Uttarakhand > Uttarakhand History & Movements - उत्तराखण्ड का इतिहास एवं जन आन्दोलन
History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
Bhishma Kukreti:
Khasa the Ancient race of Garhwal-Kumaon (Uttarakhand)
History of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part -11
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-7
Western Brachycephal Races of Uttarakhand -3
Bhishma Kukreti
There may be differences of opinion on when the Khasa race came to India and Himalayan belt. However, there is agreement among scholars that Khasa race dominated Himalayan belt from Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Garhwal, Kumaon, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Hills of Bengal and Rajasthan. Khasa were spread in Zagros Mountains of Iran-Iraq long before Christian era. From there, Khasa one race spread towards plains and reached to Bengal and Bengal. It is believed that one part of Khasa from Iran- Afghanistan reached and settled in Himalaya before one thousand years of Aryan entered to India.
There are mentions of Khasa of Himalayas in Mahabharata (Sabhaparva, Bhishm Parv, Udyog parv, Dron Parv etc); Brahmand Purana ( 27-62-62); Matsya Purana (120-43, 44,48,51); Vayu Purana (47,, 42-43,45,47-49); Vishnu Puran (2,4-8); Markendey Puran (58); Bhagwat Puran (2, 4); Kalika Puran III(6);Sanat Kumar samhita (36-41); Rajatrangani (Translated by Dr Stein). There are mentions of Himalayan Khasa in Brihat Samhita, Tibetan chronicle Dpag –bsam-ljon-bzah (The Excellent Kalpa Briksh).
The characteristics of Khasa are longer in height, long and straight nose, white or wheat color, strong built and wider chest and full of beard and mustache on face. Due to cross breeding with Aryan, it is difficult to find exact body characters today.
Many scholars support Dr. Dabral that following village names are the proof of Khasa culture and their dominance in the territory.
British Garhwal- Kashkhal, Kasunda, Kashbadi, Kashli, Kaslinagar, Kasmoli, Kashlodi, Kasyali, Keshta, Kapol, Kapeti, Kafola, Kafaldi, Kafolgan, etc (taken from Rajeshawri Prasad, Village Directory, Garhwal).
Tihri Garhwal villages- Kash, Kashani, Kashral, Masho, mana, Kash or Shas, Las, (taken from Rajeshawri Prasad, Village Directory, Garhwal).
Almora Villages –Kashan, Kashani, Kashauli, Khasparja, Kashur, Khasoti, Kashyari etc (taken from Rajeshawri Prasad, Village Directory, Almora).
Khasa were perfect in domestication of animals and were hunter and shepherd and farmers too. Khasa or Kasa used to worship Sun, Marut, Borij etc deities. Initially, the deity sign of Khasa was horse.
The main deity of Kasa or Kasa was Kassu. The Khasa,Khashas or Kasa left many old deities and adored new deities as per place, class and time. Sun worshiping was taken from Shaka by Khasas, Khashas or Kasas. However, they never left Kassu and Khasa beloved Kassu that they used Shu name in naming the villages and deities. The deity Mahasu is the monument to suggest that Khasa dominated in Garhwal-Kumaon.
The village names Amlasu, Utransu, Farsu, Gandasu, Masbuna or Patti/Pragnaa names Brahsyun,Dhoundiyalsyun suggest that before Aryan took over Khasa were main human societies of Kumaon and Garhwal and Nepal too.
The Khasa of Iran worshipped Shimliy goddess and then words were derived as Himadevi. Him became Uma. Kassu-Mahassu, maheshwar Shima,Hhima Devi , Uma devi show tha ezistance of Khasa in himalya for many centuries.
Khasa invented tens of village deities-goddesses in Uttarakhand and pilgrim places as Amarnath, Baijnath, Uttarkashi, Badrinath, Triyuginarayan, Dwarhat, Binsar etc. No doubt, later on other races or Khasa built temples on these pilgrim places. Khasa belied on village deity and used to offer cereal first to village deity before their own uses. Dabral states that this race believed in dead souls and used to offer prayer (Hantya). The images of Bada temples
Khasa also invented Yaksha, Jakh or jagas deity. The village or place names remind the people about Yaksha deity or protectors of Khasa –Jakhni, Jakhnikhal, jakher etc.The Khasa were believers of offering animals to their deities and Jakh (Yaksha).
The deities Vinayak, Kushmand, Gajtund, jayant, Mahakal, nandi, mahakal, Ghantakarn were yaksha or Jakh of Khasa race. The Jakh is gatekeeper of Badrinath temple.
Khasa was also called as Yaksha race or jakh race.Asoka had soldiers of Khasa race. There was caste system among Khasa at later stage.
Khasa race initially used to follow female leadership in the family that mother would be the career of property.
After entry and settlement of Aryan culture in India and Uttarakhand, the Khasa lost their ruling power but not the social power.
There are many cultural norms of Khasa race remained intact till date in Kumaon and Garhwal.
When Aryan entered hills of Himalayas the Aryanization of Khasa and Kols started (approximately? around 2000 to 2500BC).
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
Dr. Naval Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010 History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad, India
K.P nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001 , Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360)
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736 )
Dr.Bipin Adhikari , 2011, Nepal Khas Jati,
H.K Barpujari, 1990, The Comprehensive History of Assam (page 11)
Bindeshwar Prasad Sinha, 1974 The Comprehensive History of Bihar (Page-70)
Fisher, William B., 2003, The Middle East and Africa
S.N Sen, 1999, Ancient Indian History and Civilization
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 13/4/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -12
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…8
Western Brachycephal Races of Uttarakhand to be continued…4
Notes on Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Tihri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Haridwar/Hardwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Dwarhat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Pithauragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand to be continued…
Bhishma Kukreti:
History of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part -12
Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-8
History of Garhwal-Kumaon Uttarakhand in Indus Civilization Era -1
Bhishma Kukreti
History of Garhwal-Kumaon Uttarakhand in Indus Civilization Era
Civilization Ages in Chronological pattern
The Indus (Sindhu Ghati ki Sabhyata ) civilization is one of oldest urbanized society. It flourished in today’s Pakistan, Baluchistan and Gujrat, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh regions too.
The Indus Valley sites are –Almagiripur (Meerut), Balu (Haryana), Balakot (Pakistan), Banwali (Haryana), Bargaon (Saharanpur), Bhagtarav (Gujrat),Bhirana (Haryana), Sindh (Pakistan), Dholavira (Kucch Gujrat),Daimabad (later Harappa, Mahrashtra), farmana (Haryana), Ganeriwala (Punjab, Pakistan), Goladhoro ( Gujarat), Harappa (Pak),Hulas (Saharanpur), kalibangan (rajsthan), Khirsara (Kutch, Guj),Padri (Kutch, Guj),kotbala (Pak),Kot Diji, (Sindh), Kunal (Haryana),Kuntasi, (Rajkot, Guj), Lakhun do Jado(Pak), Larkana (Sindh), Lateshwar (mehsana, Guj), Lothal (Ahdbad, Guj), Manda (j&K, Ind), Malwan (Surat, guj),Mandi (U.P), Mehargarh(Pak), Mohenjo daro (SIndh),Mundigak (Afghn),Nausharo (Pak), Ongar (Pak), Pir Shah Juno (Sindh), Pirak (Pak), Rakhigarhi (Haryana), Rangpur (Ahmd , Guj),Rahman Dheri (Pak), Rojdi (Rajkot, Guj), Rupar, (Punj), Sanauli (Bagpat, india), Shikarpur (Guj), Shortugai(Afgn), Sothi (Haryana), Shurkotada (Guj), Sutkagar Dor (Afghanistan).
The historians provide the chronological Ages of Indus Valley civilization as follows
Date Range ---------------------Phase----------------------Era
7000-5500 BCE------------Aceramic Neolithic-----------Early Food Producing Era
5500-3300 BCE------------Ceramic -------------------------Regionalization era
3300-2600-----------------Early Harappan----------------- Regionalization era
3300-2800-----------------Harappan (Ravi Phase) ----- Regionalization era
2800-2600-----------------Harappan phase 2 ------------- Regionalization era
2600—1900 ------------Mature Harappan A, B, C Indus Valley civilization,--Integration Era
1900-1300--------------Late Harappan --------------------------------Localization Era
1900-1700---------------Harappan 4------------------------------------ Localization Era
1700-1300-----------------Harappan 5----------------------------------- Localization Era
1300-300----------------Painted Grey Ware –Iron Age ------------Indo Gangetic Tradition
The script of Indus valley civilization is yet to decipher. The archeologists found 400-600 symbols.
It seems that there was no ruler system in this age and everybody enjoyed equal status. But every society had own authority. There was accuracy to measure length, height etc. The society followed decimal system. Indus system coined metallurgy and developed it. Civil engineering was best. There were uses of sculpture, seals, pottery, gold jewelry, in Indus valley civilization era. The societies worshiped images.
There were some types of dance in the society. There were many crafts as shell working, ceramics, agate, bead making.
The societies depended on trade. The people used to celebrate religious ceremonies and used to worship gods and goddesses. Initially, the burial system was common but in later stage, the cremation was also common.
There were four main classes in the society- Elite class, soldiers, Traders/craftsmen, Servants.
It is said that due to climate changes, the civilization started collapsing and people started migrating various places. Non- commissioning of fort is also one of the reasons of collapsing of Indus valley civilization.
Indus Valley civilization influenced all the later societies of northern and western India.
When the Indus valley civilization was flourishing, there were Proto-Australoid, Mediterranean, Monggoloid and or Alpanoid civilizations in Uttarakhand (Already written in last parts).
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 14/4/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -13
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…9
History of Garhwal-Kumaon Uttarakhand in Indus Civilization Era to be continued…2
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
Dr. Naval Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010 History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad, India
K.P nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001 , Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360)
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
S.s Negi ,Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
S.S.s Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder Singh, 2008,History of Earlier and Medieval India.
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736 )
Dr.Bipin Adhikari , 2011, Nepal Khas Jati,
H.K Barpujari, 1990, The Comprehensive History of Assam (page 11)
Bindeshwar Prasad Sinha, 1974 The Comprehensive History of Bihar (Page-70)
Fisher, William B., 2003, The Middle East and Africa
S.N Sen, 1999, Ancient Indian History and Civilization
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Bhishma Kukreti:
History of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part -13
Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-10
Thapli Sites, Malari Burials, Ranihat Sites, Sanana Baseri and ancient History of Uttarakhand
[Notes on ancient history of Uttarakhand; ancient history of Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Tihri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Hardwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Champawat, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Dwarhat, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pithauragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand]
Bhishma Kukreti
Thapli Excavation
The K.P.Nautiyal team excavated at Thapli (near Shrinagar at Shrinagar –Badrinath road at Alaknanda bank) in 1982-83. The site is single painted grey ware culture and period is estimated 1100-800B.C.
Malari Burials and History of Uttarakhand
Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral informed about his finding burials in Malari village (3800Meter height, Niti valley, Chamoli Garhwal, 61 Km from Joshimath at bank of Dhauliganga) on June 1956. Agarwal , Bhatt, J.Kharakwal, K.P. Nautiyal and B.M Khanduri et al also did researches on the burials of Malari.
Dr K.P. Nautiyal and B.M. Khanduri provide us recent details of recent researches on prehistoric time of Uttarakhand. The Malari burials are now said to be 1-2 B.C. (http://www.asidehraduncircle.in/excavation.html, Archeological Survey of India Dehradun).
Caves of burials – The oval caves were covered by flat stones. The men /women were buried bent knees. There are similarities in burying pattern with burials found in Iran of 100-200 B.C. Earthen Pots, potteries, drink vessels and dishes of meat were kept on the head side of buried persons.
Dabral informs that same types of burials were found in Dwarhat , Kumaon. Pandey refers them as burials of sages. Dabral also refers the similar burials in ladakh, lahul, Chamba Tibet. Agarwal and Kharakwal provide references of Stacul to make similarities of Malari burials with Burazahom of Kashmir. Dabral states that these burials may be of Saka and Agarwal and Kharakwal states,” ..Some of these burial complexes may belong to Early Indo European migrants in to central and western Himalayas.”
The People- the human died by natural death and the height of those buried men /women were five feet three inches. They were strong, with broad chest, strong jaws and strong teeth.
Appliances found- The leather bag (kutup), monal was drew on leather bag (kutup), squat pot, grey ware bowl, pedestalled bowl, red ware bowl ,spouted pots, horse burials, horse harshening appliances were found in the burials.
Hunters- The burials indicate that the Malari people were mainly hunters and used to depend on domesticated animals. They used to do farming perhaps in summer season. The Malari population used to build caves for them and animals.
The Malari society was happy society. The human beings were mainly dependent on meat. Malari culture was fully aware of copper items. The society was well versed with jewelry. Dr Dabral predicted that the society used to migrate from height altitude to lower altitude as it happens now in Niti and Mana regions.
The Malari people were also traders and used to export animals, wool, leather, herbs etc and used to import metallic appliances, precious stones and barleys.
The society had system of leader leading the society.
The society used to believe on good souls, harmful souls and deities. The people used to believe on the satisfaction of souls.
Ranihat excavation and History of Uttarakhand
There was archeological excavation at Ranihat (opposite Shrinagar, bank of Alaknanda, Tihri Garhwal) in 1977 under the supervision of Professor K.P. Nautiyal and the site represents three occupational periods-Period-I (600-400 B.C.), Period II (400-200B.C.) and Period III (200B.C.-200AD).
Period I-There were evidences smelting iron and copper in period I of Ranihat excavation as unpainted grey ware, glossy red ware, black polished ware.
Period II- The excavation party found burnt bricks, varieties of potteries such as rimless handi, miniature bowl of Maurayan period.
Period IIB-decent floors with the help of stones and new types of potteries as sprinkles,
Period III- built structures of stones and expertise in iron smelting and manufacturing iron tools.
Sanana Baseri, Almora
H.N. Bahuguna University team excavated the Sanana Baseri, Almora sites, and urn burials and found the painted grey ware culture. The team found in urn burials -large size earthen jars with ripple marks, dishes miniature bowls, vases, globular goblets. There was practice of multiple burials.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 14/4/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -13
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…11
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
Dr. Naval Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010 History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad, India
K.P nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001 , Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360)
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri , 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal , Central Himalaya
R.C.Bhatt, K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal ,1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas, http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Cist+burials+of+the+Kumaun+Himalayas.-a017422774
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment
http://opar.unior.it/664/1/5_Annali_1986_46_(f1)_K.P._Nautiyal_-_B.M._Khanduri.pdf
Ajya Rawat, History of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal history of Kumaon
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
S.s Negi ,Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
S.S.s Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder Singh, 2008,History of Earlier and Medieval India.
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736 )
M.S. S Rawat (editor),, Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Notes on ancient history of Uttarakhand; ancient history of Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Tihri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Hardwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Champawat, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Dwarhat, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pithauragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand to be continued…
Bhishma Kukreti:
Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarakhand
History of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part -14
Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-11
Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarakhand -1
Bhishma Kukreti
There are two major theories about initiation of Aryan civilization in India-.
1-Aryans migrated from Eurasia
2-Out of India Theory (OIT) or Indian Urheimat Theory or Indigenous Aryans
Aryans migrated from Eurasia or are Indo Iranian in origin
It is believed that Aryans have origin in Eurasia. The Yaz, BMAC (Bacteria-Margiana Archeological Complex) and Andronova cultures have association with Indo-Iranian migrations, with Indo Aryans proper separating from Proto-Indo-Iranian dated back 2000-1800 B.C. The Gandhara grave, Cometery H. Copper Hoard and painted Grey Ware cultures are associated with Indo Aryan movement.
According to Shaffer, there are very scanty evidences of mass Iranian –Aryan movement to India but there is small evidence for small scale migration to South Asia. Linguistic theories were mainly responsible for the theory of Indo Aryan as Eurasian race.
Indian Urheimat Theory or Indigenous Aryans Theory
In twentieth century, scholars started providing new theories that Aryans were Indigenous rather than Indo-Iranian race.
Elst (1999),Talageri (2000) came with Indian Urheimat theory or Indigenous Aryan theory.
After studying DNAs, Professor Lal Ji Singh, Gyaneshwar Chaubey, Dr Kumarswamy Thangaraja (2011) declared that no foreign DNA entered the Indian mainstream in the last 60000 years. They claim that Africans came to India through central Asia during 80000-60000 BCE.
Characteristics of Aryan race
Whatever may the theories, it is sure that Vedic Aryan civilization started before Vedas were created and the Aryan culture started after Indus civilization ended or was ending.
Mostly the characteristics of Aryan are guessed on the basis of Rig-Veda. It seems the Aryans were reached to Yamuna at the time of Rigveda.
The colour of Aryans was whitish or fair. The hair color was golden and eyes were blue. They were with dense beard.
Aryans used to assume domestic animals as wealth. The custom of keeping caretaker for animals was also started.
The Vedic civilization was more of rural community. Main meal was –meat, cereals, pulses, milk. There were farmers, Brahmins, Kshatriya , chariot drivers, carpenters, metal smith, in the society. There was system of King and kingdom.
The Aryans used to enjoy dances, songs, gambling, horse riding and Som drink.
The dress was made of cotton and leather. The Aryans like white dress. They used to enjoy ornaments.
The weapons were arrow, bow, club, different axes,
The family was governed by eldest man. The society was paternal oriented and son has importance. The marriages were in the same community. The caste system was very strong. Men used to marry with more than one wives. There was system for educating girls.
The Aryan worshipped deities and goddesses with devotion. They were worshippers of strength and were hopeful. Aryans were well versed with the idea of psychological strength and values of hope/optimism. Aryans were believers of souls, life after death, bad souls, good souls, belivers of heaven and hell.
The major deities of Aryans were Indra, Aditi, Varun, Mitra, Agni, Aryama, savitri, Rudra, Marut, rodasi, Ashwini, Nasatya, Bhag, Sarswati, vayu, ribhuksha, Parjany. The forefathers were as deities.
Aryans worshipped the rivers, sun rise, sun, clouds, fire, and seasons as deities.
There was importance for farming and forest produces.
Yagya was started by Aryans. Offering animals to deities was also there.
The prayers were for prosperity, defense-protection, society, fame, enemy killings, getting servants, long life, sons and children, protection from wild animals etc. The Aryan used to ask t deities to give them hundred years of life.
Besides mantras, Aryans were versed with herbal medicines and surgery. Black magic was also part of Aryan culture.
Respecting fire and saving fire was main part of culture.
***Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarakhand to be continued in History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -15
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 18/4/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -15
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…12
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
Dr. Naval Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010 History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad, India
K.P nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001 , Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360)
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal , Central Himalaya
R.C.Bhatt, K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal ,1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas,
Http://www.thefreeliberary.com/cist +burial+Himalayas-a017422774
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment:
http://opar.unior.it/664/1/5/Annali 1986 (f1)K.p.nautiyal-B.M.Khanduri
Ajya Rawat, History of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal history of Kumaon
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
S.s Negi ,Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
S.S.s Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder Singh, 2008,History of Earlier and Medieval India.
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736 )
M.S. S Rawat (editor),, Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Elst, Koenraad, 1999, Update on the Indian Aryan invasion debate, Delhi
Talgeri , Shrikant, 2000, The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis
Kumar Chellappan, 2011, New Research Debunks Aryan Invasion Theory, DNA, Chennai edition, 10the Decmevr 2011
Notes on Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Pithauragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Dwarhat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Hardwar Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Dehradun Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Dehradun Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarkashi Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Tihri Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Rudraprayag Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Chamoli Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Pauri Garhwal , Uttarakhand to be continued…
Bhishma Kukreti:
Rigvedic Tribes and History of Uttarakhand
History of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part -15
Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-12
Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarakhand -2
Bhishma Kukreti
It is essential that the historians discuss about tribes described in Rigveda to discuss the ancient history of Garhwal-Kumaon or Uttarakhand as described by Rahul Santyakritan, Dr Dabral, little bit by B.D.pandey, Saklani, Agarwal , Handa etc.
According to F. Stall (1999), the tribes described in Rigveda are semi-nomadic pastoralists. The lists of tribes described in Rigved are –Alina people, Anu, Ayu, Bhajeratha, Bhalans, Aryan Bharats, Bhrigus, Chhedi, Dasa, Dasyu, Dhrabika,Druhus, Gandhari, Gungu, Iksavuku, Krivi, Kikata, Kuru, Mahina, Maujavant, Matsya, Meenas, Nahusa, Pakhta, Jan Kristi etc, Pani, Paravata, Parsu, Parthava, Puru, Rusama, Sarasvata, Satvant, Sigru, Simayu, Shiva, Snjaya, Savitana, Tritsu, Trivasa, Usinara, Vaikama, Vasu, Vibhindu, Visanin, Vrachivant, Yadu and Yaksu
Caves men Dasa
There is mention of Aryans fought many times with Kirats the caves men of Punjab.
Das Janpad
The mentions of Dasas of Himalaya in Rigveda show that these Dasas janpad of Himalayan were great warriors, strong and difficult to win. That is why there are prayers for winning to Dasas of Himalayas by Aryans in Rigveda.
Hill Dasa Kings
The Rigveda mentions the Dasa Kings as Shambar (Kangda Janpad king) was very strong and there was fight by Aryan with Shambar for forty years.
Other hill Dasa kings were –Chumari, Dhuni, Shushn, Ashus, Balbut, Pipru, Vrishshrip, Kuyav, Vritr, Vyans, Rudhika, Namuchi, Kulitar, Bhed, Aj, Yaksh, Shigru, Yaksh, Shigru, Ilivish, Varchin.
Shambar , his son Bhed and other Hill Dasa kings fought with Aryan Divodas and his son Sudas.
***Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarakhand to be continued in History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -16
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 18/4/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -16
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…13
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
Dr. Naval Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010 History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad, India
K.P.Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001 , Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360)
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal , Central Himalaya
R.C.Bhatt, K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal ,1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas,
Http://www.thefreeliberary.com/cist +burial+Himalayas-a017422774
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment:
http://opar.unior.it/664/1/5/Annali 1986 (f1)K.p.nautiyal-B.M.Khanduri
Ajya Rawat, History of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal history of Kumaon
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
S.s Negi ,Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
S.S.s Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder Singh, 2008,History of Earlier and Medieval India.
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736 )
J.C. Agarwal, S.P.Agarwal, S.S. Gupta, 1995, Uttarakhand: Past, Present and Future
M.S. S Rawat (editor), Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Elst, Koenraad, 1999, Update on the Indian Aryan invasion debate, Delhi
Talgeri , Shrikant, 2000, The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis
Kumar Chellappan, 2011, New Research Debunks Aryan Invasion Theory, DNA, Chennai edition, 10the Decmevr 2011
Notes on Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Pithauragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Dwarhat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Hardwar Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Dehradun Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Dehradun Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarkashi Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Tihri Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Rudraprayag Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Chamoli Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Pauri Garhwal , Uttarakhand to be continued…
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