Uttarakhand > Uttarakhand History & Movements - उत्तराखण्ड का इतिहास एवं जन आन्दोलन
History of Plant Science , History of Botany , Botanical Researches In India
Bhishma Kukreti:
In This Topic Bhishma Kukreti will write Historical recorded Research works on Botany, Plant Science in India from stone age till date . Bhishma Kukreti will deal the historical aspects of Botany and its branches as -
History aspects of Taxonomy
History of Economic Botany /Plants
Physiology
Plants used in medicines or Medical Plants Historical records
Agriculture and Botany
Botanical or Plant genetics
Embryology
Plant Anatomy
Plant diseases -Historical details
Algea
Phycology
Bhishma Kukreti:
Reasons for writing History of BOTANY in India
HISTORY of BOTANY in India -1
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism History Researcher)
-
After passing first year B.Sc. from Meerut University, we three students Myself , , D,S. Bisht and S.S. Suri from Shri Guru Ram Rai College Dehradun decided for passing B.Sc. (honours) degree from Meerut University. We filled the form and got permission by visiting the University office at Meerut. We were first batch for deciding getting Honours degree in Botany.
We got information that the syllabus for Botany honours was History of Botany in India. The history of Botany syllabus comprised mainly Ayurveda researches etc. We there found here and there the book on History of Botany in India but failed to find such book.
I found a book on Ayurveda and studied some materials from Arya Samaj Liberary Dehradun and some materials from Khusiram Library (mainly Botanical names of drugs and respective Samhita). Nothing was available in SGRR College library. Later on I found that nothing was available (History of Botany) in India too. I could get B.Sc. (Honours) degree and by my colleagues failed due to not getting required literature.
Later on, when I was writing History of Medical Tourism in Uttarakhand I was again searching History of Botany as History of plant science has relationship with medical history too. I did not get much literature .I requested Dr R. D. Gaur (ex HD Botany Garhwal University and famous for ‘Flora of Garhwal) for offering the help. He asked for referring a book compiled by foreign writer but starting History of Botany from 14th or sixteenth century.
For filling the vacuum, I decided for writing history of Botany and hope I shall do justice with students, researchers and with Botany.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, 2019
Bhishma Kukreti:
Knowledge of Plant Science by early Human Beings or before Foraging eras
HISTORY of BOTANY in India chapter -2
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism History Researcher)
-
Cynthia Stokes Brown (1) rightly states that before agriculture was invented, the early humans were hunter and foragers. They gathered food from natural environment. Earlier species of Homo genus - Homo sapience had knowledge of plant science for food, shelters, medicines, transportation tools and other tools. Hunting and plant or plant parts remained a way of life for 7lakhs years to 2 lakhs years ago
Lakhs of Experiments and lakhs of Death before agriculture came in Existence
It is better to make presumption for knowing the plant knowledge gathered by early humans.
Dependence of Animal Instinct
Initially till human got proper experiences and language for communication, the humans might have relied on natural instincts .Early Homo sapiens or earlier species of Homo genus might have identified plants as normal vegetarian animals do today. This identifying instinct might have been in nature or god gifted. There might be animal instinct in early human beings identifying poisonous or non-poisonous plants by smell, sight or other means. The humans might have done thousands of experiences for knowing about uses of plants and uses of parts of plants. Sight might have helped for knowing the size and uses but tasting food would be at later stages. In experimenting tasting or touching different plants might have killed thousands of human beings.
Slowly humans got knowledge of plants their uses, plant parts useful for food, shelters, medicines, transport or career etc.
By instinct or experimenting, humans might have used pla parts for resting etc too
-
References
Cynthia Stokes Brown ,
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bjkukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India , June 2019
HISTORY of BOTANY in India will be continued in next chapter
Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Andhra Pradesh India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Assam, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Bihar, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Chhattisgarh , India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Goa, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Gujarat, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Haryana , India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Himachal Pradesh , India, Asia; ; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Jammu Kashmir , India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Jharkhand ,India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Karnataka, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Kerala, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Madhya Pradesh India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Maharashtra , India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Manipur, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Meghalaya, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Mizoram , India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Nagaland, India, Asia; ; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Odisha, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Punjab, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Rajasthan , India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Sikkim, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Tamil Nadu, India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Telangana , India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Tripura , India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Uttarakhand (U.K.) , India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of Uttar Pradesh , India, Asia; Knowledge of Plant science in Foraging Era , History of Botany of West Bengal ,India, Asia;
Bhishma Kukreti:
Botany Knowledge by Palaeolithic Men in Indian Subcontinent
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent, Chapter -3
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism History Researcher)
-
Historians call Palaeolithic era as Old Stone Age aging from 3.3 million to 11650 cal. BP. The humans started living in groups.
The Old Stone Men used stone tools and avoided forests. The Palaeolithic men of India are also called Quartize Men
In India, following sites re said to be Palaeolithic Sites (1) –
Madurai, Tanjore,Kadur, Nyamti, Taliya, Gunture, Godavari, Cuddapah and Bellary districts of South India . The Palaeolithic remains are found in Andhra, Telangana, Gujarat, Rewa and Bundelkhand (UP), Jharkhand, Karnataka Bengal, Bihar Orissa too (2).
Eating Habits of Palaeolithic Men in India
Indian Palaeolithic Men ate used stone tools as axes, spears, digging tools, circular stones, hurling choppers, knives, scrappers, hammers etc. (2) .
Human beings had knowledge of plants those were useful for food and shelter and human had knowledge of wood , branches, leaves, roots , twigs and their various uses for food, shelter, medicinal uses , poisons, sleeping medium , career medium , rituals, ceremonies etc. Indian Palaeolithic Men also used hard wood for tools as clubs sharp edged spheres (2)
The paintings were discovered from Singanpur, Raigarh Madhya Pradesh suggest that Those Men uses Bamboo brushes for drawing paintings. The red pigments snuggest those Men were having knowledge of plant physiology (making paint from plant organs) . Palaolitic Men of Indi knew fire uses and were Negrito Race .
It is right to state that basic Botany started with close association with applied Botany in Palaeolithic Period. (3). Hunting men had knowledge of Botany and Animal science for their survival and protecting next generation. By that time language was coined for conveying knowledge to others (orally). Botany started first from classification of plants and naming them and classification of plant parts in connection with their uses.
-
References
1-Mahajan , V.D. 1998, Ancient India , S Chand & Company Delhi, pp 36
2- Mahajan , V.D. 1998, Ancient India , S Chand & Company Delhi, pp 37
3- Bir Bahdur et all (edited) ,2015, Plant Biology and Biotechnology : vol.1 Plant diversity , Springer New Delhi page 3
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bjkukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, June 2019
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter
Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Andhra Pradesh India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Assam, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Bihar, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Chhattisgarh , India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Goa, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Gujarat, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Haryana , India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Himachal Pradesh , India, Asia; ; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Jammu Kashmir , India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Jharkhand ,India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Karnataka, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Kerala, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Madhya Pradesh India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Maharashtra , India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Manipur, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Meghalaya, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Mizoram , India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Nagaland, India, Asia; ; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Odisha, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Punjab, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Rajasthan , India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Sikkim, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Tamil Nadu, India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Telangana , India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Tripura , India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Uttarakhand (U.K.) , India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Uttar Pradesh , India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of West Bengal ,India, Asia; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Myanmar; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Afghanistan; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Bangladesh; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Bhutan; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Nepal; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Baluchistan; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Sri Lanka ; Botany knowledge in Palaeolithic Period ,History of Botany of Maldives.
Bhishma Kukreti:
Knowledge of Indian Palaeolithic men for Plants and Plant Science
Botany Knowledge by Palaeolithic Men in Indian Subcontinent -2
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent, Chapter -4
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism History Researcher)
The historian claim that Palaeolithic Era in Indian subcontinent was from 250000 to 10000 BC. (1)
The Indian Palaeolithic Men started making smaller stone tools as those left hunting big animals as elephants and started killing speedy but smaller animals as rabbits, deer, turtles boars. The Indian Palaeolithic men were nomadic but used to build shelter near rock and definitely roofs were of plants and started gathering honey, fruits, leaves, roots etc.
The Palaeolithic Indians started gathering and storing honey, fruits, roots, twigs etc.and started making hut roofs by plant/tree parts. That means those men started having knowledge about the strength of twigs of different trees/plants/grass. They used to build hut roof by roof for shelter or for wind breaking, that means they got knowledge of strength and weakness of many plants and their organs/parts .
The botanical and zoological knowledge helped human beings in advancement of many tools and hut making fashion or living in society. The Palaeolithic Men knew the properties of plant parts, fruits, roots which they could store them accordingly. Honey knowledge show that Palaeolithic men were knowing the properties of various flowers too.
The invention of grinding tools in this Era suggest that Palaeolithic Men knew the properties of seeds, roots, plant parts etc. very well.
Robin Dennell states that the plants shrubs of families Euphorbiaceae and Chenopodiaceae , and evergreen grasses (in Afghanistan) , and grasses of warm climates were common in India in Palaeolithic Era. (3)
Definitely, the Indian Palaeolithic men also used herbs for medical uses. J.J Pursell rightly states about Palaeolithic period across the world “The first medicinal drugs were in the form of herbs, plants, roots, flowers, leaves, and fungi. The archaeologists have uncovered evidence including symbolic depictions and fossilized sediments of plants depicted which suggest that medicinal herbs were used in Palaeolithic Era, some 60000 years ago”(2).
-
References –
1-Singh Upendra, 2008, A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From stone Age to 2th Century Pearson Longman page 67-68
2-Pursell J.J., 2015, The Herbal Apothecary: 100 medicinal herbs and how to use them, Timber Press page 20
3-Dennell, Robin , 2009 , The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia , Cambridge University Press , Page 56, 57
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bjkukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, June 2019
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter
Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Andhra Pradesh India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Assam, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Bihar, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Chhattisgarh , India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Goa, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Gujarat, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Haryana , India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Himachal Pradesh , India, Asia; ; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Jammu Kashmir , India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Jharkhand ,India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Karnataka, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Kerala, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Madhya Pradesh India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Maharashtra , India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Manipur, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Meghalaya, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Mizoram , India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Nagaland, India, Asia; ; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Odisha, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Punjab, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Rajasthan , India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Sikkim, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Tamil Nadu, India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Telangana , India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Tripura , India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Uttarakhand (U.K.) , India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Uttar Pradesh , India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of West Bengal ,India, Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of , Myanmar , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of , Bangladesh , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Pakistan , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Baluchistan , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Botany knowledge by Humans in Palaeolithic Era, History of Botany of Nepal , Indian subcontinent , Asia;
Navigation
[0] Message Index
[#] Next page
Go to full version