Uttarakhand > Uttarakhand History & Movements - उत्तराखण्ड का इतिहास एवं जन आन्दोलन
History of Plant Science , History of Botany , Botanical Researches In India
Bhishma Kukreti:
Plant Classification in Bhasya by Prashastapada a Philosophy, Sanskrit Classic
Plant Science / Botany in Classic Sanskrit Literature/
BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –149
Information Collection and Compilation: Bhishma Kukreti
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Prashastapada was an Indian philosopher that wrote Padartha –Dhama-Sangrah and a Commentary titled as Prashastapada Bhashya.
Potter states (1) that Prashastapada can be attentively dated second half of the 6th century.
Prashastapada classified Plants into following types (2) –
Trina (Ghas) – Grass
Aushadhi (Shak) medicinal plants or herbs
Lata (Creepers)
Avatan (long creepers)
Vriksha (trees)
Vanaspati (Huge trees)
References:
1-Potter Karl H ed. The Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophy; Vol.2, Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: the Tradition of Nyaya-Vaisheshika up to Ganngesa.Vol2, Princeton University Press 2015 page 282
2- Dayanand Pant, 1994Vigyan ka Itihas, Shabdkar, Delhi page 60
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, 2020
Bhishma Kukreti:
Plant Classification in Amarkosha - part - 1
Plant Science / Botany in Classic Sanskrit Literature/
BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –149
Information Collection and Compilation: Bhishma Kukreti
Amarkosha is the first recorded lexicon of Sanskrit compiled by Amarasimha. The Amarakosha is mostly compiled in 7th century (10 and some sources guessed the lexicon was compiled in 4th century (2).
Amarasimha divided plants into following classes-
Vanaspati (large trees)
Vriksha –Common trees
Lata (creepers)
Aushadhi (herbs)
Trina (Grass)
and
Trinadrum (palm)
Vriksharuha/Vrikshadani (parasite Creepers)
References
1-Amarakosha compiled by B. L.Rice edited by N Balsubramanya 1970, page X
2- Dayanand Pant, 1994Vigyan ka Itihas, Shabdkar, Delhi page 60
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, 2020
Bhishma Kukreti:
Forest Classification in Amarkosha
Plant Classification in Amarkosha - part - 2
Plant Science / Botany in Classic Sanskrit Literature/
BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –151
Information Collection and Compilation: Bhishma Kukreti
Amarkosha is the first recorded lexicon of Sanskrit compiled by Amarsimha. The Amarkosha is mostly compiled in 7th century (10 and some sources guessed the lexicon was compiled in 4th century (2).
There is forest classification in Amarkosha by Amarsimha as follows –
Vanam ( 2.4,1.1 )
Mahvanam (Great forests ,-2.4,1.2)
Grihopvanam (forests for house uses - , 2.4, 1.2)
Vriksha Vatika (garden with trees – 2.4,2.2)
Pumankreed Udyanam Ragya: sadharan vanam (2.4 3.1)
KritrimVriskhahsamuh: (Forest /garden for amusement -2.4,2.1)
Sadharan vanha (Useed by all ) ( 2.4,3.1)
References
1-Amarakosha compiled by B. L.Rice edited by N Balsubramanya 1970, page X
2- Dayanand Pant, 1994Vigyan ka Itihas, Shabdkar, Delhi page 60
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, 2020
Bhishma Kukreti:
Types of soil in Amarkosha
Agriculture Science in Amarkosha Lexicon -
Plant Science / Botany in Classic Sanskrit Literature
BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –153
Information Collection and Compilation: Bhishma Kukreti
s= Half अ /आधा अ फलो
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There are references of Agriculture science in Amarkosha too. There is agriculture subject in Aushadhivarga, Bhumivarga and Vaisyavarga (2).
In Vaisyavarga, there are two words those are connected to agriculture-
भूमिस्पृश/ Bhumisprisha – that who touches (cultivates) the land
क्षेत्रजीव /Kshetrajiva = The husbandman or living on land (cultivation) .
The classification of Soil in Bhumivarga of Amarkosha –
The soil classification/nomenclature by fertility is as under –
मृतिका /Mritika – Soil
मृतसा/ mritasa - excellent soil
उर्व्वरा/urvara – A fertile soil with every crop
Or
सर्वशसाध्या/Sarvashsadhya- A fertile soil with every crop
क्षार मृतिका /Kshar Mritika -Salty soil
उषवानूषर Ushavanur – A spot of such soil
अनुर्वरा/Anurvara - Barren soil
मरु /Maru- A region devoid of water
अप्रहते खिले/Aprahate Khile- Waste land
नदी मात्रिका /Nadi Mitrika – Soil watered by river
देव मात्रका ?Dev Matrika – soil watred by rain
References
1-Amarakosha compiled by B. L. Rice edited by N Balsubramanya 1970,
2- Girija Prasanna Majumdar , 1925, Vanasptai, Plants and Plant Life as in Indian Treatise and Traditions , University of Calcutta .
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, 2020
Bhishma Kukreti:
Types of Trees in Amarkosha
Plant Science vocabulary in Amarkosha – 2
Plant Classification in Amarkosha - part – 3
Plant Science / Botany in Classic Sanskrit Literature/
BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –153
Information Collection and Compilation: Bhishma Kukreti
s= Half अ /आधा अ फलो
-
India had developed a concise vocabulary for Botany at the time of Amarkosha compilation. The following vocabulary is important for the plant science /botany students to know about Botany vocabulary in Amarkosha compilation period-
Types of trees in Amarkosha –
वृक्षो महीरूह शाखी विटपी पादपस्तरु ( अमरकोश 2.4.5.2)
वृक्षो - Vriskha – Trees
महीरूह - Mahiruh – Huge trees
शाखी – with Branches
विटपी- As Fig tree or Shade provider trees
पादप –plant (small size )
तरु – Tree (mostly tree having fruits
वानस्पत्य: फलै: पुष्पात्तैरपुष्पाद्वनस्पति ( Amarkosha, 2.4.6.1 )
Trees (Vanaspati) with flowers and fruits
Trees (Vanaspati) with fruits but without flowers
वंध्योsफलोsवकेशी च फलवान्फलिन: फली (AK 2.4.7.1 )
Fruitless Tress – Infertile, without fruits, No fertility or holiday from fruits, Avkeshin = Most probably infertile
Trees with fruits –Fruitful, trees yielding fruits and pods
Types of trees with blooming flowers in Amarkosha (प्रफुलित वृक्ष ) –
प्रफुल्लोत्फुल्लसंफुल्लव्याकोशविकचस्फुटा: (2.4.8.1)
प्रफुल्ल /Prafull – Shinning or covered with blossoms
उत्फुल्ल Utfull - Efflorescent
सम्फुल्ल- fully developed flower
व्याकोश - ??
विकच – Irrational
स्फुट –Miscellaneous/ assorted
Types of Flowered trees as per Amarkosha -
फुल्लश्चै ते विकसते सयुरवंध्यादयस्त्रिषु (2.4. 8.2)
फुल्ल – with flower
विकसत – well developed
Trees without leaves described in Amarkosha –
Trees with Short branches having roots
स्थाणुर्वा ना ध्रुव: शंकुर्ह्र्स्वशाखाशिफ़ क्षुप: (2.4.8.2)
Means – Small plant, or branchless tree
Plants without Shoulders/branches in Amarkosha
अप्रकांडे स्तम्बगुल्मौ व्रततिर्लता (2.4.9,1)
अप्रकांडे= not spread
स्तम्बगुल्मौ Stump and creepers
व्रततिर्लता = Spreading creeper
लता प्रतानिनी वीरुद्गुल्मिन्युलप इत्यपि (4.9.2)
नगाद्यारोह उच्छ्राय उत्सेधश्चोच्छ्रयश्च (स:)) ( 2.4.10.1)
Height of trees
उच्छ्राय , Ucchrya – Upliftment
उत्सेध = Elevation /Prominence
अस्त्री प्रकांड: स्कन्ध: स्यान्मूलाछ्शाखावधिस्तरो ( 2.4.10.2)
Parts of tree –
मूल - Moola – Root
स्कन्ध – सक्न्धा (literal meaning shoulder ) Big stem
शाखा –Shakha – branches
समे शाखालते स्कन्धशाखाशाले शिफाजटे (2.4. 11. 1)
शाखा /Branch- शाखा branch, लता creeper
स्कन्ध शाखा= Main Branch
शिफा = whip,
जटा = Coiled hair
Like this , there are description of plants in Amarkosha
References
1-Amarakosha compiled by B. L. Rice edited by N Balsubramanya 1970,
2- Portal of Sanskrit. Today, sanskrit.today/amarkosha – vanaushadivarga/ posted on August 2019 , accessed on 25 November 20120
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, 2020
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