MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

          Area wise Land Measurement in Pau Settlement in Garhwal
     
                Characteristics of Pau Settlement in Garhwal -5 

 
                            British Administration in Garhwal   -50       
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -68
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -905
-
                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-


               After getting permission, the land measurement was started from Bhabhar. Higher authorities or experienced personnel trained hill Patwaris and Amins for measuring land by plain table and Jarib (chain). Survey personnel completed land measurement job for Bhabhar by February 1890.  Then, official deputed survey parties for surveying south Pattis of Gangasalan and Tallasalan. However, there was feminine in Salan at that time. Therefore, instead of surveying in Salan, officials sent survey parties to Barasyun by March end.  Government arranged dispatching grains from to Salan from plains at reasonable cost (Pau)
   When survey party started surveying the land in Barasyun, the measurement was showing more land than the past records. People perceived that surveyors were adding wall and barren land at corners of farms. People were afraid of paying tax on barren land and contour walls too.
  The lieutenant governor of United Province was on Garhwal tour.  People requested the lieutenant governor for showing the survey to owners that they can verify the measurement conducted by survey parties (Pau).
   The Barasyun people appealed for not conducting survey due to sever feminine. Pau was getting information that Barasyun people were not cooperating with survey parties and in many cases, people stopped survey parties entering into farms.  The movement against survey was the most in Gagarsyun. Senior assistant commissioner Campbell called Padhans of the region and clearly informed that the government had taken decision for survey and government would punish the persons stopping the survey.  Campbell assured that there will be sympathetic hearing for the pleas of complainers.   
  Amins of survey parties were mostly Garhwali. Pau wrote that mostly there was collusion between Amins and villagers. Amins came to Pauri for taking their salaries on 24th March 1890. All Amins resigned together there. Higher officials in Pauri tried for pacifying them but Amins did not hear official request. In May, senior assistant commissioner reached Pauri from Ramnagar. He decided for taking disciplinary action against Amin leaders and taking villagers into confidence. However, by that time, Amins had already left Pauri and went back to their respective. There was no survey work on that season.
  The survey inspectors did survey in place of Amins. They could only complete survey work for 1300 acres nearby villages of Pauri. Villagers understood that British government could do survey without Amins. Government decided that there will be survey work in full swing in forthcoming season. However, government could not appoint Amins from plains (Pau, pp.77).
   In December 1890, Colonel Sandman presented estimated survey expenditure on coming land surveys. He argued that since, the numbers of agriculture farms had increased the expenditure on survey would be Rs. 148530. In May 1892, government decided that survey would be done only where it was needed the most. It was decided that in balance region, the land settlement survey would be conducted on assumption basis. However, later on it was decided that Amins would work fully in 1893-94 and cadastral survey would be conducted n other easy regions too. Therefore, in following Paraganas, survey was completed through cadastral methods-   Barasyun, Chaundkot, Mallasalan, Gangasalan, Devalgarh and Chandpur. Survey was conducted in Pindarwar and Nadka Patti of Badhan and Kalifat Talli, Kalifat Malli, Nagpur Malla, Maikhanda, Bamsu and Parkandi Pattis of Nagpur Pargana (Pau, page 101)

                                                Amins

         
     Government authorities found dissatisfactory works by all Amins those surveyed from 1890-1891. Government transferred Sandman and appointed Frohman for survey. In 1891, authorities trained Amins from Garhwal. In 1891-92 in Garhwal, there was a drop in numbers of Amins from plains. Many Amins of plains did not return to Garhwal after rainy season. The report of 1891-92 stated that Pahadi (Hills) Amin were asked for Khanapuri (measuring and recording). Report stated that hill Amins were non trustworthy (work skill wise) and high attention on them was a must (Pau, page 78.
  In 1892-93, again there were major drops in numbers of Amins from plains. However, now there was not big issue as the Amins from Garhwal appointed two years were now skillful and experienced. In 1893-94, the works of Garhwali Amins were found satisfactory. (Pau 78)
   
 

-
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 23/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -906
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-206  , 207
2- Pau, Garhwal Settlement report page 76, 77, 101
 
Xx
 
History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;   

Tax Determination for Bhotiya Region in Pau Settlement in Garhwal
     
                Characteristics of Pau Settlement in Garhwal -7

 
                            British Administration in Garhwal   -52       
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -70
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -907
-
                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
     
             Bhotiyas of Bhotiya region pleaded to Pau that they were unable for paying tax as per Beckett settlement because of low income. They argued that government should not levy tax on animals. Bhotiyas argued that they had to pay forest grazing tax in Bhabhar too. Pau did not agree with Bhotiya arguments about low income. However, he agreed for reducing tax on animals.  Tibet government also reduced tax for Bhotiya traders of Neeti region. Pau had to abolish trade tax on Bhotiya trade tax. Pau levied tax on agricultural land and forest products. Forest product tax was on medical herbs and other utility herbs. Pau determined tax on animal grazing after determining tax on agriculture land and forest produces.  He exempted for five bulls on taxed land for one rupee.
  The following factors are very interesting on determining animal tax-
1 bull=1 caw = 1 donkey= 4 sheep= 4 goat
8 sheep=8 goats= 1Yake =1 horse= 1 buffalo
    Pau determined the grazing tax as follows after exempting five bulls equal to one rupee tax.
Tax Rupee One on 40 sheep=40 goat= 10 bulls=10 caws= 10 donkeys =5 Jubu=5 Yak= 5 horses= 5 buffalos
 The tax determination on Neeti was Rs 593 through the above factor (Walton).
   The tax was determined for Mana valley different factors.
   Mana villages were under Goonth . Mana Bhotiya did not take animals to Bhabhar. In Pandukeshwar,Mana villages had land and houses were there. Bhotiyas had offered those houses to businessmen on rent. Average rent of a shop was Rs. 80 annual. That amount was very high income from that time point of view. Mana villagers used to sell wood to Badrinath temple too and it was reasonable income. Therefore, Pau kept tax same as Beckett settlement (Pau, pp 108)

-
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 26/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -908
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-210
2- Pau, Garhwal Settlement report, page109
3- Walton, Garhwal Gazetteer
Xx
 
History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;   

   Muafi Villages in Pau Settlement in Garhwal
     
                Characteristics of Pau Settlement in Garhwal -9

 
                            British Administration in Garhwal   -54       
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -72
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -909
-
                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-

        Muafi land for managing temples was tax exempted land in Garhwal Kingdom. Gurkha officials cancelled many such Muafi land.
      As per government order no. 2044 of 18th October 1859, Beckett examined the small Goonth and Muafi land.   Out of 6 Muafi villages, Beckett kept only 366 Beesee as Muafi and declared 108 Beesee land as Khalsa land.  Beckett taxed for Rs 263 on Muafi villages. Those villages of Kandarsyun (Barasyun Pargana) were as Pohari, Gudait, Chidtu and Bedala of Chintamani Muafidar (Beckett).  Beckett declared Chidtu and Bedala villages as Khalsa villages.  Beckett also declared Kyark village of Gangadatt Muafidar (Idwalsyun, Devalgarh), village Odla of Buddhu Muafidar of Chalansyun (Beckett).
           Pau stated that baring gardens, there were three Muafi villages near Shrinagar. He furrher informed that Ramnath purchased Muafi Ghudait and Pokhari villages from  Chintamani Muafidar.
Beckett declared the Khaykar of Gadi village of Dashauli Patti , Millai and Barsuri villages of Kandarsyun as owners and declared them Khalsa villages. After appealing by Muafidar, those owners again declared as Khaykar.  Gopaldatt and Girdharilal the heirs of Balmukund used to get Rs 76 and 34 respectively as Malikana annual compensation from those villages.
   - 
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 28/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -910
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-212
2- Pau, Garhwal Settlement report, page42 
3- Mahidhar Sharma, Garhwal me kaun kahan page 152
4- Beckett, Garhwal Settlement report page 117)
Xx
 
History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;   

                Economic Impact of Pauw Settlement in Garhwal
     
                Characteristics of Pauw Settlement in Garhwal -11

 -
                            British Administration in Garhwal   -56       
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -74
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -911
-
                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
    E.K. Pauw conducted the tenth settlement (1892-95) of Garhwal. The report of Pauw tells the every account of hill’s life. The settlement activities were as-
       The survey was started from 1890 by Portiz .   There was survey of Barasyun from December 1892 to May 1893. The survey of Chaundkot was completed by June 1894.  Due to Gauna flood, the survey work was postponed. He was on leave for three months in 1894 (Dabral, page 214). He was transferred after returning from leave. Pauw appointed another officer. By December 1894, the survey of three Pattis of Mala Salan was completed. By November 1895, the report for five Bhabhar villages was sent. The survey of Garhwal district was completed by December 1895. The job of recording was started from March 1892 and was completed by 31st July 1896.
   The survey cost was for rupees 5.5 Lakhs. The tax increment was only for Rs.50000.
The tax revenue income was rupees 107339 in 184, Rs 109009 in 1896 and Pauw tax assessment was for Rs 165727 in 1902.
  The joint secretary of Board of revenue wrote (Walton) in his report- It was mistake for spending money on survey for Garhwal.  The settlement did not offer any tax increment.  It was better that settlement officer would visit each Pargana , would report and the tax would have been determined on that report.  Government determined tax for Kumaon on the basis of Batten and Becket and did not follow Pauw settlement. (Walton).
   - 
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 30/9/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -912
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-213, 214
2- Pauw, E.K. , Garhwal Settlement report, page 38, 39,42 , 87
3-Walton , Garhwal Gazetteer  , 100pp
Xx
 
History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;   

               
     
               Three Types of Tax Determination in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal 

                 Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -2

                            British Administration in Garhwal   -58       
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -76
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -913
-
                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-

     There were three types of tax determination in Ibbetson settlement.

1-Barasyun Pargana- Officials measured land for 796 villages with proper paintable process. The land was 93999 Beesee/Bisi. There was measurement by paintable process in Pauw time too. The officials corrected maps measurement, Khasra (records), Muntkhif and Fant. The date was written 1925. (Ibbetson, pp7)
2- Tax determination on the Pauw settlement base and Beckett rope way measurement bases. In Ibbetson settlement, there was assumption for new agriculture land acquired by villagers. Patwari took the details from villagers and Kanungo verified the new land area and the assistant record officer recorded the new area. That area of newly cultivated area was added with the past land area as determined in Pauw and Beckett settlement.
 The area acquired by farmers was as per farmer’s information and there was no physical verification for the same. (Ibbetson, page 7, 8, 9)
 Ibbetson wrote that Garhwalis were hungry for land ownership. People wanted ownership and were not bothered whether they were capable of cultivating the land or not. Ibbetson assumed that the land area details offered by the owners could not be less. Ibbetson showed doubt that many owners might have shown the ownership on other’s area too. (page 9)
3- Specific Pattis –
  Ibbetson kept same land area for following Parganas and Pattis as was in Beckett settlement-
Nagpur (Pattis- Talla Kalifat, Malla Kalifat, Kalipar, Bamsu-Maikhanda, Malla Nagpur)
Badhan (Pattis - Pindwar Valla, Pindwar Palla and Nadnak)
Painkhanda (all Pattis)
Dasauli all Pattis
          In the above region, the measurement and tax determination was based on assumption more and less logical. Hence, in 1930, the land measurement was conducted in the above area through paintable process.
 

-
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 4/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -914
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX   
References 
 1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page-216, 217
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, page 7. 8


Xx
 
History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system,  over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system  over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system  over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system  over Bageshwar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;