used to check the sufficient doctors, drugs, instruments and clothes for bandages were in baggage train /carts.   
         Thapliyal describes that the women were kept for supplying prepared food and beverages for the fighting troops and wounded soldiers. Those women, in fact military nurses used to recite encouraging words for armed forces.
          Miltary Medical tents in Arthashastra
 Acharya describes that the instructions were clear that the medical tent  should be near King’s commander. The medical camp should have an exclusive flag that soldiers recognize easily and could bring wounded to the camp easily. 
 Further, Acharya describes that the King must visit regularly to wounded soldiers with surgeons and should speak brave, praiseworthy words to them for fast recovery.
 Gabriel praises the military corps and states that nowhere else in the early ancient world there was military medical services.  Gabriel offers credit for medical science development in India to the system of military medical corps (in Mahabharata and Mauryan period or  stated in Arthashastra ) .
 Military medical corps is the sign of medical tourism too.
 Army campaign is not a pleasure trip but getting medical services on war tour or campaign is different type of tour where medical services requirements are more than normal tour.
References –
1-Gabriel Richard A. (2012) ‘Man and Wound in Ancient World’: A History of Military Medicines from Sumer to fall of Constantinople, Potomac Books, Inc.
2-Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (2010) . “Warfare in Ancient India ‘Manohar Publishers and Distributor, India, page 93
3-AcharyaAAM, (Jan 1976)  Military Medicines in Ancient India page  Bull .Indian History Medicines journal 1976 January 6(1) page t 52
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2018 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India will be continued in next chapter –

   Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Mauryan Period (321-187 BCE) -11
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 72
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)

 By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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   Knowledge of Diseases is important symbol of medical tourism. The classic Sanskrit Text of Mauryan period ‘Arthashastra ‘(AS) mentions following diseases –
1-Anah (Suppression of urine and stool) (AS14.3.68)
2-Shosa (Consumption) (AS 14.1.21)
3-Prameh (Gonorrhea)  (As14.1.21 )
4-Kushtha (Leprosy) AS 14.1.20)
5- Vishuchika (Cholera)  (AS 14.1.23)
6- Jvara (fever) (AS  14.1.24)
 Arthashastra advices for husband separating from pregnant wife  and divorce in case of dead deliveries by wife repeatedly (AS3.2.39)

 The above names tally more or less with Ayurveda Texts (Kanjiv Lochan )
References –
Kanjiv Lochan (2003) medicines of early India : , Chaukhamba Sanskrit  Bhawan  Banaras  page 15
   
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2018 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India will be continued in next chapter –
Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North India , South Asia; Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , South India; South Asia,  Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , East India, , Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , West India, South Asia; Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Diseases mentioned in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia,  to be continued 

Postmortem Aspects in Kautilya’s Arthashastra 


History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Mauryan Period (321-187 BCE) -14
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 75
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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 Since in India till Bitish rule, medical practice was not more for earning , but was more for public service  the historical literature do not describe medical tourism as today is described . Therefore, for understanding medical tourism of India of any period, medical tourism historians analyze the factors of toady’s medical tourism of that period.
  The   postmortem concept is one of the strong indicative factors for understanding the status of medical tourism of any period in India.
 Arthashsatra should be studied for understanding Medical Tourism development from such angles  as postmortem aspect.
 Kanjiv Lochan states that Arthashastra (4.7) definitely did not have reservation against postmortem of human body .The author lays provisions for physicians for endowing the state laws.
  Sharda More (Pol) and Hemant Pol analyzed in details about description of Vidhivaidyaki (Medical jurisprudence) and Ashumritakpariksha (medical postmortem for legal aspects) .
     There are following terms for  postmortem and  death by causes in Arthashastra (Pol and Pol)  –
1-Nirudhochuvashatam (strangulation)
2-Udbandhhtam (Hanging)
3-Shoolaropitam (death by sharp object)
4-Udakahatam ( Killing by drowning )
5-Kashthairashmibhirvahatam (Killing  by sticks or ropes)
6-Avakshiptam (Death by fall from building etc)
7-Vishatam (by Poison)
8-Sharpkithtam (Snake or insect bite death or Killing)
9-Madanyogahatam (Death by consuming narcotic drugs)
Pol and Pol analyzed Autopsy of Arthashastra and compared with modern ways of Postmortem and found many similarities.

  References –
Lochan Kanjiv, Medicines of Early India: with appendix on Rare Texts Chaukhamba Sanskrit Bhawan ,Banaras page 114      
(Pol ) More Sharda , Pol Hemant , (2017 ) Post Mortem Examination(Ashumritakpaiksha)  ijn ancient Era w.s. r. Kautilya Arthashastra , International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharmaceutical Chemistry   Volume 7 , issue 2 ,2017 page 
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2018 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India will be continued in next chapter –
Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North India , South Asia; Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , South India; South Asia,  Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , East India, , Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , West India, South Asia; Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Postmortem in Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia,  to be continued 

Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra (Food Testing for king)

Toxicology in Arthashastra -2
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Mauryan Period (321-187 BCE) -15
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 76
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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                Balivaishwadev Ritual before taking Food
 Kautilya suggested in Artha Shastra for checking poison in food for King and perform Balivaishwadev ritual wherein food is offered to birds or and animals and put on fire too. In that ritual, the food gets tested. Kautilya shows following symptoms for poison when food is put on fire   -
The flames become blue if food is poisonous
The sound is chat chat if food is poisonous
 The vapor is as peacock Neck if food is poisonous
The birds get injured or died if food is poisonous
Poisonous food gets cold earlier than normal food
Many grains show dry symptom
Kautilya showed other symptoms for poisonous food (oil Ghee etc.) too and Atrideva detailed those symptoms in his book .
In Arthashastra (21/9-22), Kautilya describes symptoms of poison on bed, bed sheets etc.
In Arthashastra, Kautilya illustrates many ways for recognizing the person involved in poisoning food or other materials .







References
Atrideva, (1960), Ayurveda ka Vrihad Itihas , Hindi Samiti , Banaras page
Copyright@ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti
Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North India , South Asia; Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , South India; South Asia,  Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , East India, , Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , West India, South Asia; Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Symptoms of Poisonous Food illustrated in Kautilya’s Arthashastra , History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia,  to be continued 

Remedies for Epidemics mentioned in Kautilya‘ s Arthashastra

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Mauryan Period (321-187 BCE) -17
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 78
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
  The medical tourism in past was not meant for making money or making a prosperous region but medical practices were for serving the people. Therefore, historians don’t get those terminological words those are used in modern medical tourism management in old classics. The historians had to take clue from medical services available in each past period for knowing the situation of medical tourism in a particular period.
     Knowledge and remedies for Epidemics is one factors for getting guessed information for situation of medical tourism in a particular period. Epidemics and remedies for epidemics available in a place inspire medical tourism. In Uttarakhand, religious toruism was from Mahabharata period but the tourists flow increase more when there were remedies for epidemics available in Tourist line from Haridwar to Badrinath or Gangotri or Yamunotri . from British period. When hospitals were opened by British government and social trusts in Tourist tour line, the tourist flow increased.   
     Kautilya mentioned about epidemics and remedies for epidemics and snake bites in Arthashastra. That sows well developed medical tourism in Mauryan period and later period too.
  Kautilya suggests Tantra, Mantra and Karmakanda ritual performances for stopping or lessening the epidemics in A.S. chapter 78/20 as –
   After rainy season, the people should perform rituals for pleasing Indra, Ganga, hills, oceans and medicines.
   Kautilya suggests physicians , Siddhas for taking necessary steps by offering medical services and rituals .
 For animal epidemic remedies, Kautilya suggested mostly ritual performances .
 For snake defense, Kautilya suggests medicines offered by physicians and by killing them by citizens.  (Atrideva)
References –
Atrideva , ibid , page 134
   
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2018 bjkukreti@gmail.com
  History of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India will be continued in next chapter –
Remedies for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North India , South Asia; Remedies   for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , South India; South Asia,  Remedies   for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , East India, , Remedies   for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , West India, South Asia; Remedies   for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Central India, South Asia;    Remedies   for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , North East India , South Asia;   Remedies   for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India , Bangladesh , South Asia;  Remedies   for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India, Pakistan , South Asia;   Remedies   for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Myanmar, South Asia;  Remedies   for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Remedies   for Epidemics in Arthashastra , History  of Medical, health and Wellness Tourism in India  , Baluchistan, South Asia,  to be continued