Uttarakhand > Uttarakhand History & Movements - उत्तराखण्ड का इतिहास एवं जन आन्दोलन
HISTORY of MEDICAL and WELLNESS TOURISM IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT , SOUTHEAST ASIA
Bhishma Kukreti:
Medical Education and Training factor in Sushruta Samhita and Medical Tourism development
Glimpses of Medical Tourism in Sushruta Samhita -3
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Nagavansha Period (176-340 A.D.) -4
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 122
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
Medical tourism starts or develops by a couple of important factors. First there must be availability of Vaidya or physicians or curing man or doctor, second there must be a patient to travel to the doctor and for becoming doctors , there must be arrangement for medical education or training for doctors (medical training or education school or centres) .
Sushruta Samhita indicates that there was satisfactory arrangement for producing doctors by medical teaching and training.
Sushruta Samhita itself state directly about medical training for producing doctors as King Dhvantri preaches /teaches medical science to his disciples-Sushruta, Vaitarani, Aurabhra, Paushpkalavata, Karavirya, Gopurrakshit and others (1)
Vidyalankar Atrideva states that in Sushruta period, the medical teacher used to stay at his hermitage and students used to come there for medical studies and not as Charaka time when medical teachers used to roam with the students. There is preaching or teaching of medical science by Kashi King to his students at one place.(2) It clearly indicates that students used to travel to medical schools or Guru for getting medicines or surgery knowledge. The Students visiting to medical schools for medical knowledge is part of medical tourism at Sushruta period or at the present time too.
Sushruta Samhita or preaching of king Kashiraj to his students is more for surgery and surgery is more of action and cutting, dissection, sewing, binding injuries etc. The chapter ‘Yogyasutriya’ of Sushruta Samhita deals with training for surgery and advices for students to learn piercing or by piercing the gourds -as bottle guards, water melons, cucumber etc. (3) .Cutting should be practiced by cutting vertically , horizontally , diatonically by cutting the above vegetables. (3)
Sushruta Samhita states that penetration or bhedan should be learnt by needle penetrating the leather bags, water or muddy substances. (3). Same way, bendan or drilling should be learnt by drilling dead veins of animals and lotus roots.
The ‘aipan’ works should be practiced on insect infected wood, dry bottle guard, While Aharya or surgery should be learnt on jackfruits, bel fruit and dead animal teeth,. The sewing should be learnt on sewing clothes. The pasting and dressing should be learnt through pitcher or wood model and should learn using bases /acids and fire on soft flesh (Sushruta Samhita Yogyasutra 9-4) Translated by Vidyalankar (3) There is complete guidelines for learning surgery in Sharir Adhyaya 5/47-49 of Sushruta Samhita (3)
The above details are enough for getting indication that there was clear custom of learning surgery and medicines in Sushruta period and those factors are proof of medical tourism in Sushruta period
References –
1-Vidyalankar Atrideva , 1960 ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Banaras pages -188
2- Vidyalankar Atrideva , 1960 ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Banaras pages 192
3- Vidyalankar Atrideva , 1960 ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Banaras pages 193
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2020 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Bhishma Kukreti:
Medical Education and Training the Indicating Factors of developing Medical Tourism in Sushruta Samhita -2
Indicators of Medical Tourism Development in Sushruta Samhita -4
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Nagavansha Period (176-340 A.D.) -5
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 123
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
Sushruta Samhita is all more about treatments by surgery. Medical tourism development requires trained doctors and training to medical students is one of essential factors for developing medical tourism at any period.
There are training advices for medical students as procedures for learning about human bodies in Sushruta Samhita. In Sharir Adhyaya of Sushruta Samhita ( 5/47-49) there is teaching of following processes to learn human bodies from dead bodies (1)-
“The students should learn dissection of dead bodies for know all about human bodies. The student should take dead body of that human that is below 100 years and would not died serious diseases , with complete body parts to a lonely place. There in lonely place, the student should take out the intestine and dirt (sludge) from dead body and then should take the body to flowing water, the dead body should be filled by fibres, grasses and should soften the dead body. When the dead body becomes soft , the students should watch the body parts after rubbing the dead body by bamboo brush or other hard brushes. “
Sushruta Samhita teaches the medical students for learning the complete details of body parts by studying dead bodies. That teaching in Sushruta Samhita indicates that there was development of infrastructures those develop medical tourism. Definitely, the medical tourism was not for the way medical tourism developed today. In Sushruta times and even in early British time, medical profession was less for earning and more for serving human beings.
Teaching or training the medical science has been always part of medical tourism and that also applies with Sushruta Samhita.
References –
1-Vidyalankar Atrideva , 1960 ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Banaras pages -193
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2020 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Bhishma Kukreti:
Characteristics of Good Hospital and Treatments in Hospital described by Sushruta Samhita
Indicators of Medical Tourism Development in Sushruta Samhita -5
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Nagavansha Period (176-340 A.D.) -6
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 124
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
Bagde A.B. ET all rightly called Sushruta the creator of Sushruta Samhita as ‘The father of surgery in this world (1).
Sushruta Samhita deals with many subjects of medical sciences those are indicators of medical tourism in that period.
If there are doctors or hospitals, those two factors automatically attract patients from other places and even those two important medical services factors attract patients from far places too. In Sushruta period, the medical services were not for earning only but offering services to the society. The aim or medical services was mainly service to the society and hence, there was no such concept of earning by medical tourism.
Hospital is major factors of creating medical tourism and Sushruta described the characteristics of good hospitals (main aim is surgery) and the process of treatments in the hospitals as follows {Sushruta Samhita , Sutra Sthan Chapter 19, 14.15 explained by Atrideva Vidyalankar (2) - .
There should be a room for the a patients
“ There must be a bed comfortable bed (long and quite wide) for the patient with comfortable bedding arrangement. The bed should be kept at delightful l place. The bed head should be towards east. Near pillow or under the pillow, there must be a small weapon as knife (This practice still persist in India as accustom). The friends of Patient should tell pleasant stories to the patients and increase will power of patients for curing ulcers of injuries.
Sushruta Samhita suggested that nursing women should not visit near the patient bed and the women as prostitute (agamya stree) should never visits the patients. Perhaps the suggestion is that there should not be semen flow at any cost and women site might create semen flow and that might increase the injury.
The above characteristics suggest that there hospitals in Sushruta period and wherever there is hospital it attracts patients from places far away to or hospital creates medical tourism without advertisement too. Those above factors indicate that there was developed medical tourism concept in Sushruta period in India (including today’s Pakistan, Afghanistan, Myanmar )
References –
1-Bagde , A.B. et all, 2017, Sushruta Samhita: a Unique Encyclopaedia of Ayurvedic Surgery , World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.6, Issue 4. 750-767
2-Vidyalankar Atrideva , 1960 ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Banaras pages -193-194
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2020 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Bhishma Kukreti:
Mentions of Geographical places in Sushruta Samhita: The Tourism Development Indicators
Indicators of Medical Tourism Development in Sushruta Samhita -6
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Nagavansha Period (176-340 A.D.) -7
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 125
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
In past, Historians never paid any attention on historical aspects of medical tourism. As such, the term medical tourism came in existence in last century only. Medical tourism is there from the time ma kind came in this earth.
In Sushruta Samhita there is no mention of word, Chikitsa Paryatan (Medical tourism) and even not Paryatan (tourism). Therefore, the medical tourism historians have to find the factors of each period those are responsible for indicating medical tourism development.
One of the important factors for indicating tourism is the description of geographies. Sushruta Samhita discusses various aspects of Indian geography that means there was tourism or people were touring and discussing the different geographical matter among them. People were also informing geographies to scholars as Sushruta or Sushruta type of scholars were visiting various places.
Charaka Samhita deals about North West India only from geographical point of views (1). However, Sushruta Samhita discusses the matter of all India geography (1). The Chikitsa Sthan book of Sushruta Samhita (30.32) mentions the names of Kalinga in east and Kashmir on north. The Chikitsa Sthan book of Sushruta Samhita (29/17) mentions name as Uuttar Kuru. Same way, the Chikitsa Sthan book of Sushruta Samhita 29/27-30 ) mentions that Sahyadri, Mahendra, Malayachal, Shriparvata, Devgiri and Sindhu River are in Himalaya.
Commercial Tours in Sushruta Samhita period
After thorough analysis , Vidyalankar states (2)that There was well connection/introduction between South and North India thorough commerce and commerce was well developed at that time. That is there reason there is mentions of articles famous in particular place (2)
The mentions of geographical places in Sushruta Samhita indicate that there was well developed tourism (for commerce etc.) and tourism development means there would be medical facilities for tourists .
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1-Vidyalankar Atrideva , 1960 ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Banaras pages -190
2-Vidyalankar Atrideva , 1960 ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Banaras pages -191
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2020 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in India will be continued in next chapter –
Bhishma Kukreti:
Kashyap Samhita or Bridhajeewaktantra : An introduction and Medical tourism indicators
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Nagavansha Period (176-340 A.D.) – 8
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 126
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
-
Nepal Rajguru Hemeraj Sharma first published the Kashyap Samhita. That Samhita was partially published but now complete Samhita is available (1). Yadva ji Vikram Ji Acharya edited the classic Samhita (1). Kashyap Samhita /Bridhajeewaktantra has relation with Kaumar Bhritya Tantra (Child disease cure or Paediatric Science)
According to Dr Ajay Kumar (2) the scholars created Kashyap Samhita in 600 BCE. While Satyapal Bhishgacharya concludes that Kashyap Samhita written on Tada Patra (Palm leaves) seems to be 700 -800years back (3). Ayurveda Historian Vidyalankar wrote about Kashyap Samhita or Bridhajeewak Tantra in Nagvansha Chapter 176-340 A.D (1).
Kashyap Samhita is as the custom of Charaka Samhita. Marich Kashyap is the narrator or preacher of Kashyap Samhita. There is three times mention of Marich Kashyap in Charaka Samhita (1) . There was downfall in the interest among scholars for Kashyap Samhita and then Jeewak the son of Richik summerized or abridged for scholars . The five year old child Jeewak presented the short version of Kashyap Samhita (reworked by Jeewak) before scholars in a medical conference in Kankhal /Haridwar at Ganga bank in Uttarakhand. The scholars did not accept the short version as they did not believe a child could do shorten the huge volume of Kashyap Samhita. Scholars just refused to hear Child Jeewak. Jeewak dipped into gang and came out as old aged Jeewak or Bridha Jeewak. Scholars named him Bridha Jeewak and accepted the shorten version of Kashyap Samhita (2). In later stages, Vatsya the heir of Jeewak promoted by editing further copies or bringing new editions for Kahsyap Samhita and there is name of Kankhal in the late stage edition too (1). Vidyalankar analysed and concluded that Vatsya should be around Kalidas period that is 4th century AD.
- Medical conference in Kashyap Samhita (edited by Vatsya) the indicator of medical tourism -
Dr. Ajay Kumar offers the story of Jeewak and his becoming Bridha Jeewak (2) that there was medical scholar conference in Kankhal (Today’s Haridwar, Uttarakhand) where medical scholars attended and Jeewak presented the short edition of Kashyap Samhita. It clearly shows that around 4th century AD, there was custom of medical scholars attending medical conferences. The holdings of medical conferences clearly indicate the sign of the development of tourism and medical tourism.
References
1-Vidyalankar Atrideva, Ayurveda ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Banaras pages -960, page 204-205
2- Kumar Dr. Ajay, Dr. Ttina Singhal, Kashyap Samhita: Kewal Mool Shloka , published by Dr. Ajay Kumar , 2001 , page 1 of Grantha Parichay
3-Rai Deepshikha, Kashyap Samhita, Kashyap Samhita: A review of History and its contribution to Kumarbhritya, International Jounral of Ayurveda and Herbal medicines 4.5 (2014) 1569-1578
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2020 bjkukreti@gmail.com
History of Medical Tourism, health Tourism and Wellness Tourism and History of Medicines in Nagavansha / Kashyap Samhita India will be continued in next chapter – 127
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