Uttarakhand > Uttarakhand History & Movements - उत्तराखण्ड का इतिहास एवं जन आन्दोलन
गढ़वाल का इतिहास 1223-1804 AD- History of Garhwal Region from 1223-1804 AD
Bhishma Kukreti:
Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Garhwal Early Medieval Period
History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -5
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -250
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Studying the geographical positions of Garh or Garhis it is concluded that Katyuri and Katyuri family relatives (Tajnakon-Ranoton) were the founders of Garh/Garhi in Garhwal and Haridwar. It might be that in Haridwar and some parts of Bhabhar, successors of Kulinda or army commanders of post Gupta periods might be founder of forts or Garhi.
It is presumed that at least till twelfth century, the Katyuris were rulers of Garh or Garhs in Garhwal including Haridwar. However, the commanders of Katyuris, commanders of Challa kings captured the Garhi founded by Katyuri family members. There were new comers Rajput army men who also captured Garhis from Katyuri commanders. When Ajyapal captured fifty two Garhis in sixteenth century there were no Katyuri family rulers of Garhis but were Khadkhola Negi, Kulsad Negi, Mandarwal, Mulani Bisht,Rajwar, rautela, Ringwad Rawat and a couple of Kaintura.
The administrative posts in Challa period were Rawat, Negi, Bisht and Bhandari and continued in Garhi period too. They captured Garhi after Challa kingdom.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/1/2014
References
1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -251
Xx
Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Haridwar, Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Dehradun Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Jaunsar Bhabhar, Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Uttarkashi Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Tehri Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Rudraprayag Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Chamoli Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Lansdowne Tehsil Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Salan Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Pauri Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Bhilangana Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Tons-Yamuna valley Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Neeti-Mana region Garhwal Early Medieval Period; Asian History of Founders of Garh/ Garhis of Pauri Garhwal Early Medieval Period;
Bhishma Kukreti:
Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Garhwal
History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -6
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -251
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
There were many Garhi or regional chieftains of tribes or small territories in Garhwal and Kumaon. The same situation existed in Nepal, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir and Afghanistan. The powerful chieftains used to attack on smaller or weak Garhi or tribes and used to increase their influential regions. There was no single Garhpati or chieftain who could win over major territories.
Reasons of Wars among Regional Chieftains or Gadhpati
Each chieftain used to fight with other chieftain and weakening each other area. The constant fighting allowed others to dominate them.
There were three main reasons for war among chieftains-
1-Boundary Disputes- Boundary disputes was to get supremacy.
2-Old enmities- The old enmities were other reasons for infighting among Gadhpati. If a warrior is killed in a war, his widow used to nourish her children in lonely forest or village and used to inspire children to take revenge who killed their father. Many times widows fought among themselves.
3-For women- The chieftains used to attack other region by hearing stories about a beautiful girl or woman. The chieftains used to fell pride on consuming women of his region.
The weapons were bow-arrow, swords, Khukari. Bamboo sticks was another weapon. Stones were kept on top of hills and when the enemy used to march towards hills from down the soldiers used to push stones towards valley.
Bhad or Hudkiya
Gadhpati or chieftains used to appoint Hudkiyas who used to sing inspirational songs for soldiers and used to sing in praise of Gadhpati. Hudkiya used to have a drum type music instrument.
Gram Panchayat or Village Councils
Gram Panchayat or Village Councils used to manage the social and judiciary in villages. Village council chief was called Pradhan, Thokdar or Sayana. The village councilor used to listen the pleas of people on a big respectful stone. In many villages, such stones are still exist. The villagers used to pay tribute or tax to Gadhpati in the form of grains, Ghee.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 23/1/2014
References
1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -252
Xx
Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Haridwar, Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Dehradun, Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Jaunsar Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Ravain Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Gangotri region Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Uttarkashi Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Bhilangana valley Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Tehri Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Kedar valley Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Neeti- Mana region Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Chamoli Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Rudraprayag Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Rath, Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Pauri region Garhwal; Post Classical Himalayan History of Political Characteristics in Garhs/Garhis of Salan region Garhwal;
Bhishma Kukreti:
North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Garhwal
History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -7
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -252
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Social Customs in Garhi Rule in Garhwal
There were main three social classes in Garhi period of Garhwal –
Brahmin
Rajput
And Craftsman (The name was ‘Doom’ but this word is now unconstitutional)
There was dominance of Tantrik Brahmin than Karmkandi Brahmin. Nath sect was dominating sect among Brahmin and Craftsmen or Shilpkar communities. Tantrik- Mantrik used to company rulers in war and hunting.
Khas were in majority among Rajput community. In fact, most of Rajput communities were outsiders. Khas were very powerful.
Male used to protect their women and frequent fights among Garhi rulers were for women among people. In some cases, Sati custom was seen among ruling community. However, in society Sati custom was not there among common people. Widow marriage was very common. Having more than one wife was a tradition. In many areas common wife for brothers was also a tradition.
Religious Customs
Village deities and goddesses had importance in every part of life.
Nagraja, Narsingh, Ghandiyal, Kshetrapal, Goril, Gwull, Nirankar deities had already come in existence. People used to believe that those deities were as human beings. People believed that deities offer protection, health, health rescue and prosperity to devotees.
People used to believe on Ancheri (oread), Bhut (dissatisfied souls), Pishach (bad souls) etc.
There were strong beliefs on Mantra and Tantra. People believed that Tantra-Mantra power could defeat the enemy. Mantrik used to perform rituals on ash, mustarded seeds (Rangud Mantran and Rai Mantran) cow urine, milk, Ghee, Ganga water etc.
Day to Day Life
Rulers used to take tax on land, domestic animals, milk etc. The people had least demand for life. They had least clothing.
Medicinal researches were nowhere and people used to die in immature age. There were various accidental causes of death. Epidemics and animal bites were common factors for death.
There was inbound social structure for keeping land intact as single wife of all brothers, land ownership to eldest ones. Suicide was common to get heaven after death. Jogi –Jogan had important place in society. People used to put child on the Jholi of Jogi or Jogan for protecting the child from evils.
Making daughters as Dev Dasi (temple prostitute or dancer) was common customs.
Famine was a common factor. Due to less availability of food, slavery was common. People used to sell their children and women. Many communities used to visit planes in winter season for selling Ganga water or for begging.
Hardship in Life
There was hardship in every step of life. Administration was unstable and was another cause not going for new adventure in agriculture.
Migration from planes was more and new culture was invading the old customs. Khas rulers were not sponsors for Temple building, Sanskrit. There was no scope for learning and did not come any new architecture in Garhi period.
Powerful rulers used to take weaker Garhi under them. Anarchism was common.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/1/2014
References
1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -253
Xx
North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Haridwar Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Dehradun Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Uttarkashi Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Tehri Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Chamoli Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Rudraprayag Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Pauri Garhwal; North Indian, Medieval History of Social, Cultural, Religious aspects in Garhi Period in Garhwal, Himalaya;
Bhishma Kukreti:
History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal Part-1
History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -8
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -253
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
In twelfth or end of eleventh century, Challa ruling class from Nepal destroyed Katyuri of Baijnah Kingdom. For administrating from Nepal, Challa divided Garhwal-Kumaon into regions or (Mandals) and offered ruling power to Mandlik or regional chieftains. In later stage, these regional chieftains became rulers of tens of Kingdoms. However, that division did not minimize the cultural unity of today’s Garhwal and Kumaon. There is exclusivity in the region between Tones-Yamuna to Kali Ganga that separates Uttarakhand region from Nepal, Himachal Pradesh, Kashmir and Afghanistan of Himalaya. The geographical aspects of Uttarakhand is exclusive than North East Himalayan region of India. In north of Uttarakhand is Tibet (China) and even Uttarakhand had exclusivity against Himalayan Tibet in many respects.
Before, Katyuri took ruling in Uttarkhand, Nand, Maurya, Maukhari, Gupta, Harsha and Paurav kings had ruling in Uttarakhand but its cultural and geographical exclusivity remained intact. Katyuri ruled on Uttarakhand for two hundred years from Joshimath and two hundred years from Baijnath. They enhanced the cultural unity and that unity still exists in Uttarkhand.
Various social and the cultural beliefs, structures started from Katyuri rules in Uttarakhand.
Badrinath, Kedarnath, Tapovan, Simli, Adi Badri , Dev Prayag, Jageshwar, Bageshwar pilgrim places got specific places in religious tourism map of India in Katyuri period. Shankaracharya reestablished the religious power of Badrinath and Kedarnath. Medhakar types of saints came to Dev Prayag in this period.
Uttarakhand attracted saints, religious priests, religious leaders, temple architectures from all parts of India. Uttarkhand became the land of Gods and Goddesses (Dev Bhumi).
Origin of Garhwali and Kumaoni Languages
Katyuri period is also credited for developing two exclusive languages in the region. Khas language is the mother of Garhwali and Kumaoni languages. Garhwali and Kumaoni languages were derived by culturing distorted Khas language. There are similarities in both the languages in terms of form, postures but slowly both languages developed exclusivity too. The exclusivity in between Garhwali and Kumaoni languages also inspired for having two exclusive Garhwali and s Kumaoni societies in the region. However, cultural and religious words could intact the cultural unity very intact.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/1/2014
References
1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -254
Xx
History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal; History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Pauri Garhwal district); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Tehri Garhwal District); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Uttarkashi Garhwal District); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Chamoli Garhwal District); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Rudraprayag Garhwal District); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Haridwar Garhwal District); History aspects of Naming Kedarkhand and Garhwal (Including-Dehradun Garhwal District);
Bhishma Kukreti:
History Details of Nomenclature of Kedarkhand Garhwal Part -2
History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -9
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -254
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Political Division of Uttarakhand
The history records proof that when in eleventh century, Narsingh Dev transferred his capital from Joshimath to Baijnath the political division of Uttarakhan started. Katyuri were ruling on both the political regions. In 11191, Ashok Challa captured Katyuri Kingdom and he ruled both the political entities.
The Ashok Challa rule was divided into following major regions-
1-Bairath-The western part of today’s Nepal or eastern region of Kali Ganga.
2- Kamades- The present region of Kumaon.
3- Kedarbhumi or present Garhwal region- From Tones-Yamuna to Nandadevi all districts of Garhwal including Dehradun and perhaps Haridwar or parts of Haridwar district. In Mahbharata, there is no mention of Kedarbhumi but Uttarakhand was described as Kulind des in general term.
Garhwal and Kedarkhand Names
There is no mention of Kamades, Kurmachal, Kumaon and Kedarkhand, Kedarbhumi in Katyuri inscriptions.
There is no mention of Kamades, Kurmachal, Kumaon and Kedarkhand, Kedarbhumi in Katyuri names in the literature of Kalidas, Ban and Rajshekhar who described this region (Uttarakhand) in their literature. Though, the names Kedarkhand, Kurmachal are not mentioned in inscription it is sure that among common people and elite too these names were discussed before Ashok Challa.
Kedarkhand
In Skand Puran (largest and about Kartikeya), there is a separate chapter ‘Kedarkhand.
In Sanskrit, Kedar means marshy land. However, this meaning does not suit to Kedarkhand.
In Sanskrit, Kedar means Kapila’s field a Tirtha; Matanga’s field another Tirtha; a basin round the tree; a bed in garden; of a mountain country (present Kedarnath); of Shiva as worshipped in Himalaya. Kedar means the Himalayan stones where big stone is worshipped as Shiva in.
It is sure, that present Kedarnath region was familiar as Kedar Teertha in and before Gupta period.
The Munger inscriptions of Devpal (800) state that servants of Maghad King Dharmapal took bathe in Kedarbhumi. Malwa King Bhoj (1000-1055) either constructed or repaired Kedar Mandir.
Around 1200; Kangda King Lakshamn Chandra visited Kedarteerth and vowed to treat his wives as sisters.
It is obvious that Kedarkhand, Kedarbhumi or Kedarkshetra was commonly used for the regions of Garhwal, Dehradun and Haridwar before eighth or ninth century.
Areas under Kedarkhand
Kedarkhand of Skanda Puran describes the regions of Kedarkhand from Gangadwar (Haridwar) to greater Himalaya and Tamsa (tones) to Baudhacahl (Badhan at the border of Kumaon).
Ashok Challa had rule over Garhwal, Dehradun and Haridwar.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/1/2014
References
1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
15-Furar, Monumental Antiquities
16-Haudiwala, Studies in Indo-Muslim History
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -255
Xx
History Details of Nomenclature of Kedarkhand and Garhwal; History Details of Nomenclature of Kedarkhand and Garhwal- Pauri Garhwal; History Details of Nomenclature of Kedarkhand and Garhwal- Chamoli Garhwal; History Details of Nomenclature of Kedarkhand and Garhwal- Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Details of Nomenclature of Kedarkhand and Garhwal- Tehri Garhwal; History Details of Nomenclature of Kedarkhand and Garhwal- Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Details of Nomenclature of Kedarkhand and Garhwal- Haridwar Garhwal; History Details of Nomenclature of Kedarkhand and Garhwal- Dehradun Garhwal;
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