Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 535214 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1060 on:** September 09, 2016, 10:42:34 AM »

Watermill tax, Patwari Tax in Beckett Settlement
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Characteristics of Beckett Settlement in Garhwal -7

British Administration in Garhwal -41
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -58
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -895
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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There were hundreds of watermills in Garhwal for grain grinding. Some watermills were in operation seasonally till water is sufficient. Very few watermills were operation in summer season. There were a few public watermills and people did not have to pay grains for grinding. Watermill owner used to take o1/16 grains for grinding fees.
Usually, the capacity of watermill was 2 Mons per day. Beckett suggested tax on watermills. Th e watermill tax was levied first time in Garhwal.
The tax per year was as under-
No tax on public watermill
Seasonal watermill – Rs.1
Watermill running full year – Rs.2
Taxes were slightly more on watermills falling on pilgrimage roads. (Beckett)

Patwari Tax

There was a specific tax under miscellaneous tax structure called Patwari tax. Since, the land recordings required more man power; British government increased the number of Patwaris. Beckett or government increased the number of Patwaris to 44 and the action areas for Patwaris were limited to two Patties. The salary for Patwari was Rs ten per month. Therefore increase in government expenditure. Beckett started Patwari training too.

Beckett fixed a new tax 4 % on payable tax as Patwari Tax.
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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 9/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -896
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-197
2-Beckett Garhwal Settlement report page 8
3- Atkinson, Himalayan districts vol.3, 308, and 300

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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1061 on:** September 10, 2016, 11:14:20 AM »

Post Office Tax in Beckett Settlement
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Characteristics of Beckett Settlement in Garhwal -8

British Administration in Garhwal -42
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -59
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -896
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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There is description of villagers for dispatching the government posts on terns in Kaul Karar Patta.
Government officials were regularly asking main roads nearby villagers for postal services after increase in posts. Government was not offering any payments for poster serviced rendered by the villagers. The far away villagers used to reach late or did not come to the decided place for taking posts. Road side villagers were feeling crunch as it was disturbances on their agro works. Government appointed Halkara on regular payment for taking main road posts. Government imposed additional 3 % of tax payable on land as postal tax on the villagers for postal services. The villages far away from main roads had to serve the government for postal services as usual. (Atkinson).
By 1839, there were 55 post offices in North West provinces. There were post offices in Dehradun or Almora for Garhwal (Bhanu, 316). Halkara used to take letters and parcels from Dehradun or Almora to other centers and then villagers used to take to villages etc. Dak was delivered by Palki. Europeans used to ask post offices for travelling through Palki. Post offices used to arrange loaders for Palki. On that time, post offices were as tour agents too. The post offices used to change labor taking Europeans on Palki after every five or six miles. The villagers on tern used to serve post offices free for taking Palki transportation. Villagers used to take government ‘Dak’ (post free too. There was system of fast post delivery and normal post delivery (Bhanu, 318).
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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 10/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -897
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-198
2- Atkinson, Himalayan districts vol.3, 300
3- Bhanu Dharma, History and administration of North West provinces page 316, 318

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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1062 on:** September 11, 2016, 11:10:23 AM »

Education or School Tax in Beckett Settlement
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Characteristics of Beckett Settlement in Garhwal -9

British Administration in Garhwal -43
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -60
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -897
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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In Garhwal Kingdoms and Gurkha Rules, the state did not have any responsibility for education. Pundits used to teach mostly Brahmins boys privately at temple or own courtyard. Same system was there at initial British rule in Garhwal.
In July 1854, President of Board of Control of English east of India Charles Wood sent a circular about education. The said order is called Wood Dispatch’. Wood sent a dispatch to Governor General Dalhousie about education and recommended –
1-An education department to be set up in each province
2- Universities to be set up based on London University model in big cities as Bombay, Calcutta and Madras.
3- At least one school to be opened in each district
4-Affiliated schools to be given grant as aid
5-The government should always support women education
6- There should be arrangement for local languages teaching for Indian natives
7- There should be systematic system of education from primary to universities
(Wood Dispatch, 1854)
There were two school inspectors and two assistant school inspectors for North West Provinces. The head quarter for second school inspector was in Meerut and inspector used to sit in Delhi office. The said inspector used to inspect the government schools of Delhi, Meerut, Ruhelkhand and Kumaon (Bhanu).
Beckett levied another additional tax for 3% of land tax as ‘Vidyalay dey’ for education promotion. By additional revenue, government opened 58 schools.
There were following types of schools –
Tehsil Madarsa- Primary school
Halkabandi Madarsa- Lower primary schools
Mausami or seasonal Madarsa – The teachers and student used to reach different places as Kedarnath, Mana, Gammali in summer and in winter at different places (Beckett) as Ukhimath, Joshimath and Chamoli.

Tax installments

British government fixed tax payment time for different installments. The owners used to pay tax to Padhan and Padhan used to deposit to Patwari or Tehsildar. Many times, if a land owner was unable for paying tax, Padhan used to deposit tax on behalf of land owner. Later on Padhan used to collect tax from land owner. If land owner was unable to pay tax (paid by Padhan on his behalf) Padhan was authorized to go to court for collection. There used to auction of defaulter owners and money launderers used to auction in such cases.
Beckett wrote that in past few years, out of 3116 land owners, only 251 cases of land auction or land donation were reported. (Atkinson, page 300)

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 11/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -898
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-198-199
2- Atkinson, Himalayan districts vol.3, 300
3- Bhanu Dharma, History and administration of North West provinces page 367-68
4- Beckett, Garhwal Settlement report pages 30-31
5-Wood Dispatch 1854

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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1063 on:** September 12, 2016, 11:21:21 AM »

Bhotiya region Revenue and Hakk Dastur in Beckett Settlement
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Characteristics of Beckett Settlement in Garhwal -10

British Administration in Garhwal -44
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -61
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -898
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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Sir Henry Ramsay wrote comments for Beckett Settlement, “Before, in early settlement, the past tax was the base for tax determination. The tax determination was based on land measurement in Beckett settlement. He decided tax in agriculture prosperous region based on population and Beesee land. Beckett determined tax on the regions those were less prosperous or economy deepened on trade on the basis of population and economic conditions. Therefore, tax on Bhotiya Malhas of Malla Painkhanda could be called ‘Mund Kar’. It would be wise decision for tax determination on the basis of numbers of cattle, sheep, goat in Bhotiya Malhas regions of Kumaon and Garhwal. Beckett was aware about the dependency of prosperity on numbers of cattle, sheep, and goat. However, his views were that people could hide the cattle. Therefore, he took base of tax on numbers of human population” (Atkinson)

Hakk Dastur Cash Amount in Beckett Settlement

There was mention of ‘Hakk Dastur’ tax to be taken by ‘hissedar, padhan and thokdar’from land owners in Karar Patta of Batten settlement. Hissedar (Thokdar or Padhan) used to make list with eagerness and used collecting the tax from land owners. However, in many regions, it became difficult for Hissedar (Thokdar or Padhan) in collecting Dasture from Khaykars (those used to cultivate land for many generations but were not owners). Khaykars wanted a position of land owners. Such Khaykars refused to obey the order that their villages were under any Hissedar, padhan or Thokdar. Khaykars argued by showing court cases in Garhwal Kingdom and Gurkha rule that the appointment for Sayana were for law and order (faujdari, judiciary etc). Khaykars from Gujadu and Malla Salan refused sign for paying Dastur or Bhent to Sayanas (Hissedar) on Karar Patta. They did not want to transfer their ownership to other persons. Batten decided a fix cash amount in place of Bhent or Dastur for settling the issue where the he got proofs for Hissedari of Hissedar/Sayana.Sayana or Hissedar also became ready for cash.
Beckett made universal rule for cash in place of Dastur and Bhent. Malgujar had to pay tax in case land owners did not pay. Therefore, a portion of money was necessary for Malgujar (tax collector, padhan etc). Beckett decided maximum of 20% of tax for Bhent cash for Khayakar.
Initially, in British rule, Malgujar were also looking after judiciary, law and order. They took disadvantages. Therefore, in 1856, British government took back police and judiciary authorities from Malgujar. (Atkinson, page 318, Beckett page 11))

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 12/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -899
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-198-199
2- Atkinson, Himalayan districts vol.3, 299-300
3- Batten, Settlement reports of District Garhwal 535

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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1064 on:** September 13, 2016, 10:25:38 AM »

Beckett Settlement was not as Raiyatvari Bhuvyavstha
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Characteristics of Beckett Settlement in Garhwal -11

British Administration in Garhwal -45
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -62
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -899
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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Beckett remarked that his land settlement was ‘‘Raiyatvari Bhuvyavstha’. Ramsay and Atkinson supported Beckett (Atkinson). However, Dr. Dabral stated that the statement was not totally correct. Government issued rules for land settlement as ‘Saharanpur Rules’ in 1855. According to ‘Saharanpur Rules’ the settlement was valid for end of the nineteenth century. There were three main differences between North West Provinces (NWP) (Saharanpur Rules) land
Settlement and Bombay presidency land settlement (this was really the ‘Raiyatvari settlement) –
1-In NWP, the tax was determined for whole village. The tax was distributed among owners and Khaykars in a village. In ‘Raiyatvari settlement of Bombay presidency; the tax was determined on each farm land.
2-In NWP, the tax payment was collective responsibilities for all villagers paying through Malgujar. In Bombay Presidency, each farmer was responsible for paying his tax.
3- In NWP, the tax payment was collective responsibility of villagers and they could show their concern or could oppose government collectively. However, in Bombay Presidency, the individual farmer was responsible for tax payment. The individual could not dare for opposing government order.

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 13/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -900
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-201, 202
2- Atkinson, Himalayan districts vol.3, 318
3- Beckett Garhwal Settlement, page 11
4-Bhanu Dharma, History and Administration of North West Provinces page 204-5

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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1065 on:** September 14, 2016, 12:37:59 PM »

Pargana wise Figures of Land Area in Beckett Settlement
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Characteristics of Beckett Settlement in Garhwal -12

British Administration in Garhwal -46
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -63
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -900
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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Atkinson provided details of area under agriculture and area under barren land in Beckett settlement –

Pargana ---Malgujar—-Villages----1823----------------1859--------------1859------- Agro Tax Rs-
--------------Nos.---------- Nos.------Beesee (app)----- Agriculture ------Barren-------
Barasyun --506-------------648------ 16194---------------25726------------3471--------16644
Badhan----- 225 --------- 374 ---- 14171-------------- 7361--------------1514 --------6930
Chandpur--- 296----------- 414 ----- 12924-------------- 12667 -----------1760-------- 10170
Chaundkot---184---------- 287 ------ 4025---------------10580------------ 881--------7136
Devalgarh---- 269 ----------392------- 9144--------------- 9464 ------------ 871-------- 8005
Dasuali------- 102 -----------142------ 4269 -------------- 3364-------------1554------- n, Av
Nagpur----- --373 -----------594------ 12457---------------13622----------- 1983 --------9288
Painkhanda---46 ------------76 ----------3453----------------2452------------ 690 -------- 1649
Gangasalan----395-----------499---------8697--------------20965-----------1312----------13813
Malla Salan----285 --------- 411 ------ 7500---------------14212------------ 884 --------11611
Talla Salan ---- 435 -------- 580 ----- 11528 ------------ 14334 ------------1153-------11192

Pargana -----Gharat Nos -----Gharat Tax Rs. -----------Population

Barasyun -------125------------------75------------------33551
Badhan---------- 405 ----------------- 668 ------------- 16579
Chandpur---------399 ------------------ 481 -------------22380
Chaundkot---------38 ------------------ 17 ------------ 15518
Devalgarh --------154 ------------------ 237 ------------- 18644
Dasuali ---------- 139------------------- 229 --------------- 7100
Nagpur------------- 374------------------ 520 --------------28068
Painkhanda ---------102 ---------------- 213 --------------- 5523
Gangasalan----------145 -------------- 60 ----------------29472
Malla Salan----------86 ----------------- 26 --------------- 29099
Talla Salan ---------- 41 ------------------ 4 ------------------24705

Total
Malgujar—-Villages----1823----------------1859--------------1859------- Agro Tax Rs-
Nos -------------Nos.----- Beesee------------ Agro -------------- Barren------
3116----------- 4417---104362---------------134747---------------16073----- 96311
Measured --------4395—102921---------------133935------------- 15444------ 95546
Forest ------------- 93------- 1569
Gharat Nos -----Gharat Tax Rs. -----------Population
--2008-----------------2523------------------ 2306338
Forest – 30-------------120
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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 14/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -901
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-202
2- Atkinson, Himalayan districts vol.3, 320

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1066 on:** September 16, 2016, 12:19:44 PM »

Characteristics of Pau Settlement in Garhwal -1

British Administration in Garhwal -47
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -64
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -901
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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There was apprehension about real land area determined in Batten land settlement through rope (Dori Nap). After completion of thirty years of Batten settlement, in 1887, it was essential for measuring land through plain table system. In 1887Board of Revenue director of Records, Agriculture department for the process of future land settlement. The senior assistant commissioner of Garhwal reported about the random measurement in Lobha and other places in Garhwal (2) for getting information about –
1-The increase in agriculture land after batten settlement
2-The reliability and correctness of maps and measurement conducted in Batten settlement
3-The cost estimation for new measurement as per old system
After Lobha survey, it was found that 66 % farm land was changed in form and area as shown in maps in Batten settlement. There was total fifteen percent increase in agriculture land- ten % as new land and 5 % increase in old farm/field. However, the random survey in other parts of Garhwal proved that there was 33 % increase in Agriculture land. The cost on new survey was estimated for 5 anna and 11 pai per acre or Rs.243 per square mile.
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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 16/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -901
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-202
2- Pau, Garhwal Settlement report page 75

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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1067 on:** September 19, 2016, 08:54:13 AM »

Cadastral Surveys in Pau Settlement in Garhwal

Characteristics of Pau Settlement in Garhwal -2

British Administration in Garhwal -48
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -65
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -902
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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The Land records and Agriculture Director had an opinion that there should be increase for Rs. 50000 in revenue from Garhwal due to steep t rise in grain procurement /selling price and agricultural land expansion. He wrote that there were flaws in Beckett settlement as the cost of measuring land was costly and the chances of authenticity for land measurement were in doubt. Therefore, he suggested measuring land through cadastral method. In 1889, Government sanctioned for Rs 830000 for cadastral survey after the suggestions by Colonel Sandman the Deputy Superintendent of Survey of India. Government accepted the rules laid by Colonel Sandman in 1890. (Pau)
In the new method, through theodolite, trigonometrically and traverse survey methods, the land measurement and survey was conducted.
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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 19/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -902
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-203
2- Pau, Garhwal Settlement report page 75

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1068 on:** September 20, 2016, 11:58:31 AM »

Farm land and measurement in Pau Settlement in Garhwal

Characteristics of Pau Settlement in Garhwal -3

British Administration in Garhwal -49
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -66
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -903
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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Every ‘mend’ or dividing line of farm land was given a separate numbers in ‘Swatantra Bhuvyvstha’ (Dabral).
However in Pau settlement and Pau and Ibbotson settlement, the agriculture land was included that had was in a place, had owner and was in a village ‘Tok’. All farms were measured and map was drawn for all farms in each place. The dividing lines (‘mend’) were shown in map by dots. Each farm (khet) was given a number. Mend (dividing line) were not given numbers. If the barren land between two farms or inside farm was more than 5’ and 2.5”, the barren land was measured and shown in map. If the barren land was within farm, the barren land was shown by dots and barren land between two different farms the barren land was shown by line.
In Garhwal Bhabhar, the unit of land measurement on map was 16 “for a mile. In hills, the unit for map was 32” for a mile and in some cases it was 64 inch = one mile.
In Pau settlement, the unit for a Patti was 4 inch for a mile. The agricultural land of each village was shown in map of a Patti. It became easy for comparing agriculture land of all villages (Pau).
If there was measurement be cadastral measurement, the map also showed the river and barren land between villages. Pau stated that it was not full proof.

Khanapuri or Recording

Recording on Khasra was conducted along with measurement and was called ‘Khanapuri’ Amins from hills were there in measuring and mapping and recording. However, in many cases, Amins from plans were also employed. Following information were recorded in Khasra of each farm (Rakba or seeds sown in the farm)-

1-Names of owners, Khaykar or Sirtan
2-‘Tok’ Name
3-Serial number of Beckett settlement
4- Sown crops and area of crops in farm
5-Details of irrigated, non irrigated, , abbal, doyam, kateel or ijral land
6- Tax (lagan)
7- Trees on a land

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 20/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -903
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-204, 205
2- Pau, Garhwal Settlement report page 76

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1069 on:** September 21, 2016, 10:46:02 AM »

Tanaja or Dispute Records in Pau Settlement in Garhwal

Characteristics of Pau Settlement in Garhwal -4

British Administration in Garhwal -50
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -67
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -904
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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If there was any dispute about a farm land at the time of Paimayas or measurement and mapping, Amin used record such land in separate ‘Vivad or Dispute register. Amin used to write about that farm in Khanapuri register by red ink. Pau made fixed rules for disputed land (Pau).
In Pau settlement, government used to provide a ‘parchi’ (farm information to each owner whose name was recorded in Khanapuri. If an owner would feel mistakes or disputes, the owner used to record his plea in ‘Tanaja’ register.
Barring five villages of Bhabhar, superintendent managed all farm land of Garhwal. The land management of those five villages, water sourses, ponds, Mavakot, Ghosikhata was conducted as per hill villages. Land settlement for Sadavrat villages and Muafi villages were conducted as Khalas villages on Government expenses. For barren land settlement, the farmer had to pay four Anna per acre.

-
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 21/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -905
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-205, 206
2- Pau, Garhwal Settlement report page 76

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)

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