Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 535260 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1080 on:** October 06, 2016, 11:37:00 AM »

Kuli Begar and Nali –Baniya system in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Economic Impacts by Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -2

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -4

British Administration in Garhwal -60
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -78
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -915
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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As per past British notifications, turn by turn villagers used to take works of porting the articles of officials as Kuli –Begar or porting without wages. There were conditions for land owners for offering free porting services for officials in ‘Karar Patta’. If villagers refused for free porting for officials, the agreement would be cancelled. There was another condition – Nali Baniya. ‘Nali Baniya’ means that villagers have to offer food for the visiting officials and administrating teams and fodders for their horses or animals.
There was stern opposition for ‘Nali Baniya and Kuli beggar in 1921. The British government stopped ‘Nali Baniya’ and levied extra tax 3 pai on per rupee.
In 1921, British government cancelled ‘Kuli Begar’ system too. Government set up a transport agency for carrying articles etc of the government officials visiting the villages. Government authorized annual grant for Rs 30000 for transport agency.

Unemployment and Spree for Migration from Garhwal

Ibbetson reported that there was increase in cultivated land in Garhwal by 20% after Pau settlement. However, due to draught in 1901, 1902, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1918, 1921, 1922, the agriculture production reduced drastically. There was no increase in cultivated land as needed. The population was increasing drastically. There was eagerness for educating the children. The need for income increase and migration was the only source for employment. The wages was increasing. The problem of unemployment among semi educated males became severe problems. (Ibbetson page 2)

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 6/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -916
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 219, 220
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1081 on:** October 07, 2016, 11:25:29 AM »

Figures of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Economic Impacts by Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -3

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -5

British Administration in Garhwal -61
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -79
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -916
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-

The following figures will suffice for analyzing the outcome of Ibbetson settlement in Garhwal-

Pargana ----Land Beesee ----Beesee 1926—Population--------Revenue in Rs --------------
----------------1896 --------------------------------1921----------------1896--------------1926
Badhan------325231---------404812-------------37354--------------10381------------15951
Barasyun---1175196---------1501777----------65479---------------28483------------46467
Bhabhar----28556 ------------35473-------------446------------------642---------------1095
Chandpur—634294----------781386------------47394---------------15681------------25051
Chaundkot- 549647----------625492------------29205---------------11333------------16942
Dashauli------134118---------152080-----------15982----------------4882------------6979
Devalgarh----563581---------668578------------42755---------------13751----------21353
Gangasalan---1095167------1277582-----------50464---------------21666-----------31870
Mallasalan-----803503--------942175-----------57825-------------- 19889-------------30245
Nagpur---------566831--------710597-----------64904---------------18003----------29466
Painkhanda------82612--------109711-----------8103------------------3159-----------4602
Tallasalan---------820199-------958122---------44832----------------16835-----------25140
Total--------------6778935-------8167785------464743--------------164705-----------255161

(Ibbetson, page 10)

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 10/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -917
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 220
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1082 on:** October 09, 2016, 09:56:42 AM »

Changes/Improvements in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Economic Impacts by Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -4

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -6

British Administration in Garhwal -62
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -80
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -917
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-

There were improvements for land settlement in Ibbetson settlement. There was no land measurement by cadastral process in Pauw settlement for 13 Pattis of Northern Garhwal. From 1st April 1930, the measurement for the said 13 districts was conducted through cadastral process. In 1823 and 1839, there was no work on boundary determination. British government appointed four assistant record officers and survey parties for taking works of boundaries. The parties completed the measurement works by June 1936.

The recording of survey done in 1925-26 for Barasyun region was completed by 1936. According to Ibbetson notification, the nearby forests should have come under villages. Ibbetson put nearby forests under villages for North Garhwal and Barasyun.
However, as per Land tax act 234, Board of Revenue (18th February 1937), put first class and second class forest under the government and not under villages. Therefore, there were changes in the record.
A delegation from Garhwal met the chief minister of United Province in December 1938 for reducing the tax increased by 33.33% in Ibbetson settlement. The government took suggestion from Ibbetson and reduced the tax. There was reduction for Rs.34000. In October 1939, Government delegated work for changes/improvement in Fants to the assistant record officer and that changes recording was completed by May 1940.
In 1915, the deputy commissioner was in charge for reserved forests on hill sides. In 1916, government appointed employees for looking after reserved forests of 2125 square miles. It was in favor of villages. However, villagers opposed the government actions. The non cooperation movement was on its peak at that period. Government cancelled ‘Kuli Begar’ policy and appointed a committee ‘Kasht Nivaran committee for reducing the citizen problems in 1912. As per committee recommendations, the forest department employees would look after second grade forests but the tax department workers would look after the first grade forests. Forest Rangers would rarely were allowed visiting first grade forests. Therefore, villagers were free for cutting and disforestation the forests. There was speedy destruction of first grade forests. The trees as oaks, were under first grade forests and pines trees were under second grade forests.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 9/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -918
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 221
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1083 on:** October 10, 2016, 09:43:58 AM »

Area figures in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Economic Impacts by Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -5

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -7

British Administration in Garhwal -63
-
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -81
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -918
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
In Ibbetson settlement, the following figures in are important for Garhwal-
(Area – square miles)

Total area of British Garhwal----------5454
Snow bound area-------------------------1332
Agriculture land including fallow land -537
Mainly reserved forests--------------------1604
Fist Grade forest------------------------------484
Second grade forest --------------------------1497
(Ibbetson, page 4)
Ibbetson assumed the area of Garhwal on assumption calculation. As per Rajeshwari Prasad, the real measurement was 5629 square miles.
Rajeshwari offered following data in his census –

Period ------- ---Area----------Forest------------------------ sown cultivated land
1901-06-------3564353 -------3301869-----------------------262484
1906-11--------3662477-------3301180------------------------260497
1911-16--------3687000--------3301000----------------------260000
1916-21--------3687000--------3301000----------------------260000
1921-26--------3687000--------3301000----------------------260000
1926-31--------3687000--------3301000----------------------260000
1931-36--------3687040--------3301000----------------------260040
1936-41--------3687000--------3301000----------------------260000
1941-46---------3686880--------3301000---------------------259992
1946-47--------3686880--------3301000----------------------259880
1947-48--------3596307--------2054707-----------------------860673

Improvement in Revenue (Dabral, page 223)

Land Settlement -------------Year--------------Revenue Rs.
First ----------------------------1815------------------35990
Second---------------------------1816------------------41782
Third-----------------------------1817------------------45548
Fourth-----------------------------1820------------------54995
Fifth-------------------------------- 1823--------------64900
Sixth ---------------------------------1828-------------67725
Seventh ------------------------------1833------------69254
Eighth -------------------------------1839------------68682
Ninth--------------------------------- 1864------------96311
Tenth----------------------------------1869------------164705
Eleventh ---------------------------1926-1931--------255161

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 10/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -919
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 222, 223
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11
3- Rajeshwari Prasad, District Censes Handbook, 1951, page 237-239

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1084 on:** October 11, 2016, 10:18:19 AM »

Records in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -8

British Administration in Garhwal -64
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -82
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -919
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-

Records for Cultivated Land

There was yearly recording for cultivated land of Indian plains in British rule. However, the same procedure was not there for Garhwal and Kumaon.
The records and maps of one settlement were used till next settlement. Only Dakhil Kharij (sales deeds or entry of heirs in case of owner’s death) was changed in the records. The numbers of cultivated farms in Garhwal were more than Indian plains villages (28 lakhs by Pauw settlement). Secondly, the expenses on measuring and drawing maps were costlier than the tax revenue.
The system of Fant, Muntkheep and Khasra were important for land owners. However, the system was same as in Garhwali King Time or Gurkha. The officials were corrupt and used to take disadvantage for taking bribes. The officials used to cut the name and used to write other names on the records.
Since, there was no scientific recording and mapping, there used to be confusion in case of disputes between two owners for land. The Patwari or other revenue officials used to change map and measurement as per their wishes. Since, most settlement were based on presemptive evidences, there were incorrect information were source for disputes (Stowell page 19).

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 11/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -920
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 224, 225
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11
3-Pauw, Garhwal settlement report, page 14
4-Stowell, V.A., Manual of Land Tenures in Kumaon division page 15, 18
Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1085 on:** October 12, 2016, 11:25:33 AM »

Thokdar, Kamin, Sayana and Padhan in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -9

British Administration in Garhwal -65
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -83
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -920
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-

Thokdari System (Land lordship)

In Garhwali Kingdom and Gurkha rule, Kamin or Sayana were supposed to do same work as Jamindar or Thekedar used to collect tax from cultivators or land owners. Ramsay stated that in Garhwal Kingdom, the king was free for appointing Sayana/Kamin for a particular region that used to collect tax from Khaikar (actual cultivators). Ramsay commented that due to that Sayana/Kamin system, the moral esteem of cultivators was nil in Garhwal. Garhwalis assumed themselves as slave of tax collectors.
In Traill settlement, British had agreement (Kaul Karar) with Sayana and Kamin. Those Sayana and Kamin were called Thokdar or landlord of the region. Those Thokdar started collecting ‘Hak-Dastur’ from those villages too those were not under them in Garhwali Kingdom-Gurkha periods
At British initial period, Kamin or Sayana were very powerful as they were in previous regimes. Kamin or Sayana used to collect tax either themselves or they appointed ‘Padhan’ for collecting tax.
Thokdars were very cunning. There is a folk story about Thokdar-
One day, settlement officer reached to a village. Thokdar called his shareholders or cultivators before the settlement officer. Thokdar asked the cultivator, “How are you?” The farmer answered either by force from Thokdar or in his simple way, “Malik Tumari diyun Khana Chhanvan –Master! We are living on your offerings”. Thokdar told to settlement officer, “See he is calling me Master (Malik)”. That way, Thokdar proved that he (Thokdar) was owner of whole region. (Dabral, page 228-29)
Pauw stated that he got Garhwal Kingdom records of words ‘Kamin from South Garhwal and ‘Sayana’ from north Garhwal. Pauw stated that he did not get any written record for Thokdar word.
Though Kamin and Sayana were having same meaning but those have differences too. Kamin used to collect tax but he did not have any shareholding on the land. Sayana was having shareholdings on some villages and from other villages, Sayana used to collect tax too without shareholding on land.
Sayana were of two types- small and big. Big Sayana were usually the heirs of ministers or higher cadre officers in the Garhwal Kingdom (Batten). Those proved in initial British period that they were Sayana they used to get ‘hak-dastur’ directly or through Padhan.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 12/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -921
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 226-29
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11
3-Pauw, Garhwal settlement report, page 39
4-Stowell, V.A., Manual of Land Tenures in Kumaon division page 121
5- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.3, page 22, 318
6- Batten, Settlement report of District Garhwal page 534
Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1086 on:** October 13, 2016, 09:45:00 AM »

Hakk Dastur (Gifts) System in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -10

British Administration in Garhwal -66
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -84
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -921
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-

‘Hakk Dastur ’means the culture, tradition or system for getting gift as right. Khaykar (the cultivators but not owners of land) used to pay gift to owners, owners used to pay gifts to Padhan and Padhan used to pay gifts to Thokdar (old version -Sayana, Kamin) and that gift was called “Hakk Dastur’.
The Hakk Dastur was as-
A thigh to owner , Padhan or Thokdar on killing lamb for meat
One Mana (app kilo) Ghee or edible oil in Shravan month
One basket (Kandi) maize in maiz season
One or two Rupees as Pithai in daughter’s marriage

In Bhabhar, the following Dastur was there –
Koot- 1/3 of production
Sirti- normal land tax
Hal Kar- tax on plough
Apart from the above the land cultivators used to pay tribute as gifts, najarana, Saugpatt etc.
Traill declared three % tax for Thokdar from land owners but ‘Hakk Dastur’ culture remained there for long. Beckett changed Hakk Dastur in rupees. (Batten)

Rights of Thokdar
Beckett wrote-
Initially, government handed over responsibilities to Thokdar/Sayana/Kamin for collecting tax, maintaining law and orders/judiciary. However, from police activities point, all failed miserably. They used to pave way for criminals escape.
In 1856, the assistant commissioner suggested for abolishing rights of Thokdars for police activities. Therefore, in Pauw settlement, there were no names of many Thokdars on ‘Dastur’ list. On that time, Thokdars were paid 3, 6 or 20% from tax (Batten).
The 1857 revolution affected the administration system. Henry Ramsay suggested for abolishing Thokdar system. However, Ramsey wrote in 1874, “Now I am changing my views on abolishing Thokdar positions. It is now, essential for keeping Thokdar post for keeping eyes on Padhan for law and order. Only Swarajvadi (freedom fighters) are against Thokdar and not common people. Thokdars are essential for controlling ‘Freedom Fighters’. Many Thokdars are gentleman and people respect them as King.
In Traill settlement, the importance of Thokdar came down as agreement was with Padhan (village chiefs). By first part of twentieth century, the Thokdar position became as decorative post. The position was on heir based system. Elder son used to take the post after his father death. Jethunda (extra land for elder) was offered to Thokdar at initial time for their tax collection and law and order jobs.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 13/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -922
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 230-231
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11
3-Pauw, Garhwal settlement report, page 39
4-Stowell, V.A., Manual of Land Tenures in Kumaon division page 121
5- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.3, page 22, 318
6- Batten, Settlement report of District Garhwal page 534
Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1087 on:** October 14, 2016, 11:09:03 AM »

Duties, Responsibilities and Administrative Rights for Padhan in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -11

British Administration in Garhwal -67
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -85
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -922
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-

In Traill settlement, government used to fix tax for a region (Thok) for Kamin or Sayana. Sayana or Kamin used to collect tax from cultivators or used to appoint Padhan for a particular area (village or villages). Padhan used to collect tax from villagers and used to pay to Kamin/Sayana. Sayana/Kamin had rights for appointing and dismissing Padhan.
In third Traill settlement, government had agreement (Kaul-Karar- Patta) directly with Padhans. Now, the Padhan position in administration and among villagers increased. Padhan became free from Kamin/Sayana and was reporting directly with the government. However, due to old custom, Thokdar or Kamin/Sayana were getting Hakk-Dastur. Padhan was called Malgujar (tax collector). In initial Traill period, Malgujar word was also used for Sayana and Kamin. Later on in Becket and Ramsey settlements, each owner became Malgujar and Padhan was named as ‘Sadar Malgujar’.
Traill wrote (Stowellpage18) –
“Padhan is for tax collection and keeping law and order in the village. In a way Padhan is government servant.
Padhan collects tax from owners and also pay his land tax. Padhan is given extra land (Jithana) for his services. Villagers pay tribute to Padhan at festive, auspicious or marriage time. Though, Padhan is not offered as per dynasty system but the custom is that the eldest son gets Padhan position.
Padhan had many Khaykars (cultivators but not owners). If there are all Khaykars in a particular village, Khaykar choose their Khaykar Padhan. However, when there are owners and Khaykar in a village, Khaykar can’t be Padhan.
Padhan is also responsible for looking after Banjar land. He can offer land to ‘Paykast’ for cultivating the land. Padhan also manages the Kuli begar for officials. “
Batten offered free hand for choosing two Padhans from big village (as till 60, there were two Padhans in Kathur Bara, Malla Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal). A Padhan could be Padhan for many villages (Example, Gweel Padhan (Malla Dhangu) was having eight nine villages (Gweel, Jaspur, Saur, Chhatinda, Metha, Kharik) under him).
Deputy Commissioner had rights for dismissing Padhan on following grounds (Stowell, page 113)-
Criminals proved by court
Under heavy debts
Pledging villages to money lenders
Sold villages land
Bad character
Making losses to government resources

Padhan Hakk (rights)

Government offered Padhan a tax free land (Jithanu, Jethunda or Padhanchari khet) in exchange of tax collection. Padhan was Sirtan of Kesar –E-Hind for that land. If the tax calculation on ‘Jethunda’ land was less than five percent of total determined tax by Padhan, the Padhan used to get balance money from tax (to make five percent). Padhan family was free from Kuli Bardayast. It was great honor for Padhan family. Thokdar were free from kuli Bardayast too.

Gharpadhan of Khaykar villages

If in a village, all are Khaykar and no owners were there, villagers had a Gharpadhan in such villages. Gharpadhan was elected by concurrences of all villagers. Usually, deputy commissioner and Malgujar used to select ‘Gharpadhan’. He used to collect tax from Khaykars (non owners but had right on land) and deposited to Patwari. Gharpadhan was exempted from Kuli Begar.
Where, Hiissedar (owners) and Khaykar were there in a village, Malgujar /Padhan used to select a person as Gharpadhan. However, his position was more than Khaykar Gharpadhan as he was owner of land too.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 14/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -923
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 231-32
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11
3-Pauw, Garhwal settlement report, page 39
4-Stowell, V.A., Manual of Land Tenures in Kumaon division page 18, 124
5- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.3, page 22, 318
6- Batten, Settlement report of District Garhwal page 534
Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1088 on:** October 15, 2016, 09:01:21 AM »

Hissedar, Khaykar, Sirtan Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -12

British Administration in Garhwal -68
-
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -86
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -923
-
By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-

Types of Owners

In past and even in Tehri Kingdom, the real owner of whole land was King. However, British officials felt illogical to be owners of whole land ‘Kaiser-E-Hind Milkiyat. Therefore, Traill worked for knowing the real owners of land. There were two types of land owners or cultivators-
Khudkast- Those used to cultivate on their land. They were responsible for paying tax on their land. In case, they failed for paying tax the government could take back the land in their possession.
Paykast- Paykast cultivators were temporary cultivators. They used to take land on loan on temporary basis and cultivate the land of other owners. If Paykast used to live there in that village for long, Paykast were called ‘Sirtan’.
Pyakast or Sirtan cultivators used to take permission from real owners for every uses. Main owners had right for dismissing ‘Sirtan or Paykast. Therefore, Sirtan used to pay less tax (Sirti). Main owners used to collect ‘Sirti (tax)’ from Sirtan. From state tax records point of view, there was no importance of ‘Sirtan or “Paykast’. Faujdar, Negi, Kamin or Sayana used to collect ‘Sirti’ from Sirtan. Those officials used to get ‘Hakk Dasture for their works.
There were following types of Khudkast-

1-Khaykar of King- They were cultivators for centuries. They dig hills and made the cultivated land. Mostly, they were Khasiya. Kamin or Sayana used to collect tax from them.
2-Thatwan--The kings rewarded land to various owners for bravery, state works or other reasons. Those were called ‘Thatwan’. Under Thatwan (owners), there were Khaykar or real cultivators but not owners. Thatwan used to take tax from Khaykar. Kingdom did not have connection with Khaykar. Thatwan had right to dismiss cultivators.
2-Vritivan – Kings used to offer villages as ‘Raut’ to many awardees for as service (Chakri), Negichari (service), ‘Astrology’, Mantra-tantra , Kmainchari, Mana chaunl, Jayjad etc. Initially those Vritiwan (especially Brahmins) were not land owners but used to get tax from cultivators of those villages. However, slowly with age, many cultivators left the villages, childless cultivators; the Vritiwan took rights on those villages and became Thatwan (owners, proprietors) . Pauw described about Vritiwan becoming Thatwan. (Dabral)
3-Naya Awad Wale- in Gurkha regime, many cultivators left their villages due to oppression. Gurkha officials established new farmers for cultivating the uncultivated land. British government also encouraged new cultivators.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 15/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -924
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 234-247
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11
3-Pauw, Garhwal settlement report, page 51
4-Stowell, V.A., Manual of Land Tenures in Kumaon division page 116, 118,, 124
5- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.3,
6- Batten, Settlement report of District Garhwal page 488
Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1089 on:** October 16, 2016, 09:59:49 AM »

Proprietorship of Hissedar in Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal

Characteristics of Ibbetson Settlement in Garhwal -13

British Administration in Garhwal -69
-
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -87
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -924
-
By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-

Traill, included all as Hissedar (proprietor) those got ownership in Garhwal Kingdom, Gorkha regime. Trail also put Khaykar of King into Hissedar category. In case, the villagers had been living and cultivating farms but were paying tax to Thatwan in Garhwal Kingdom or Gorkha rule, Traill kept them on Khaykar category (Atkinson, page 486).

Traill wrote that it was easy for knowing whether the cultivator was owner or Khaykar by asking the cultivator for getting land (questions as how, who offered and what was situation). If the cultivator got land through Thokdar, the cultivator would be kept in Khaykar category. If the cultivator was offered land from King though ‘sanad’ (order) or cultivator bought land from Thatwan the cultivator would be kept in Hissedar (proprietor) category. (Traill report in Atkinson, 490)
Traill wrote that by asking other Thatwan, it was easy for knowing the status of cultivators. If any cultivator’s sir name is in the name of a village where he was living it was obvious that cultivator was cultivating land for long.
In British time, the official put following cultivators in Hissedar category (Atkinson 490)-
1-Cultivators were living in the village for centuries as Dabral in Dabar, Kukreti in Jaspur, and Dhoundiyal in Dhound and were not proved as Khaykar, Paykast or Sirtan under any Thatwan at the time of enquiry.
2- Those got ‘Sanad’ (order) from Garhwal Kingdom or Gurkha rule.
3-Those proved that they were Thatwan at initial British time
4-Those initiated making barren land into cultivated land in Gorkha or British rule (Naya Avad, new possession)
5- Those bought land from Thatwan or properties or buying land through court auction

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 16/10/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -925
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 234-247
2-Ibbetson, A.W., Revenue Settlement of Garhwal District, pages 1 to 11
3-Pauw, Garhwal settlement report, page 51
4-Stowell, V.A., Manual of Land Tenures in Kumaon division page 116, 118,, 124
5- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.3, 490, 486
6- Batten, Settlement report of District Garhwal page 488
Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

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