Author Topic: HISTORY of MEDICAL and WELLNESS TOURISM IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT , SOUTHEAST ASIA (Read 69974 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #90 on:** January 03, 2019, 09:48:26 AM »

Reasons for Disorder in Vayu /Vat or Internal movement in Milinda Prashna

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Sunga Period (185-73 BCE) -9
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 89
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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In Ayurveda, there are three main bases for healthy body or sick body –Vayu , Pitta and kafa .Literal meaning of Vayu is air or oxygen but it is a symbolic word and means internal movement.
In Milinda Panha or Prashna, Nagsena explains to King Menander for defects in Vayu as follows (1)-
O King, had the acts be responsible for all pain, there could not be division of pain. O King! There are ten reasons for disorder of air or (internal movement ) –
1-Cold
2-Heat
3-Hunger
4-Thirst
5-Taking Over meal
6-Standing for Long
7- Excess Hard work (more than capacity )
8-Exces fast walking
9- Outside reasons
10-Past Acts

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References –
1-Atrideva, ibid, page 144 (based on Kashyap)
2- Kashyap Jagdish , Milinda Prashna (Hindi translation ) ibid
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , North India , South Asia; Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , South India; South Asia, Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , West India, South Asia; Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , Central India, South Asia; Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , North East India , South Asia; Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia; Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , Myanmar, South Asia; Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Importance of Vayu in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , Baluchistan, South Asia,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #91 on:** January 04, 2019, 09:00:40 AM »

Reasons for Pitta and Kapha Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Sunga Period (185-73 BCE) -
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia-
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
In Ayurveda, Disorders in Vat /Vayu, Pitta and Kapha are the main reasons for sickness. Pitta embodies the transformative nature of fire energy.
In one question by Menander, Nagsena answers for reasons of disorder in Pitta (1) –1- Cold
2-Heat and 3 –Taking untimely food
Nagsena informs for reasons for Kapha disorders as
1-Cold
2-Heat
3- Indiscipline timing in taking food
Nagsena rejected the reasons of Past kamrafal (Pap and Punya) for body disorder.
The above knowledge cited in Milinda Panha suggest the medical science development in Menander period ( 343-290BC). The well medical science development cited in Milinda Panha indicates that there was well developed medical tourism concept in India. The medical knowledge develop Medical Tourism is the main principle of developing medical Tourism.
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References –
1-Atrideva, ibid, page 144 based on translation by Kashyap
2- Jagdish Kashyap , ibid
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , North India , South Asia; Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , South India; South Asia, Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , West India, South Asia; Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , Central India, South Asia; Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , North East India , South Asia; Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia; Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , Myanmar, South Asia; Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Reasons for Pitta Dosha mentioned in Milinda Prashna , History of Medicines in India , Baluchistan, South Asia,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #92 on:** January 05, 2019, 10:00:05 AM »

Buddhist Literature ‘Divyavadana’ : Introduction

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Maurya/ Sunga Period (185-73 BCE) -
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 91
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
Divyavadana or Devine Narratives is a Sanskrit anthology of Buddhist avadna tales. The tales of Divyavadana are related to Mahayana sect of Buddhism.
The creative Period of Buddhist tale Literature is of 2nd Century AD (2) and stories are long before 2nd Century AD. The Chinese translation of Divyavadana was available in 3rd century (1)
Divyavadana contains 38 avadna stories in all and including of well-known story of Asoka as ‘Asokavadna’., The Kunalavadana story is one of examples of medical tourism of Maurya Period
There are following diseases mentioned in various stories (1)-
Urdhwagud rog – bad smelled Gas comes from mouth
Attyagni (a pregnancy disese –heavy hunger) of Dharmaruchya story
Krimi or worms in Buddha’s preaching
Gausheersha chandana
Shakhnabhi medicine
In next chapter, this author will discuss medical tourism in Divyavadana .

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References –
1-Atrideva, ibid, page , 145
2- Winternitz Moriz (1993) ,A History of Indian Literature : Buddhsit Literature and Jain Literature ,Motilal Banarasidass Publishers , p. 273
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India , North India , South Asia; Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India , South India; South Asia, Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India , West India, South Asia; Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India , Central India, South Asia; Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India , North East India , South Asia; Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia; Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India , Myanmar, South Asia; Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Introduction Divyavadana Buddhist Literature , History of Medicines in India , Baluchistan, South Asia,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #93 on:** January 06, 2019, 10:08:46 AM »

Example of Medical tourism in Divyavadana a Buddhist Anthology

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Maurya and Sunga Period (185-73 BCE) -12
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 92
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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Divyavadana is a Buddhist anthology illustrating Buddhism related stories. In Kunalvadan, of Divyavadana, there is story related to Asoka that is good example of Medical tourism happening around first or 2nd Ad when Divyavadana was created.
The story of Kunalavadan the 27th chapter of Divyavadana is that after sending his son Kunala to Taxila, Asoka got Urdhwguda a Maharog or great disease (2). Asoka started vomiting toilet there was bad smell on his each pore. The physicians were called but all physicians failed in curing Asoka. Asoka asked, “Call my son Kunala. I shall hand over the throne to him. What is the use of such life? His wife Tipyarakshita became a worried person. Tipyarakshita felt that her position would be worst after Kunala coming and taking Kingdom. Tipyarakshita told to Asoka that she would cure him but asked him to send back physicians. Asoka stopped physicians treatment. Then, Tipyarakshita asked physicians for showing her the patient of same kind as Asoka. A rich man fell ill by same disease. His wife came to see physician and discussed with physician about the disease of her husband.
Physician asked her to bring her husband for check-up. Rich man’s wife brought her husband to the physician. The physician took the ill man to Tipyarakshita. Tipyarakshita took the man to a secret place and killed him. She cut his stomach and found that there was aworm inside the stomach. When the worm ascended there was smell at top and when descended the bad smell was at bottom. She put pepper dust but worm was not killed. She tried ‘pipali’, ‘Sonth’ but worm was not affected. Lastly she put huge amount of onion on worm. As soon as onion came in contact of onion, the worm came out of stomach and was died . Tipyarakshita told the incident to Asoka and asked him to take onion. Asoka told her that since he was Kshatriya he could not take onion (Palandu). Tipyarakshita made him understand that For Asoka it was must to take onion as medicine for saving precious life .
Asoka ate onion and became well. Asoka was pleased and offered blessing to Tipyarakshita.
The above story is an example of medical tourism wherein physicians visited Asoka for treating him, Richman’s wife visiting physician for constancy and then taking her ill husband to the physician. There is another aspect illustrated in the story about experimenting by Tipyarakshita for disease curing. All are examples of medical tourism in Maurya or later time.

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References
1-Dr Agarwal , Vasudev Sharan , Hindi Translation Divyavadan page 386 as cited by Atrideva (ibid page 146)
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India , North India , South Asia; Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India , South India; South Asia, Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India , East India, , Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India , West India, South Asia; Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India , Central India, South Asia; Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India , North East India , South Asia; Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia; Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India , Myanmar, South Asia; Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Example , Medical Tourism , Divyavadana , Buddhist Literature ; History of Medicines in India , Baluchistan, South Asia,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #94 on:** January 08, 2019, 09:42:18 AM »

Kushan period in India: An Introduction

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Kushan Period (185-73 BCE) -1
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 93
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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Kushan period is one of the important historical periods for Indian History. The Chinese historians tell us that Kushan were section of Yuch-Chi race. (1)
From Indian history point of view following rulers are important to cite in this subject of Medical tourism History -
Kadaphises (15-65 AD) - Dabral states that his rule was spread from March to Taxila . Historians found copper coins of Kadaphises or Kujula (3). He was Buddhist follower.
Vim Kadaphises II (65 -75 AD)- The son of Kadaphises I Vim Kadaphises extended his territory towards east and ruled over Onrth India from Gandhar to Kush, Panchal, Banras (3).
Vim issued various types of coins. Coins indicate that Vim was Shaivya follower
Kanishka (78-101 AD)
Kanishka was from the family or Kul of Kadaphises and had been the most powerful and influential ruler in Kushan period. His rule was extended from Bihar, Konkan and Khorasan Khotan, Uzbekistan, Kazkistan and touching south border of Uttarakhand too.(Dbaral page 218)
There was high progress in Art , architecture , science in Kanishka period as Mathura art, Gnadhar Art
Kanishka established his capital at Purushpura or Modern Peshwar
Dr. Lohuizen has given following chronology of Kanishka successor(6)
Kanishka I – 78-101 AD
Vasishka -102-106
Huvishika -111-138
Kanishka II- 119
Vasudeva I- 152-176
Kanishka III – 192
Vashudeva II 200
After Vashudeva death, Kushan family kingdom fell (Dabral page 223)

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References –
1-Atrideva, ibid, page
2- Mahajan V.D., 1998, Ancient India , S Chand & Company Limited Delhi, chapter Rise and Fall of Kushan Empire page 425 454
3-Dabral Shiv Prasad , 1969 Uttarakhand ka Itihas bhag 3 , Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda Uttarakhand page 215
5- Dabral ibid page 225
6- Mahajan V.D., 1998, Ancient India , S Chand & Company Limited Delhi, chapter Rise and Fall of Kushan Empire page 439
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India , North India , South Asia; Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India , South India; South Asia, Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India , West India, South Asia; Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India , Central India, South Asia; Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India , North East India , South Asia; Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia; Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India , Myanmar, South Asia; Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Kushan Period -Introduction , History of Medicines in India , Baluchistan, South Asia,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #95 on:** January 10, 2019, 06:13:02 PM »

Export of Medicinal Plants or Processed Plants and Animals, Animal Parts from Uttarakhand

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Kushan Period (185-73 BCE) -2
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 94
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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Ayurveda Medical Tourism in any place , any time requires following essential and important factors –
Production of Medicinal Plants
Processing, half processing of herbal plants etc.
Preservation of plants or plant parts by dehydration or putting in a medium
Medicine production
Physicians, hospitals
Buyers or traders of medicinal plants
Importers
Medicinal plants or half processed medicinal plants Export is part of medical tourism,
In Kushan period, there were highways, sea highways , protection on highways (7), transportation facilities for export and import from India and vice versa. In Kushan Period, the trade from India with west increased because of highways and ports, India was getting 10 crores gold coins from Rome only (1 ).
The traders from Tibet and Garhwal used to come in winter season in markets or Mandis plans of Uttarakhand as in Kalsi or Srughna for selling their products or exporting to Rome , Arabic Countries and Central Asia (2).
Garhwal used to export following materials those wre purchased by Rome, Iran, Arabic Countries and Central Asia (3) –
Export of Horns of wild animals for decorative items and for medicine purposes as horn o deer families
Export of Skins of various wild animals and skins of Wild animals for medicine production.
Export of bones of wild animals for weapons, appliances and medicines production
Intestine or other parts of deer families for medicines
Motichandra states that the learned physicians used to collect medicinal plants (roots, stems, leaves, flowers, buds etc.) with the help of Kirat a tribal community in Mahabharata (4).
India especially Uttarakhand used to export Jatamasi (jatanmasi) to Greece and Rome. Mookarji states that there was demand for Motha, Guggal, Kasturi (Musk) from Gandhmadan (Badrinath region bordering Tibet) anf people used to export those plants to Rome and Greece.(5) .
Dabral referring Atrideva (Ayurveda ka tihas), states that following poisons were also being exported in Kushan Period from Gandhmadhan or other parts of Uttarakhand (6)–
Meetha Visha or mild poison sweet in Taste
Kalkoot visha
Halahal
Vtsanabh
Meshshringi
This author is of opinion that definitely, other exotic and exclusive plants as Timaru , exclusive plants from Mana or Neeti were being exported to Indian territories and west of India that is Central Asia , Iran, Arabaic countries, Greece and Rome from Uttarakhand Mandis .
The above narrations indicate that there were various activities in Medical Tourism in India at Kushan Period. Export and Import of medicinal plants or medium clearly indicate that there is medical tourism .

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References –
1-Dabral, Shiv Prasad , (1960) , Uttarakhand ka Itihas bahg 3, Veergatha Press Dogadda, Uttarakhand , page 231
2-Dabral, Shiv Prasad, (1960) , Uttarakhand ka Itihas bahg 3, Veergatha Press Dogadda, Uttarakhand , page 232
3- Dabral, Shiv Prasad , (1960) , Uttarakhand ka Itihas bahg 3, Veergatha Press Dogadda, Uttarakhand , page 233
4- Motichandra Studies in Mahabharata page 100
5-Mookarji Rahdakumud (1912) , History of Indian Shipping Logmans green and Co. London page 58
6- Dabral, Shiv Prasad , (1960) , Uttarakhand ka Itihas bahg 3, Veergatha Press Dogadda, Uttarakhand , page 233
7- Dabral, Shiv Prasad , (1960) , Uttarakhand ka Itihas bahg 3, Veergatha Press Dogadda, Uttarakhand , page 234
Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India , North India , South Asia; Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India , South India; South Asia, Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India , East India, , Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India , West India, South Asia; Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India , Central India, South Asia; Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India , North East India , South Asia; Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia; Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India , Myanmar, South Asia; Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Export Medical Plants from Uttarakhand , Himalaya , Kushan Period , Medical of Medicines in India , Baluchistan, South Asia,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #96 on:** January 21, 2019, 08:09:02 PM »

Charaka: Great Physician has been promoting Medical Tourism in India for Centuries

(Life and works of Great Physician Charaka)
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -3
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 95
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Acharya Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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Charaka was one of prominent Physicians of India whose work has been stirring medical world and medical tourism in India till date.
Charaka was born in 3rd century BC (2). Charaka was one of the major contributors of establishing, popularising principles of Ayurveda in India. Charaka is known for authoring Ayurveda Treatise ‘Charaka Samhita’ (1).
Charaka the father of Indian Medicinal science Ayurveda was resident of Kapurthalla Punjab in between Iravati (Rabi ) and Chandrabhaga (Chenab) Rivers (3)
Charaka studied at University of Taxila and practiced there too (4,5), However, Atrideva pointed out that there is no mention of Taxila in Charaka Samhita(6)
In coming chapter, this author will write about Charak Samhita in details.
Charaka Means Wondering Physicinas and Medical Tourism
Charaka not only in Sanskrit means roamer or wonderer but in Garhwali too Charaka means roamer, wonderer or wondering Vaidya or pale robust or human with tiger body.
Charaka Samhita states that Physician or Ayurveda Acharya Atreya offered medical education to his disciple Agnivesha and other disciples by roaming (7). Atreya did not stay in one place and used to roam Himalaya, Kailas (Garhwal) and Kampilya. Those disciples were also roaming physicians and they compiled in manuscript forms the teaching of Acharya Atreya by their own intellect and memory and later on told the written sutra to other Rishis (7) .
The descriptions by Atrideva offer us the following conclusions points of Medical tourism development in 3rd BC and later on too-
Ayurveda Guru used to roam village to village and used to offer medical aids to the patients and definitely used to study herbs and their effects on human body. Those roaming physicians were also teaching, discussing medical science and definitely occurring researches on diet, physiology, taxonomy, plant anatomy, plant embryology, genetics , texture of plants and researching processing of herbs too and of course , human body science. Those masters (Physicians) definitely used to researches on storing methods of plant parts and teaching to villagers too for knowing semi processing of plant parts and plants for storing. Those roaming physicians as Atreya used to exchange the medical science knowledge with each other too. Definitely, their works used to spread through oral methods (Shruti , memorising and then telling to others for memorising). Their minds were medical science journals. Definitely, in those methods, much knowledge used to miss due to disciples death or many disciples unable creating right disciples.
In next chapter, this author will discuss about Acharya Atreya and his disciples and different principles of Ayurveda with context Medical Tourism.
-
References –
1-Atrideva, ibid, page 149 (Atrideva wrote about Charaka Samhita, Based on Charaka Samhita printed in Mumbai by Nirnaya Sagar Press)
2-Meulenbeld, , Gerrit Jan , (1999), A History of Indian Medical Literature , Vol.1A, Groninger Forsten page 114
3- P.N.k Bamzai ,(1994) , Culture and political History of Kashmir , M.D Publications p.268
4-Lowee,Roy, Y. Yoshihito (2016),The Origin of Higher Learning: Knowledge Networks and early development of Universities ,Routledge p.62
5-Gupta, S.Sen ,(2009) Asoka ,Penguin UK p 27
6- Atrideva, ibid, page 152
7- Atrideva , ibid page 151

Copyright @ Acharya Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter – Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India , North India , South Asia; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India , South India; South Asia, Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India , West India, South Asia; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India , Central India, South Asia; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India , North East India , South Asia; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India , Myanmar, South Asia; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in India , Baluchistan, South Asia, Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in Kapurthala Punjab India Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in Chenab River valley Punjab India ; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in Ravi valley Punjab India ; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in Satlaz Valley Punjab India ; Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Contribution of Charaka for Medical Science Development , History of Medicines in Amritasar Punjab India ;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #97 on:** January 29, 2019, 05:00:27 PM »

Atreya Punarvasu : The Physician that sowed the seeds of Professional Physician Roaming around

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia-
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)

By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
R.C Majumdar and et all suggested two old schools of medicines in India(2).-The Atreya School that emphasized medicines and Dhanvantri School that emphasized surgery.
As per myth, Jean Filliozat drew a table showing following Guru-Pupil tree (as family tree ) for Atreya School (3)-
Brahman
I
Prajapati
I
Ashwins
I
Indra
I
--------------------------------------
I I
Devdas Dhanvantari Bhardvaja
I I
Sushruta Atreya Punarvasu
I I
------------------------------
I I
Agnivesa Bhela
I I
Charaka
Prajapati- God in Vedas
Devdas Dhanvantri was King of Banras and taught surgery to Sushruta the father of Surgery .
Bhardvaja was alegendary sage and Atreya learnt medical science from Bharadvaja . Atreya had six desciples who founded six schools of medicines or Ayurveda science in India .
There is less known about Atreya as there are many atreya mentioned in various medical treatises. Atreya had six pupiles -Agnivesa, Jatukarna , Harita, Bhela,Khsarapani, and Parasar (1) but we have only works ofhis two pupils Bhela and Charak samhita (recited by AtreyaPunarvashu and compiled by Charaka and Agnivesha). Every chapter of Charaka Samhita opens with 'Bhagvan Atreya said'
It is believed that Atreya Punarvasu was personal physicina of Gandhar King Naganajitathat is mentioned in Mahbharata (4)
However the exact date of his living is still unknown.
-Contribution of Atreya Punarvasu in Medical Tourism -
It is believed that Atreya Punarvasu recited Ayurveda to Agnivesa and his pupils compiled all as in Charak Samhita. Charaka samhita still stirs the Medical tourism and medical science all over India. (it will be discussed in following chapters).
Atreya Punarvasu is also supposed to be the teacher of medicines in Taxila universities. That means Atreya developed medical science teaching too. Educating medical science is part of developing medical Tourism.
Charak Samhita showes us that Atreya and his pupils used to roam around for treatments, searching and reasearching herbs and their effects too. It was nothing but a Medical Tourism.
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References –
1-Atrideva, ibid, in the chapter of Charak Samhita of Kushan Yug
2- R.C Majumdar "Medicines" in A Concise History of Scince in India , edited by D.M.Bose and B.V Subbarayappya New delhi, Indian National Science Academy, 1971pp .213-273
3-Jean Filliozat, (1975) La Doctrine Classique de la Medicine Indienne ,Paris ,Ecole Francise , page 13
4-Mohmmad Ali Jazyery ,Werner Winter (1988) Languages and Cultures:Studies in honor of Edgar Palome , Walter de Gruyter p116
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –

Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India , North India , South Asia; Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India , South India; South Asia, Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India , West India, South Asia; Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India , Central India, South Asia; Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India , North East India , South Asia; Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia; Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India , Myanmar, South Asia; Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Sage Atreya Punarvasu , History of Medicines in India , Baluchistan, South Asia,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #98 on:** January 31, 2019, 05:31:57 PM »

Charaka Samhita: Introduction and Creators

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -5
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 96
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
Charaka Samhita one of the oldest Treatises of Indian Medical Science the 'Ayurveda ' had been stirring Indian medical world till date. Still today, Charak Samhita is fundamentals of Ayurveda Medical Tourism in India .
Chrak Samhita initiated professionalism in Ayurveda medical practices in India. Charak Samhita also influenced foreign country medical practices apart from India subcontinent countries.
Charaka Samhita was originally cited by Guru Atreya to his desciple Agnivesha (1). Ahgnivesa wrote the teaching of his teacher around first cetury . There are Pali or Buddhist words in Charaka Samhita as Avakranti, Jatank, Bhangodan , Khaddank , Bhutdhatri(sleep0. By that it is concluded that the oral Charaka Samhita was created after Upnishada period and before Buddha . Agnivesa codfied the oral teaching of Atreya around 1000BCE (2) and then revised by Charaka in around Kanishka period ( 2). The original Charaka Samhita was then edited by Dridhbala around 400AD (2). Dridhbala added other sthana or chapters in orginal Charaka Samhita
Dridhbala : The supplimenter of Charaka Samhita
Dridhabala supplimented 17 chapters of Chikitsa Sthana and 12 chapters of Kapil Sthana and Siddhi Sthanas . (3)
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References –
1-Atrideva, ibid, page 151
2-Bhavana Kr and Shrivatsa (2014), Medical geography in Charaka Samhita 'Ayu' 35 (4)Page 371-377
3-Richa Vishwakarma and P.K Goswami A Revew through Chaaraka Uttara-Tantra ( 2013),Ayu Jan-March 34(1) 17-20
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India , North India , South Asia; Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India , South India; South Asia, Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India , East India, , Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India , West India, South Asia; Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India , Central India, South Asia; Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India , North East India , South Asia; Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia; Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India , Myanmar, South Asia; Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Charaka Samhita Introduction, History of Medicines in India , Baluchistan, South Asia,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #99 on:** February 02, 2019, 04:50:06 PM »

Texts in Charaka Samhita

History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Kushana Period (185-73 BCE) -6
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 97
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
There are eight 'Sthana' or books totaling 120 Chapters in Charaka Samhita. (2)
1-Sutra Sthana or General Principles comprising 30 chapters on philosophy etc
2- Nidan Sthana or Pathology comprising 8 chapters on diseases causes
3-Vimana Sthana or Specific Determination ,having 8 chapters with training of physicians , ethic , diets , medicines etc
4-Sarir Sthana (Anatomy) comprising 8 chapters
5-Indriya Sthana , (Sensory Organ Based prognosis
6- Chikitsa Sthana (Therapeutics ), 430 chapters
7-Kalpa Sthana (Pharmaceutics and toxicology ) with 12 chapters
8-Siddha Sthana (Hygiene in treatment etc) with 12 chapters
Dridhbala added 17 chapters of Chikitsa Sthan and complete Kalpa Sthana later on while compiling the treatise (3)

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References –
1-Atrideva, ibid, page
2- Ray,Priyaranjan ,Gupta Hitendra Ntha,Roy ,Mira (1980) ,Susruta samhita:(A Scintific Synopsis ) New Delhi INSA pp 424-438
3- Anthony Cirulli (2011) Sometic Lessons : Narrating Patienthood and Illness in Indian Medical Literature SUNY Press page 37
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2019 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –

Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , North India , South Asia; Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , South India; South Asia, Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , East India, , Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , West India, South Asia; Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , Central India, South Asia; Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , North East India , South Asia; Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , Bangladesh , South Asia; Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India, Pakistan , South Asia; Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , Myanmar, South Asia; Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , Afghanistan , South Asia ; Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medical Tourism , health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and Text in Charaka Samhita , History of Medicines in India , Baluchistan, South Asia,

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