MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

           Exclusive Characteristics of Initial British Administration
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       Administration of G. W. Trail in Garhwal -15
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -16
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -854
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
              Initially, Trail handed over the tax collection or land management to the ‘Sayana’ or ‘Kamin’ for collecting taxes from their Patti/Thok. Most of the Sayana were ‘sayana’ in Gurkha period too. Most of the ‘Sayana’ were in heavy debts. However, for position and power, those ‘sayana’ did not leave the position of ‘Sayana’.
        There were many villages under a ‘Sayana’. Sayana distributed the job of collecting Tax from Padhan (village chief). People used to call ‘Sayana’ as ‘Thokdar’. However, Dr. Dabral sates that he inspected 100 of land management records and he did not get any word ‘Thokdar’ in those records of initial British administration.
         Gurkha followed ‘Sayana’ administrative concept as was in Garhwal Kingdom. British followed the Gurkha pattern of ‘Sayana’ administration concept with little amendment. Therefore, ‘Sayana’ was the the practical King or dictator of Thok or Patti even in initial period of British rule.  Though, in agreement, there was no mention of ‘Sayana’ taking gifts (dastur) from the subjects, ‘Sayana used to take gifts from the subjects.
  ‘Sayana’ had to collect tax through ‘Padhan’ (village chief). ‘Sayana’ used to deposit tax at Tehsildar office and used to record the tax and used to get receipt from Tehsil as ‘Dakhila’. 
  Trail amended the administrative rules. In Garhwal Kingdom, and Gurkha regimes, Raut, Thakur, Mana chaunl, Faujdar and in Grukha administration, soldiers too used to rule and take taxes as per their wishes. Trail stopped the policies and asked soldiers, policing bodies not to interfere in revenue departments. Sayana and revenue departments were asked not to interfere in police or defense jobs.
                      Hierarchy and    Communication
      In Garhwali Kingdom, the final ordere used to flow from Shrinagar. Kathmandu was the final authority for Gurkha rule.
 The general order started coming from Almora. Delhi residency also used to send order from Delhi.  East India Company header quarter at Kolkata or ‘sadar’ used to send comments or order on very important matters after discussion with required administrators. Garhwal was under and part of British rule or Company Bahadur rule.
       Communication and transportation were not easy jobs. Trail used to visit Gardner on weekly basis and used to report him all important or non important matters. Trail used to get permission from Gardner.  Gardner used to copy the letter of Trail and used to post the copy of Trail’s letter with his comments to Kolkata. After discussion, the decision was taken in Kolkata. Company secretary John Adam used communicate the final order of Head quarter to Gardner and Trail. Many times, East India Company head quarter Kolkata used to send letter to Board of Directors London for taking decision on important matter.
 The administrative methods were very systematic. The local British (European) officers were supposed to learn local languages, religious customs, and social customs and were supposed to have relationship with local people that they know the reality. The reports of British officials show that they used to observe matters minutely and seriously.
 Initially, the administration language was Hindi in Garhwal. However, after that urdu became the the administration language of Garhwal too. But urdu could not take the place of Hindi.
  The administrators of British and independent Indian administration burnt many important papers in the name of ‘Chhantai’ or cleaning. 
   
         
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 17/7/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -855
*** History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun, (Pauri , Rudraprayag, and Chamoli) Garhwal (1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References   
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page 142
2-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -6, Gorkhyali

      Xx
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

                      List of Commissioners of Kumaon Davison - 2       
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 British Administration in Kumaon-Garhwal   -2         
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -18
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -856
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

               Henry Ramsey the Kumaon –Garhwal Commissioner
         Captain Ramsey became the commissioner of Kumaon and Garhwal after Batten in 1856. He is called ‘Bhagyavidhata’ (Fortune Changer) of Kumaon and Garhwal. Ramsey was in Kumaon for 44 years. He served at lower positions as Assistant Commissioner from 1844-1856 in Kumaon before becoming commissioner of Kumaon and Garhwal from 1856-1884. European historian named him ‘King of Kumaon’ and Kumaonis and Garhwali called him Ramji Saheb (Pandey). Ramsey was married to Laura Lushington the daughter of previous commissioner Lushington.
           Ramsey used to stay four months in Almora, four months in Binsar and four months in Bhabhar. In between, Ramsey used to travel in other regions. By frequent travelling Ramsey had made cordial relations with people of Kumaon. He was aware about people, their culture and used to speak Kumaoni. Ramsey used to take Finger millet bread at common men house. British government retired Ramsey forcefully. Ramsey lived in his own Ramsey Bungalow, Almora after retirement. His sons took Ramsey forcibly to Britain. He sold the said bungalow to government where high cadre officers lived later on. Ramsey built bungalows in Binsar, Khali, Almora, Haldwani and Ramnagar (Pandey).
    Ramsey was very much interested in converting Kumaoni people into Christianity. His wish was that very Kumaoni became Christian. Ramsey used to help Christian priests.
   Ramsey was strong administrator. His words were the order of the days. He did not regularize all the rules arrived from Government Head quarter.  Ramsey was credited Kumaon Davison as ‘Non regulatory Province’. Ramsey liked ‘Yes Men’. he did not promote those opposed him directly or indirectly.
  Ramsey corrected administrative functions for Bhabhar and improve the situation for people start living in Bhabhar and increasing productivity of Bhabhar. In past, people never wanted to live in Bhabhar due to diseases. Ramsey was named as ‘Vishwakarma’ of Bhabhar (the creator of Bhabhar) Pandey).
 In 1857 Rebellion war , Ramsey did not allow disturbances in Kumaon-Garhwal, though, there was revolt in Champawat. Ramsey did not allow ‘Civil Police’ system in Kumaon and Garhwal and allowed ‘Revenue Police’ in the hill states. He was of opinion that Revenue Police (Patwari) was the best system in hills. (Pandey)
                    Other Commissioners of Kumaon- Garhwal after Ramsey
Fisher from 1884-1885, Raus- 1885, Colonel Grig - , Colonel Erskine, Colonel Roberts, Davis, Gracie, Campbell (1913), Wyndham (1913-24), Staif (1924-1931) ,Stabs, Goyan, Ibbotson etc were  commissioners of Kumaon-Garhwal. However, they could not get the fame as Trail, Batten and Ramsey got fame for real works.


   
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 21/7/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -857
*** History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun, (Pauri , Rudraprayag, and Chamoli) Garhwal (1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References   
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page 148
2-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -6, Gorkhyali
3-Pandey, Kumaon ka Itihas, page 455
4-Atkinson, Himalayan districts, vol-2, page 648

      Xx
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

                 
          Pargana, Pattis of Garhwal in British Period
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          British Administration in Garhwal   -4         
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -20
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -858
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
     In Garhwali Kingdom period, the Kings did not establish Pattis or Thok as per geographical means  Garhwal King used to offer Jagir to Jagirdar by villages and not by geographical situation. For example, King offered ‘Naithana ‘village (Tehri Garhwal)  that was crossing Alaknanda River from Shrinagar was offered as Jagir to Sayana of Badhan Pargana.  Therefore, Naithana was village under Badhan Pargana. Gurkha administrators stopped Naithana Jagir to Sayana of Badhan. However, Naithana was under Badhan Patti. There were so many discrepancies in Pattis and villages. Batten corrected in establishing Pattis and Parganas as per geographical means. Batten divided Garhwal into 11 Parganas and 86 Pattis as –
S.N.----Pargana----------------------Pattis
1- Barahsyun------------------------1-Banelsyun 2-Bangarhsyun 3-Gagwarsyun4- Idwalsyun 5-Khatsyun 6- Kafolsyun 7-Manyarsyun 8-Nadalsyun 9- Paidulsyun 10-Patwalsyun 11- Rawatsyun 13-Sitaunsyun 14-Aswalsyun
2- Badhan----------------------------15- Khansar 16- Kapiri 17- Kadakot 18-Mandak 19- pindarwar 20- Pindarpar
3-Chandpur--------------------------- 21-Chandpur Sili 22- Chandpur Taili 23- Choprakot 24- Chauthan 25- Dhaijyuli 26- Lobha 27-Ranigarh 28-Sirgur
4-Chaundkot--------------------------------29- Gurarsyun 30- Jaintolsyun 31-Kimgadigad 32-Maundadsyun 33-Mawalsyun 34-Pinglapakha 35-Ringwadsyun
5- Devalgarh----------------------------- 36- Bidolsyun 37-Bachhansyun 38-Chalansyun 39-Dhanpur 40-Ghurdaudsyun 41- Kandarsyun 42- Katolsyun
6-Dashauli--------------------------------------43- Baind 44- Dashauli Malli 45- Dashauli Talli
7- Nagpur- --------------------------------46- Bamsu 47-Kalifat Malli 48- Kalifat Talli 49- Maikhanda 50-Nagpur Malla, 51- Nagpur Bichhla 52- Nagpur Talla 53- Urgam 54- Parkandi
8- Painkhanda- ------------------------------ 55- Painkhanda Malla 56- Painkhanda Talla
9-Gangasalan------------------------------------ 57- Dhangu Malla 58- Dhangu talla 59- Karandu valla 60- Karandu Palla 61-Langur 62- Udaipur Malla 63- Udaipur Bichhla 64-Udaipur Talla 65- Ajmer
10- Malla Salan --------------------------------------- 66- Bangarsyun 67- Dhoundiyalsyun 68-Guhdu 69- Idiyakot 70-Khatli 71- Kolagad 72- Meldhar 73- sabali 74- Saindhar 75- Talain
11- Talla Salan ---------------------------------------- 76- Bhabahr 77- Bijlaut Valla 78- Bungi 79- Badalpur Malla 80- Badalput Talla 82- Kaudiya Valla 83- Kaudiya Palla 84- Paino 85-Sila Malla 86- Sila Talla




   
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 23/7/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -859
*** History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun, (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli) Garhwal (1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References   
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page 149
 

      Xx
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

        Land Management and Land Ownership in British Period
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          British Administration in Garhwal   -6         
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -22
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -860
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
   In previous chapters, in Trail period, the land management agreements between British government and Sayana are already discussed.
      Trail did second revenue agreement with Padhan and government. ((Pauri Settlement report, page 55) Barring Nagpur, Sila , Lobha and a couple of other Pattis, all Padhans of Garhwal did agreement with British for dividing families of village , tax on each family and depositing the tax in Tehsil.
          Trail used to call all Padhans of a Patti and met them.  He used to inform them the last tax amount and used to instruct Padhans for analyzing crops, land and numbers of farmer families of each village and then distribute tax amount to each village. There were scanty farmers in villages. Padhan has to pay tax even farmers don’t pay tax. There was tendency of families migrating here and there. If any farmer or a couple of farmers used to migrate from the village, it was hard time for Gram Padhan (village chief or chief of more villages) for paying the decided tax amount. A Gram Padhan used to request not to migrate and other Padhan used to welcome the migrating family for settling in his village or area. Each Padhan was always in search of establishing a new farmer in his village from other villages.
       Trail sent a report about land revenue and land management to Board of Commissioners on 15th February 18120. By that report it seems that first the Padhan of a particular Patti used to decide them by discussion, and then they used to sign on Fardfant or agreement. Then government officials used to inform the tax (increased one) on each village or areas of Padhan. Usually, government officers used to increase one to three percent more than suggested amount by Padhan. One copy of agreement signed by Padhan was kept in treasury office and other copy was handed over to Padhan. The agreement for Nagpur, Lobha (far Pargana) etc was made with ‘Sayana’ of Parganas. Trail understood in the beginning that the Indian (Garhwal) government servants were corrupt, have nepotism tendency and don’t abide judicial means. Therefore, he never called government officers while he was discussing tax with Gram Padhans in meeting.  Trail wrote that that procedure of negotiating directly with Padhan was the best in terms of judiciary and logics. (Devar)

   
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 25/7/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -861
*** History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun, (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli) Garhwal (1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References   
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page 153-154
2-Devar, English Pre Mutiny Records, page 462
 

      Xx
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

             Third Land Settlement in Garhwal   
          British Administration in Garhwal   -8         
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -24
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -862
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                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
               British movement got satisfactory results from second land settlement with Padhan of Garhwal.  Padhan deposited revenue in time in Tehsil. Therefore, there was third agreement between British Government /Company and Padhans of Garhwal for 1817-1818, 1819-1820 (Collection of Vishnu Singh Gorla Rawat, Himtu File)). In this agreement, Padhans are asked to deposit tax of three years in four installments –
 (वृताकार मुहर उपर उर्दू में नीचे हिंदी में जारज विलियम तिरियल बहादुर १८१६ )
“कौलकरार पट्टा हीमतु नाम मालगुजार जीले गढ़वाल प्रगन्ना गुजडू मध्ये मौजे पसोली मल्ली के (I) जो तुमनै दर्खास वर्ष ३ बकरार ३ साल तमाम सम्वत १८७४ सन्न १२२५ फसली लगायोत साल ७६ सन्न १२२७ फसली बाबत फसली खरीफ व रवि के साथ जमा रुपैअं २४०IIसिके कल्दार फर्काबाद के सिवाय रकम सायर आफकरी  भंग गांजा अत्तर अफीम पोस्त भट्टी खेराड धर्मार्थ मिलक बाग़ बगिरे खैरात विष्णुप्रीत ब्रह्महोत्र वगैह्रन बाहिक बिना स्वाफत वे तक्रा (र ) हजूर मौ गुजरानी (I) ईस वास्ते वसर्त मजूर .. साहिवान , सदर के पट्टा तुमको दिया  जाता है की ईजारा ३ साल तमाम  ... व्ही गाऊँ वमुजीम लिखे हुवे दर्खास के रुपैयें विनाह कैदमी के मुकर ठराई दिया (I) माफम कीस्तौं के रुपयें सर्कार के  तहसीलदार के पास पहुंचाने के दाखला लेते रहोगे और रयत कौं अपनी भलमानसी सै रखकर दीन प्रदीन अवादी रयत की और चैन चलन खेती का कर्ते रहोगे (I) और अस्मानी फर्मानी अमल गौर्खौं मौ जारी था अब अमलदारी सर्कार कम्पनी बहादुर  के मैं मने है (I) किसी तरह से येक दाम रयत के सै न लेना (I) जुलम बेवाजबी के से  न करना (I)
-------------- तपसिल ---
साल ७४ के ८३ II ------------- साल ७५ के ८३ II ---- ----साल ७४ के ८३ II
कुवार     २१   --------------- कुवार     २१--------------  कुवार     २१ 
अघन      २१ --------------- अघन      २१ ------------- अघन      २१
मघि    २१ ------------ -----मघि    २१--------------------------- मघि    २१
वैशाख  २० II-----------  वैशाख २० II----------------------------- वैशाख  २० II
( Vishnu Singh Rawat file about Parsoli file with Shiv Prasad Dabral)

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 27/7/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -863
*** History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun, (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli) Garhwal (1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References   
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page 155-156
2-Devar, English Pre Mutiny Records, page 462
 

      Xx
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;