MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

3rd List of Plants mentioned in earliest Buddhist literature
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Flora in Early Buddhist Literature (Pali Tipitaka) -3
Botany in Mahajanapada Era or Buddhist Literature (1425 to 323 B.C.E) – 3
 BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –49
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By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)-
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    The work of Dhammika (2015) is very important for understanding the flora mentioned in various earliest Buddhist literature.
   Following is third list of plants mentioned in Earliest Buddhist Literature (1) –
Pali name --Common Name Plant ---------Botanical name ---------Reference
Ja= Jataka tales (4)
Vin.= Vinaya Pitaka (7)
M.=Majjhima nakaya  (6)
Th= Theragata  (
Ap= Apadana  (5)
A=Anguttara (9)
Vv= Vimanavatthu  (10)
Pv-a =Petavatthu Atthakattha ed.  (11)
Eraka -------------------A course Grass ----------------------------------Vin. I 196)
Eranda –Castor Oil plant –----Ricinus communis ---------------------M II, 152
Elembaraka – A type of creeper ------------------------------------------Ja.VI 536
Elegala –Sickle Sena --------Senna tora ------------------------------- Ja. III 222
Kakkarika –cucumber – Cucumis sativas -------------------------- Vin.III. 59
Kangu--- Millets------------------------------------------------------------ Ja.VI 581
Kacchikara – Uncertain ---------------------------------------------------- Ja. V 420
Kacchaka (probably dye fig-------------------------------------- Vin IV 34
Katukarohani –Himalayan herb ---------Picrorhiza kurro -------------- Vin I 201
Katerhua – a Bush ---------------------------------------------------------Ja.VI 537
Kanika --------------------------Premna integrifolia ----------------------- AP 17
Kanikara --------------------   Pterospermum acerifolium ------------------- A V 61
Kadamba –Kadamba ---------- Neolamarckia cadamba --------------- Ja.VI 535
Kadali – Banana --------------     Musa bulbisiana ------------------------Ja. V 195
Kappikachu ------Velvet Bean ---------Mucuna pruriens -----------Pv a 84 
Kappitha – wood apple ----------------Limonia acidissima    -------Ja.V 38
Kapasa ---Cotton -------------------- Gossypium sp. --------------------Ja. I 350
Kapura – Camphor tree -------------Cinnamomum camphora -------Ja.VI 537
Karanja ---Indian beach ----------------- Milletia pinnata ----------------Ja.VI 518
Karamadda ----------------------------- Carissa carandas ---------------  Ja.VI 536 
Karavira ---Oleander ---------------------Nerium oleander ------------- Ja. III 62
Kalmbuka –probably ----ipomoea aquatica ---------------------------------Ja. VI 535
Kalaya -----------------perhaps pigeon pea -------------------------------Ja II 370
Kalingu – a type of tree ---------------------------------------------- Ja.VI 537

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References
1-Dhammika, S. (2015), Nature and the environment in early Buddhism, Buddha Dhamma mandala Society, Singapore pages 1to 206
4- Jataka with Cemetery, ed. V. Fauseboll PTS 1877 -97 
5-Ap =Apadana edited Marry E. Litty  PTS Oxford 2000
6- M= Manjhima Nikaya editor V. Trenckner , R Chalmers London 1887-1902
7- Vin =Vinaya Paitaka , edi . H. Oldernberg PTS London 1879-83
8- Th =Theragata  edi. H. Oldenberg, Pischel 2nd edi , London  PTS London 1966
9- A= Anguttara  Nikaya , ed. R. Moris , E Hardy PTS London 1885 -90
10 Vv = Vimanavatthu , ed. N.a jayvikarama , PTS Oxford , 1977
11- Pv-a =Petavatthu Atthakattha ed E. hardy PTS London 1894

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2020 
History of Botany from Pali/ Maghadi literature, Applied Botany in India in Buddhist literature, Plant Science in early Indian Buddhist Literature ;  Flora mentioned in Buddhist literature  will be continued
 HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter

Medicinal Plants and Herbal Drugs in early Buddhist Literature
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Flora in Early Buddhist Literature (Pali Tipitaka) -5
Applied Botany in Mahajanapada Era or Buddhist Literature (1425 to 323 B.C.E) –5
 BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –51

By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)-
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  Dhammika offers us the details of medical plants (1) especially in Bhesajja Khandka of Vinaya Pitaka. Dhammika informs that Vinaya Pitaka offered details of 27 plants in ‘materia medica’ of Vinaya Pitaka with Pali names of the plants
Here are Pali names of Medicinal Plants mentioned in Vinaya Pitaka (Bhesajja Khandka )  offered by Dhammika
Ativisa Amalaka , Uppala , Usira,  Kappasa, Kutaja, Gothafala, Candana, Tagara, Talisa, Tila, Tandula, Mugga, natamal, Nimba, Pakava, Patola, Paduma, Pipal , Bhariga, Marica, Lasuna, Vaca, Vacattha, Vibhitaka, Vilariga, Singivera , Sulasi or Tulasi, Haritaka, Hallida ,
Hingu.
(Use  The Pali –English Dictionary, edited by T.V Rhys David and William S., 2004, Asian educational Service, New Delhi   for meaning of above plants
References
1-Dhammika, S. (2015), Nature and the environment in early Buddhism, Buddha Dhamma mandala Society, Singapore pages 204 to 209
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2020 
History of Botany from Pali/ Maghadi literature, Applied Botany in India in Buddhist literature, Plant Science in early Indian Buddhist Literature ;  Flora mentioned in Buddhist literature, Medical plants and Medicinal views in Buddhist Literature   will be continued
 HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter

Plant taxonomy in Early Buddhist Literature (Tipitaka)

Academic and Applied Botany in Mahajanapada Era or Buddhist Literature (1425 to 323 B.C.E) –7
 BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –53
By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)-
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 There are classification of plants and animals in Panini and other classic Sanskrit literature. Same way there are plant classification in Buddhist Literature too (2). 
  According to ancient Indian reckoning, there are 7 types of all plants – (aushadhi (medicinal herbs), vanspati (forest type trees), vraksha (fruits and flower bearing tress), Gumba(Shrubs), Trina (grasses), patina(tendrils) and valli (vine )  (2) . By studying early Buddhist literature (Tipitaka) thoroughly, Dhammika states (2) that Buddha classified plants into –Aushadhi (medicinal herbs), tina (grasses and vanappataya (forest trees) (A, IV 100). Buddha considered that plants were born from one faculty (ekindriya).
 Buddha distinguished plants by their propagation system as  by moola (root) , Khandha (stems ), phulla (joints) , agga (cutting), and bija (seeds) (D I 5) .


References-
1-Dhammika, S. (2015), Nature and the environment in early Buddhism, Buddha Dhamma mandala Society, Singapore pages 7
2- Jataka with Cemetery, ed. V. Fauseboll PTS 1877 -97 
3-Ap =Apadana edited Marry E. Litty  PTS Oxford 2000
3 A - M= Manjhima Nikaya editor V. Trenckner , R Chalmers London 1887-1902
4- Vin =Vinaya Paitaka , edi . H. Oldernberg PTS London 1879-83
5- Th =Theragata  edi. H. Oldenberg, Pischel 2nd edi , London  PTS London 1966
6- A= Anguttara  Nikaya , ed. R. Moris , E Hardy PTS London 1885 -90
7 Vv = Vimanavatthu , ed. N.a jayvikarama , PTS Oxford , 1977
8- Pv-a =Petavatthu Atthakattha ed E. hardy PTS London 1894
9  SN =Samyutta Nikaya ed. L. Feer PTs London 1884-1898
12- D = Dhiga Niakya – ed T W Rhys Davis ,PTS London 1890-1911

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2020 
History of Botany from Pali/ Maghadi literature, Applied Botany in India in Buddhist literature, Plant Science in early Indian Buddhist Literature ;  Flora mentioned in Buddhist literature, Medical plants and Medicinal views in Buddhist Literature   will be continued
 HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter

Arthashastra: An Introduction

Plant Science aspects in Kautilya’s Arthashastra -1
Botany History in Maurya Period -2
BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –55

By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)

-‘   Kautilya’s Arthashastra is a Sanskrit treatise on statecraft, economy , military strategies  including societies, markets,   and one of major sources of knowing Mauryan History. The book is divided into 15 Adhikarans (sections) and Prakaranas (1). 180 sub divisions. Arthashastra has 6000 Slokas
   ‘Arthashastra’ had been influencing Kingdom administrators till 1200 and then it was disappeared. The book was rediscovered by Dr. R. Shamsastry in 1905, and published in 1909 by Shamsastri..
   There had been controversy about the authorships of Arthashastra and timing of its creation.
Indian scholars proved that Arthashastra by Kautilya was written before4th Century BC (2)  as there are references of Kautilya in Panchatantra,  Kamandak, Dandi (Dashkumar Charit, ) Ban (Kadambari)  , Medaithi etc.. It is believed that Chanakya, Vishnu Gupta and Kautilya are same person’s name.
The Arthashastra is created in prose and poetry forms
 From History of Botany point of view, Arthashastra is important for plants tress of Maurya period, agriculture and forest and forestry (economic Botany) and medical science or Ayurveda contents (applied Botany).
In next chapter, it will be discussed the plants and tress mentioned in Arthashastra.
 
References
1-Mahajan V.D., Ancient India, S Chand and Co Delhi (1998), page 270-271 
2- Mahajan V.D., Ancient India, S Chand and Co Delhi (1998), page 272

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2020 
History of Botany in Indian subcontinent will be continued in next Chapter

Forest Classification in Arthashastra

Plant Science aspects in Kautilya’s Arthashastra -2
Botany History in Maurya Period -3
BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –56
By: Bhishma Kukreti[/b] M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)
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 Arthashastra means the acquisitions and protection of earth. In the In book 15 Tantrayuktih of Arthashastra, there is description of forests and forest management. Forests are important for human kind from the age of human took birth. Therefore, Kautilya emphasized that protection of forests is key job of the King.
  In II chapter ‘bhumichhidravidhana’ of book ‘adhyakshaprcara’, Kautilya or Vishnugupta classified forests as per utility or asked the King for  preserving the forests into following main categories  –
Pasuvana (forests for domestic animals)
Mrigvana (for hunting or entertainment)
Dravyavana (as modern National Park )
Hastivana (free for elephant dwelling)
Brahmaaranya for Brahmins
Somaranya for Brahmins
Tapovana for hermits 

 Kautilya emphasized on construction of forests for furniture trees, rope floras, bamboos, leave offering plants, flowers and fruits offering plants and medicinal plants.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2020 
History of Botany in Indian subcontinent will be continued in next Chapter