MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

                               Kumaon Iron works British Kumaon
                   
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                 British Ignoring Mines and Mineralogy in Garhwal -4
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                            British Administration in Garhwal   -100
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -118
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -955
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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 The celebrated hunter Jim Corbett described the foothills as iron ores foothills. Herbett also sent detailed report.
 First blast furnace was igniting in Devchauri on 24th March 1856. .  As per previous information, the technical experiments of Kumaon mines of 1856, Company Board Directors in 1857, deputed Sowerby a mine specialist as manager with other technicians to Kumaon for manufacturing iron in Kumaon.  It was proved that Lumaon iron was good quality iron. It was estimated that the Kumaon iron is cheaper than English iron.
 Government spent money and manpower for inviting private investors for iron manufacturing.   
            Device and Company invested in Kumaon ores and selected Dhabka and Bhakra region. After getting assurance from the government for leasing, Device Company purchased Khurpatal mines in 1858 and paid the cost by 1863. Device Company built a house in Kaladhungi for Rs one lakh.
  In between, Drumond Company purchased Devchauri iron mines from Government and made full payment by 1861. Government offered them incentives for cutting wood from nearby forest for fuel.  In 1862, there was merger of both the companies and new company was named ‘North of India Kumaon Iron Works Company (Limited).
   England government instructed Indian government for constructing Khurja tram line. It was decided that Kumaon Iron works would supply and make pig iron rail for the Khurja tram rail.  Kumaon Iron Works manufactures tons of pig iron for the rails. However, the job for Khurja Tram line was offered to Ruhelkhand Railway.  Government asked money from Kumaon Iron Works for manufacturing rail and the company was not in position to do so. Kumaon Iron works Company was closed in 1864.
 The government did not offer right time and right help to Kumaon Iron Works and an ambitious plan was flopped (Atkinson page 265).

            Reasons for Unsuccessful Mining in Kumaon –Garhwal


  The ore qualities were better in Garhwal and Kumaon but the mines were scattered and that created financial unfeasibility.
The workers were in shortage as old workers now, preferred farming or labor in other parts.
 Finding the skilled workers in hills was again a problem.
 Mining, loading, unloading was more problematic than plans of India.
        Since in old time, the mines workers were getting farm land nearby mines the wages was less. Then later on the wages were neighbor than budget.  Importing labor was again costly.

                       Erratic Mining

  The mining in Garhwal was minimal or erratic after British took and even in twentieth century the situation did not improve and mining was then as much as zero.
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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 30/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -956
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
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(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 279-286
 2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.-1 page 259 to  275

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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;   

                       Charai Kar or Grazing Tax in British Garhwal
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                     Exploitation of Forest Resources-2

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                            British Administration in Garhwal   -102
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -120
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -957
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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                                     Ghee Kar in Old Garhwal

  Garhwali or Kumaoni Kings used to levy Sauni or Ghee tax on citizens. Garhwali Village chiefs used to collect Ghee as tax from villagers and used to deposit in Shrinagar store. This tax was in fact a grazing tax.
       Trail stopped the Ghee tax from Garhwal and Kumaon. However, Ghee tax was there in Tarai and Bhabhar.
  In summer there was shortage of fodders in hills and plains of Bijnor and Rohilkhand.
   People used to bring their domestic animals for grazing in Tarai and Bhabhar and state used to take grazing tax in Garhwal and Kumaon Kingdoms. However, state did not take tax from Garhwalis of hills.
                              Grazing Tax

 British confirmed taking grazing tax from all those brought animals for grazing in Bhabhar and Tarai.
 The grazing tax structure rate was as follows-
 Female buffalo – 3 anas annual
Caw- 2 ana annual
Bull – 1 ana annaul
 In 1812, British offered the grazing tax collection to three contractors and income was Rs.2070. British levied tax in Kumaon Bhabhar and Rohilkhand Tarai.
  In 1823, British government freed Garhwal hills grazers and Bhabhar inhabitants for paying grazing tax.
 Garhwal hill inhabitants used to build Chhani (kettle house) in Bhabhar and used to graze animals. British took tax for Chhani and not on numbers of animals. The tax was two ruppes per Chhani annually.







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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 4/1/2017
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -958
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 279-286
 2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.-1 page 845-847

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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;   

             Income from Forests in British Uttarakhand (Kumaon-Garhwal)
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                     Exploitation of Forest Resources-4

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                            British Administration in Garhwal   -105
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -122
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -959
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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           Officials took tax in Toll Tax Stations at Shivalik hill valleys for the outgoing wood from Shivalik hills.   Catechu was costly and the officials used to take tax as per Catechu   extraction factories (Bhatti). The tax on catechu was Rs.7.50 per Bhatti or extracting oven.
        The outing tax on wood was as follows in 1847 in Uttarakhand (Atkinson) in Rs. per carrier –

Particulars --- --------------------Bull Cart -----Mule load-Donkey----- Head load----------Boat load

Average wood-----------------------6-------
Sal Log (Shorea robusta ) ---------8
Oil Crusher--------------------------- 8
Sal logs for House --------------------8
Tendu log ------------------------------4
Bamboo----------------------------------6-------------------6----------------------3--------------------1
Babad grass ------------------------------6--------------------6--------------------3-------------------1
Tat-Nakul -----------------------------------6------------------6---------------------3
Grass for hut roofing -------------------6
Grass Munj for hut roofing -----------4
Lime------------------------------------------12-----------------6---------------------3
Lakh -------------------------------------------------------------2
Wood for coal or coal---------------------4
  The demand for above items was increasing in plains. British exploited the Uttarakhand forests as much they could.
  From 1855-57, there was sudden demand for sleepers for railway lines. The pine sleepers were being imported from Norway. The European sleepers were not durably fit for India. The Saugan, Sal sleepers were more durable. Therefore, British offered contract for cutting Sal, Shisham, and Saugan trees from Uttarakhand. Contractors cut the forests cruelly.

                             



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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 8/1/2017
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -960
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 287-312
 2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.-1 page 840-915
3- Waver, Forests of Upper India and their inhabitants page 13

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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;   

History of Uttarakhand.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgd0e0J4EjQ

                         British Establishing Forest Department
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                            British Administration in Garhwal   -106
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -123
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -960
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
 
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 British ruler established a separate forest department in 1864.  British government appointed head of forest department Dr. Brandish as Inspector General of Forest. Dr. Dietrich Brandis studied forest conservation  in Germany and he had vast knowledge of  forest conservation. Dr. Brandis inspected major Indian forests. Brandis inspected Bhabhar and upper Himalayan forests too.  Dr. Brandis wrote about tress of Bhabhar and upper Himalayas.
  Dr Brandis made a working plan with rules for forest conservation, growth and exploitation. Government passed a bill ‘Forest Act’ in 1878 and took major forest under Forest department. The forests of Garhal and Kumaon came under Indian Forest Department in 1868.
  Initially, there were no forest skilled officers in India. Therefore, government called forest experts from Europe.
   Initially, the forest job was very tedious and tiresome. Government handed over jobs to forest employees for surveying the forest, inspecting forest assets, describing trees etc. There were no roads for reaching forest zones. In Bhabhar region, the seasons were not suitable for living there. The forest employees were also supposed to insect and advice for fire protection too. Forest officials also had to submit the forests owned by villages and villagers.
  The most difficult job for forest officials was  to tackle the old culture of forest exploitation by villagers and forest mafia.
   The forest conservation became the basic policy of forest department.
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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 5/6/2017
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -961
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 287-312
 2- Webber T.W.  , 1902, Forest of upper India and their inhabitants 
Xx
 
History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;