Uttarakhand > Uttarakhand History & Movements - उत्तराखण्ड का इतिहास एवं जन आन्दोलन
गढ़वाल का इतिहास 1223-1804 AD- History of Garhwal Region from 1223-1804 AD
एम.एस. मेहता /M S Mehta 9910532720:
Dosto,
Our Senior Member Shri Bhishma Kukreti ji will discussion the following histrocial aspect of various Regions of Garhwal:-
- Historical aspects of Pauri Garhwal
- Historical aspects of Chamoli Garhwal
- Historical aspects of Rudraprayag Garhwal
- Historical aspects of Tehri Garhwal
- Historical aspects of Uttarkashi Garhwal
- Historical aspects of Dehradun Garhwal
- Historical aspects of Haridwar
We are sure you would like the information posted by Mr Kukreti ji here.
M S Mehta
Bhishma Kukreti:
[justify] Introduction to History of Garhwal from 1223-1804
History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -1
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -246
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Garhwal Region or Kedarkhand: an Introduction
Garhwal region has following districts –
District --------------Area Sq Kilometer -----------Population in Lakhs 2011
Uttarkashi ------------- 9016 ---------------------3.29
Chamoli Garhwal -----8032--------------------3.91
Rudraprayag ----------1890 ------------------2.36
Tehri Garhwal ------ 4080----------------6.16
Dehradun ------------3038 ------------------------16.9
Pauri Garhwal ------5399 ------------------------6.86
Haridwar ---------------2360------------------19.27
Kumaon Uttarakhand is in east of Garhwal region. Bijnor district of Uttar Pradesh is in south of Garhwal region. Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh are in west of Garhwal region. Tibet of China is in north of Garhwal region.
Rule of Krachall
In previous chapters of History of Uttarakhand (Katyuri period) the readers already read that Krachall ruled Uttarakhand including Garhwal in or around 1223. Kalchakra ruled on Uttarakhand through Mandlik or regional rulers (read History of Uttarakhand part -142).
Hundreds of Rulers in Garhwal and Kumaon
After Krachall or his successor’s rule (most probably 1250) the small kingdoms or Garhi or Garh emerged in Garhwal. The folklores of that period still exist in Garhwal and Kumaon. The centralized rule of Krachall or successors was no more in Garhwal and Kumaon and regional rulers emerged as rulers of particular region called Garhi or Garh. These regional rulers started fighting and more and more small Garh or forts (rulers) emerged in the scene.
Garh or Forts in Garhwal in Thirteenth Century
The rulers of these small regions used to build fort in high hills of the regions called as Gadh or Garh or Garhi. The rulers used to keep weapons, arms-ammunitions, army and families in the fort or Garhi. From their Garh owners used to rule nearby villages.
The fort used to be built inaccessible place at high hills and could be seen from distances. There used to arrangement of water and food articles. All roads towards Garh or fort were closed and only one road used to be open. The army used to watch that accessible road very rigorously.
In many Garhi, there was not water source. In such types of Garh or fort, rain water stopped by mud or stone walls. Water was also reserved in Wood, stone or mud vessels. There were staircases from rivulets or canals to the fort as could be seen today in Bhairogadhi Langur, Pauri Garhwal. There used to be tunnels to reach river or rivulets. The tunnels could be seen in Chandpurgarhi, Gujdugadhi and Lakhamandal Gadhi. These tunnels were to run away in safe place when Garh is in danger by attack from enemy.
Numbers of Garh or Garhi in Garhwal
Raturi and Rahul state that Panwar King Ajaypal won sixty two or fifty two Garh and included them into his kingdom. However, the numbers of Garhi was more than Raturi’s estimate.
Region ---------------------- --------------------------- Names of Garhi ------------Numbers
1-North border ----- ------Gadhtang, Painkhanda,Dasholi ------------------------------4---
2-East Border ----- ----------------------Badhan, Chandpur,Chaud, Top
East Border ------------------------------------Ranigarh, Lohaba, Dhauna,Vangarh,
---------------------------------------------------------------------Kanda, Gujadu, Sawali ----------11
3-South Garhwal
(Talla Salan, Gangasalan, Bhabhar, Narnedra nagr Dehradun)--- Mahabgadh, Baggadh
---------------------------------------------------------------------Ajmir Garh, Shrigurugarh,
-------------------------------------------------------------------Mavakot, Gadkot, Bhairongadh,
------------------------------------------------------------------ Ghughti, Dhangu
---------------------------------------------------------------------Badalpur, Laldhang, ChandiSatur,
--------------------------------------------------------------------Kolagarh, Shergarh, Nanorgarh
------------------------------------------------------------------Nalagadh, Veerbhadra, Mordhaj,
-------------------------------------------------------------Pathargarh,Kunaji, Ratan, kuili, Bharpur-24
4-West Border ----------------------Jorgarh, Biraltagarh, Silgarh, Mungragarh, SankariGarh
(Jaunpur, Mahasu, Shimla)--------------------------, Badkot,Dodrakwargadh, Ramigarh----------8
5-Mandakini valley----------------------------------Nagpur, Kandara
6- Upper East valley --------------------------Ulkagadh, Aidasu, Devalgarh, Nayalgarh,
(Devalgarh, Barhsyun, Chaundkot ) --------Kolligarh, Dhaunagarh,Bangarh, Kandagarh, --------------------------------------------------------------Chaundkot -----------------------------------------------9
7- Westren valley
(Udaypur, Kirtinagar, Chandravadani, Chilla-------------------------------------------------------------
Pratapnagar, Bhardar, Bhilang)-------------------------------- Uppu Garh, Maulyagarh, Rainkagarh, Bhagargadh
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Bhardar garh, Sangelagarh -------6
Total Garh -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
There were many Garh or forts in Haridwar those were present before 1223 .
There are folklores those mention following Garhi too-
Maluvakot, Amuvakot, Kalnikot, Ramoligadh, Lohanigarh, Katyurgarh, Chandgarh, kalavatikot, Nandanikot, Dharnigadhi, Malsigadhi, Kotligadhi, Bhanikot, Chandikot, etc . There is no history records of those Garh mentioned in folklores.
****Read about more about Garhi administration in next chapter…
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 14/1/2014 Makar Sankranti
References
1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -247
Xx
History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Udaypur Patti Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Dhangu Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Pauri Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Chamoli Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Tehri Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Dehradun Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Haridwar Garhwal; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal kingdom in Bijnor; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal Kingdom in Himachalpradesh; History of Bavan Gadh/Garh/Garhi in Garhwal Kingdom in Saharanpur;
Bhishma Kukreti:
History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century
History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -2
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -247
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
The Gadhpati or Rulers of Northern Garhwal Border touching Tibet
In early age, Tankan community settled in Northern Garhwal touching Tibet. Due to settling of Tankan community in North Garhwal Himalaya, Garhwal automatically was divided into two specific parts. Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral shows probability that Western north Garhwal or Taknaur was ruled by Badahat Gadhpati or influenced by Badahat Gadhpati (rulers of Garh). The eastern part was called Katyuri region. Katyuri ruled in this region.
The rulers of Taknaur region were called Sughadh or Budhere. The elders and old men used to take decisions for political, cultural, social and economical activities. The rule was as Kabila administration.
Gadhtang fort was important for Badahat rulers and Tibetan people in terms of defense strategy. Tibetans used to attack on Badahat regions (Uttarkashi). Historians found Tibetan coins from nearby area of Gadhtang fort, Badahat region.
The powerful rulers of Taknaur or Tankan region used to attack on south rulers in winter season.
Life of Inhabitants of Tankan Region touching Tibet
The inhabitants of Tankan and Painkhanda regions had to settle in southern region in winter season.
Due to inhabitant less in upper Himalayan region of Garhwal in winter season, Tibetan looters used to encroach in this area and used to loot valuables. Tibet looters looted Badrinath temple many times.
Livelihood of Taknaur or Tankan Region
The inhabitants of Tankan region had to depend on commercial acts with Tibet. Tankan people were also herdsmen. In summer, they used to take sellable materials of Garhwal on the backs of goat and sheep to Tibet and in winter they used to sell products of Tibet in Garhwal till Bhabhar. This practice was there very much till China war 1962. Tibet salt was always in demand. The woolen clothing was also in demand in Garhwal for centuries.
Bhotiya (commonly called for Tankan people) created a special business based language called Bhotiya language. Most Bhotiya followed Buddhism or Lama Religion. A few Bhotiya followed worshipping deities and goddesses of Hindu religion.
Gadhpati of Mandakini valley
Mandakini valley was most protected region of Garhwal. Mandakini valley was also superior in terms of natural beauty and fertile land.
Gopeshwar was the capital of Kedarbhumi or Mandakini valley in the periods of Nag Kings and Chall kings.
Today, we only know about Ngapur Garh and Kandar Garh of Mandakini valley.
It is said that the last Gadhpati or ruler of Nagpur Garh was Sajan Singh. No other details are available about Nagpur Garh. It is believed that Kandar Garh was established in thirteenth century.
The rulers of Garhs of Mandakini valley were peace lovers and able administrators. Gopeshwar was famous pilgrim place. Rulers and other devotees built temples there.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/1/2014
References
1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola , Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -248
Xx
History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Mana Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Neeti Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Nanda Devi region of Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Border of Tibet in Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Badahat Uttarkashi Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Gopeshwar Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Mandakini Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Nagpur Gadh Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in Kandar Garh Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in north Chamoli Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century; History Aspects of Garhi Administration in North Rudraprayag Garhwal in Twelfth century to Fifteenth century;
Bhishma Kukreti:
History of Gadh / Garhi of East Border touching Kumaon and Eastern and Western Plateaus of Garhwal from twelfth to fifteen century
History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -3
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -248
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
No doubt before 1223 there was rule of Katyuri or Chall families on Garhwal but regional chieftains or Gadhpati /Garhpati of Gadh or Garhs were real rulers.
Regional Chieftains (Garhpati) of Eastern Border of Garhwal
The historians have records of eleven Gadhi or Garhi of east border of Garhwal from thirteen century-in Malla Salan, Badhan and Chandpur Pargana.
Baijnath, Katyur, Dwarhat, and Baramandal Gadhi were in Kumaon at this period. There were attacks and counter attacks from each side of Kumaon and Garhwal.
Dilbar Singh and Pramod Singh had been brave and famous Gadhpati of Lohava Garh.
Chaudal of Chaud Garh, Topal of Top Garh and Chahman of Chandpur Garh had been very powerful chieftains of their Garh.
Garhpati or Regional Chieftains of Eastern Plateau of Garhwal
There were main nine Garhi of Devalgarh, Barahsyun and Chaundkot in east plateau of Garhwal. There are folklores about Gadh of Devalgarh but we lost folklores about Gadhpati of Barahsyun and Chaundkot. It is said that Deval from Kangada established Deval Gadhi.
When Garhwal King Ajayapal had to flee from Chandpur Garhi and established capital in Devalgarh. Later on Garhwal King shifted from Devalgarh to Shrinagar.
Gadhpati of Western Plateau of Garhwal
Big part of west plateau was covered by forest. There are records of six Gadhis as Udyapur, Kirtinagar, Chandrabadani, Chilla, Pratapnagar, Bhardar and Bhilang region of Garhwal.
Ghirvan Khas rulers were rulers of Bangargadh.
Kaffu Chauhan was ruler of Uppu Garh. Ajaypal defeated kaffu Chauhan. Sonpla was ruler of Bhilang plateau.
Chieftains of Western border of Garhwal
Western border of Garhwal was touching Himachal Pradesh. Records and folklores are lost about Gadhpati of Western border of Garhwal touching Himachal.
Bhup Singh was last ruler of Jaunpur Garh.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/1/2014
References
1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola , Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -249
Xx
History of Gadh / Garhi of East Border touching Kumaon and Eastern and Western Plateaus of Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of Garhwal, Jaunpurgadh; Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of Garhwal, Ravai; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of Mahasu Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of Udaypur Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of Bhilangana valley Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of Western Plateaus of Bhardar, Pratapnagar , Chilla Garhwal; History of Gadh / Garhi of East border Garhwal, Malla Salan, Badhan and Chandpur Pargana; History of Gadh / Garhi of East Plateau Garhwal, Devalgarh, Barahsyun and Chaundkot…
Bhishma Kukreti:
History of Garh and Garhpati of South Garhwal
History of Garhwal (1223- 1804 AD) –part -4
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -249
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Gangasalan, Talla Salan, Bhabhar (All in Pauri Garhwal), Narendra Nagar (Tehri Garhwal), Dehradun and Haridwar regions come under South Garhwal. There were maximum Garhs in this region. It is believed that there were at least 24 Garhs in South Garhwal including Haridwar. The folklores have been lost about many Garhs.
For example, there is folklore about Dhang Garh (Jhaid, Talla Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal). It is said that there was a fort on top of Dhang Garh near Ganga bank where King used to live. It is believed by Jhaid villagers that there was water reservoir and many other facilities in fort. The enemy attacked on fort and the King buried his wealth /jewels and jewelries and handed over snakes to protect the wealth. The enemy killed the Dhang Garh king but could not take wealth of Dhangu King because of snake. Still is believed that now, if anybody enters the wealth area, snakes come to bite people. However, no historian mention about this folklore.
The high numbers of Garhs in South Garhwal does not mean that there were twenty four rulers. It might be that one ruler or Garhpati might have more than one Garh or Garhi.
Suntor Garh is in Dehradun. Kaulagarh was in between Vasantpur and Sahaspur of Dehradun district.
Nalapani Garh or Khalangagad (Dehradun) was very important Garh even in nineteenth century. After winning this Garh British won war against Gorakha.
There was Shergarh at Yamuna bank. Further to Shergarh there was Kani Garh. The regional commander of Shahjahan won this Garh.
Laldhang Garh was important Garh in Bhabhar. It had importance in Mogul period too.
Mordhwaj Garh is between Kotdwar and Nazibabad .
There are ruins of Garh in east part of Bhabhar.
History aspects of Garh in Haridwar
Nanorgarh was in between Haridwar and Rishikesh. There must be two or three Garh in present Haridwar district.
There are ruins of a fort in Veer Bhadra and is called Gadhwal Raja ka Kila. Chandighat was one of the important Garh in Haridwar. There are ruins of a Garh near to Chandighat Haridwar.
There must be Garh or fort in or near Manglaur too in twelfth century.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/1/2014
References
1-Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, 1971, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-4, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda, Pauri Garhwal, India
2-Harikrishna Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
3-Dr. Patiram, Garhwal ancient and Modern
4-Rahul Sankrityayan, Garhwal
5- Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
6- Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
7-Foster, Early Travels in India William Finch
8-Upadhyaya, Shri Shankaracharya
9-Shering, Western Tibet and British
10-H.G. Walton, Gazetteer of British Garhwal
11-B.P.Kamboj, Early Wall Paintings of Garhwal
12-H.g Walton, Gazetteer of Dehradun
13- Vimal Chandra, Prachin Bharat ka Itihas
14-Meera Seth, Wall Paintings of Western Himalayas
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -250
Xx
History of Garh and Garhpati of South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Talla Salan, South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Ganga Salan South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Bhabhar South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Dehradun South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Ninorgarh Haridwar South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Garhwali Raja ka Kila South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Mordhwaj South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Dhang Garh South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Mahab Garh South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Narendra Ngar South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Dhangu South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Langur South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Ajmer South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Udyapur South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Dabralsyun South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Manglaur South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun); History of Garh and Garhpati of Chandighat South Garhwal (including Haridwar and Dehradun);
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