Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 535339 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1110 on:** December 19, 2016, 12:21:25 PM »

Powers for District Collector for Bhabhar Garhwal
Administrative Hierarchy in Garhwal Bhabhar -2
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Characteristics of Kham Settlement in Garhwal Bhabhar -14
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British Administration in Garhwal -90
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -108
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -945
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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The powers for District collector for administrating Bhabhar Garhwal were immense in British rule. The board of revenue was responsible for administrating Bhabhar Garhwal Estate. (Order by Kumaon Commissioner, 17th February 1953). Board of Revenue prepared and sent following rules for administration (Naithani)–
The works for administrating Bhabhar Jamindari (Estate) , public works, health related works were under district collector. Deputy Commissioner (Kumaon) would check the demand or recommendations sent by district collector to board of revenue. Deputy Commissioner would sent the recommendation to board of revenue sent by DC Deputy Commissioner would sent annual report to board of revenue sent by district collector. However, the real officer for Bhabhar was district collector.
Kham superintendent was administrator of Bhabahr but real authority was district collector and there was no appeal in Commissioner Office (Kumaon) against order of district collector.
Later on, government appointed land reform commissioner and in place of deputy commissioner the land reform commissioner was the link between board of revenue and district collector.
The law of UP tenancy act was not applicable to Bhabhar land. Kumaon tenancy act was applicable for Bhabhar land.
Kham superintendent used to send report to district collector. Due to poor condition of farmers, there was no court for Bhabhar land. District collector used to look after all court matters.

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 19/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -946
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
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(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
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References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 249-278
2Naithani, Bhabhar Tab aur Ab page 55-60
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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1111 on:** December 20, 2016, 11:43:43 AM »

Loss of Temple Land in Garhwal Villages

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Temple land and temple Administration in British Garhwal-1
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British Administration in Garhwal -91
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -109
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -946
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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Each Garhwal Village has one or more local deity temples as Siddhbaba, nagraja, gwill, Shivala, Devi, Ghandyal, Kunjai Devi, Khaddibta etc. Before, British rule; the villagers had common land for managing the deity temple. This land was given on rent (grains) for managing the expenditure of temple. The temple land was called ‘Tok bhumi as ‘Nagraja Tok’. There was no tax on such land from Garhwal Kingdom and Gurkha regime. Trail declared such temple land as Khalsa land. However, people called such land as Tok land was the common property of all villagers.
Later on British changed the rule and that the cultivator became the land owner of that land. By that the right of villagers on such Tok land was abolished by British.
The grains harvested from Nagraja Tok used to transfer to Mukhim Nagraja (Tehri Garhwal) for Bhandara. The Fikwal (Bhikshuk) from Mukhim used to visit villages fro Food grains. Villagers used to offer grains to them for Bhandara. Dabral states that those Fikwal (Bhikwale, Bhikwal changed to Fikwal) were initially Buddhista and after Buddhism submerged into Vaishnav , the Fikwal became Vaishnav Hindu).

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 20/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -947
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 269-278
2- Becket, Garhwal Settlement Report, page 9, 45
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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1112 on:** December 21, 2016, 11:49:52 AM »

Sadavrat Temple Land Administrations in Garhwal
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Temple land and temple Administration in British Garhwal-2
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British Administration in Garhwal -92
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -110
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -947
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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. Trail accepted the ownership on land offered to bigger temples by Garhwal Kingdom and Gurkha rulers by studying the records. Trail also cancelled ownership on some land by temples. There were two classes of such land Gunth and Sadvrat. Trail kept the management for Sadavrat with government and the income from Sadvrat land was used for road, health and shelters facilities for pilgrims.
In 1859, Becket restudied the Sadvrat land and took land of Kamleshwar Temple, Shrinagar under Sadvrat land. The Sadavrat Land management was as Khalsa land. There was no control on cultivator of Sadavrat land by temple priests and administrators. There was no ownership of Priests or temple administration on the income from cultivators as tax from Sadvrat land.

Gunth Temple Land Administration
Trail mentioned that the temples could take tax from Gunth land but temples were not owners of the land. In past, the cultivators or actual land owner used to offer tax in form of grains. The tax from Gunth was used for priest and Bhog for the temples. In many cases, after cultivators leaving the village, priests or temple administrators took the land and became land owners. In many cases, the temple employees had ownership of temple land. Trail converted some villages into Khalsa or Sadavrat villages. However, there were left Gunth land.
On 15th November, 1895, there was a government notification as under –
1-The government cancelled the ownership by Badrinath, Kedarnath etc temples on unmeasured and barren Gunth land.
2-The tax from whole Gunth village would go to temples.
3-If the Gunth land is partial from a village the Gunth land would be as it was and the balance land would be counted as Khalsa or Sadavrat land and tax from Khalsa land would be deposited in government treasury.

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 21/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -946
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 269-278
2- Becket, Garhwal Settlement Report, page 9, 45
3-Pau, Garhwal Settlement Report
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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1113 on:** December 22, 2016, 12:17:17 PM »

Land Tax on Gunth Land in Garhwal
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Temple land and temple Administration in British Garhwal-3
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British Administration in Garhwal -93
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -111
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -948
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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Garhwal Kings offered villages as Guth to temples that the grains from Gunth villages would be given as Bali (food for beggers, sadhus, kshetrapal, etc) and Charu (offering to god) for temples. That was the reason grains were taken from Gunth land villages.
British stopped that system. The temple administrators pleaded the matter with courts. Train decided in his decision of 1820 and 1829, that Rawal was not authorized for interfering on farming in Gunth Bhumi not he could have any a ownership right on such land. The Rawal or priests could get money only from tax (donation) collected by government from Sadavrat land.
The government notified the cultivators for Gunth land as Hissedar (owner) of the land as was practice for Khalsa land. The government instructed the cultivators for paying tax to respective temples in money form instead of grains. However, the Kedarnath Rawal got signs for an agreement on stamp paper from cultivators of Ukhimath for paying tax in grain form. When grain became costly, there was dispute in paying tax. On 1st June, 1880, Henry Ramsey instructed the cultivators for paying tax by money and not by grains. Board of Revenue also cancelled the agreement and found Rawal’s agreement illegal (Stowel).
By cancelling paying tax in grain form created difficulties in offering free food to pilgrims as Sadhu, beggars etc and Naivedy (alter).

The cost of grain was increasing but tax was not increasing in ratio and temple administrators were finding difficulties for free food offering and Naivedya etc,
Dabral states that government did injustice to temples as-
1-Government already took the local village Gunth land and taxed it
2-Government made hurdles on temples getting free food for needy, offering to god.
3-Getting tax through money opened doors for corrupt practice among temple administrators.
4- By making Gunth land cultivator as land owner who could sell the land as and when he desired.
5- Muslim rulers destroyed the Hindu temples and British rules made temples income less and financially destroyed the Hindu temples. (Dabral)

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 22/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -947
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 269-278
2- Becket, Garhwal Settlement Report, page 13
3-Stowel, Manual 13, 27, 120, 127
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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1114 on:** December 23, 2016, 09:32:59 AM »

Gunth Land for Temple Employees in Garhwal
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Temple Land and Temple Administration in British Garhwal-4
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British Administration in Garhwal -94
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -112
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -949
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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The balance land in Gunth villages was owned by temple employees as –Priest, store keeper (Bhandari), record keeper (Mehta), store keeper (Kothari), and dancers etc. The Gunth owner (here Temple employees) either cultivated their land themselves or used to hire servants for the job. As soon as the temple employees became Hissedar or Khaykar on government records, they started leaving temple jobs. A few temple employees were on jobs due to additional facilities only. In many cases, the woner of the Gunth land was the temple but the employee’s names were recorded on the Sirtan or Khaykar columns on land record (Khasra).
As soon as the temple employees got ownership, Sirtani or Khaykari for such Gunth land of temples, they started misusing the rule. When an Almora money lender Kundan Lal Shah pleaded a degree for auction the Gunth land owned by temple priest (pujari) the assistant commoner offered the decision that it was possible to sell such land only when the buyer was ready for being the priest for the temple. However, every buyer could not be ‘pujari’ and decision was taken to Kumaon Commissioner Henry Ramsey. On 30th June 1878, Ramsey offered the judgment that there could not be auction for Gunth land though owned by present or ex-temple employees. In 1880, Mahant of Lakshmi Narayn Math pledged the temple Gunth Land. Henry Ramsey offered decision that if the temple Gunth land was allowed for auctioning or sales, no temple land would be safe. Same way, a question came on the board that in case Temple Brahmin Sirtan or owner of temple land sells the land to aHarijan it would destroy the temple purity (Stowel, page 129-30).

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 23/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -948
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 269-278
2- Becket, Garhwal Settlement Report, page 13
3-Stowel, Manual 13, 27, 120, 127
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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1115 on:** December 24, 2016, 11:24:56 AM »

Badrinath Temple Administration in British Garhwal
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Temple Land and Temple Administration in British Garhwal-5
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British Administration in Garhwal -95
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -113
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -950
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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Badrinath temple was Ishtdev of Garhwal Kings. There was carving on coins as ‘Badrinatho Vijayate’. Common citizens respected and perceived the Garhwal King as speaking Badrinath ( Boldo Badrinath). It is assumed till l497, the Shankaracharya disciples used to look after Badrinath management. Later on Dandi Swami administrated Badrinath temple management. The article by Medhakar Bahuguna (contemporary of Jaikirti Shah) states that Ghamand Singh in 1782, killed Badrinath Mahant Narayan Tirtha and his disciple Ramkrishna and made Gopa Namburi as Rawal (chief priest) of Badrinath temple (Bahuguna). From that time, there is system of Rawal being chief priest of Badrinath. The Garhwal king used to offer gifts on the opening of Badrinath temple opening on Vasant Panchami.
From 1815, Badrinath and Kedarnath temples came under British rule. Rawal became the chief administrators too. Rawal also became the King of Sadavrat villages on Badrinath and Kedarnath temples. Rawal appointed a separate Bajir (Prime Minister). Rawals started settling the disputes of Sadavrat villages of Badrinath and Kedarnath temples. Rawals became lustful and started misusing the resources of temples. The temple treasuries became empty. There was mess or mismanagement in temples.
British government had to change the temple policies and dislodged Rawals as administrators. British government handed the administration to local committee headed by district collector. Committee used tax from temple land on pilgrim benefits. Rawal were left for using only Bhog money. Rawals provoked people and people revolted against the new way of administration. Ultimately, British had to hand over the administration to Tehri King. Government abolished the post of Bajir created by Rawal. Government kept the administration of Sadavrat villages with local committee.
In 1862, Tehri King took the Sadavrat villages under temples. Rawal and Lekhavar (record keeper etc) started administrating administration. Through, tehri King was the administrator of temples but the real court for temple land was with British government (Vaishnava). Rawal and other temple employees were free for misusing temple resources.
In 1899, district collector lodged a complaint against Rawal. However, court gave its judgment and handed over the administration to Rawal. Tehri King has only one right to appoint Rawal. Rawal again started keeping their keeps in temple compound. There was no improvement in mismanagement.

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -951
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
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(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 269-278
2- Shambhu Prasad Bahuguna, 1974, Lokbhumi
3-Shaligram Vaishnava, Shri Uttarakhand Rahasya page 149, 150, 180
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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1116 on:** December 26, 2016, 10:48:30 AM »

Badrinath Temple Reform Bill in British Garhwal
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Temple Land and Temple Administration in British Garhwal-6
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British Administration in Garhwal -96
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -114
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -951
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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On 15th February 1929, Tehri King Narendra Shah appointed Vasudev Namburi as Nayab Rawal for Badrinath temple. Vasudev Namburi requested in writing for Rawal post that he would be unmarried till he was Badrinath Rawal. However, as soon as Vasudev Namburi became Rawal he forgot his vows. There were many corruption charges on him. People started movement for temple reform.
Government had to bring a temple act in 1839. www.badrikedar.org/downloads//130548970931867500_BKTC%20ACT)

In that bill, there was a position for a committee for managing Badrinath and Kedarnath temple. Tehri King was made guardian of the committee. There were following members for the committee-
1-Two members nominated by Tehri King
2-One member as Tehri Kingdom representative
3-Two members nominated by district board
4- Unite Province government had to sent a president and a secretary
Tehri King was authorized for Tilak (coronation) of Rawal and many old culture were kept intact.
The first meeting of temple committee held on 5th March 1941 and following member were present –
President- Dr. Sitaram
Secretary- Pratap Singh Chauhan
Nominated members by Tehri Kingdom –Mauli Chandra Sharma General Minster, Indra Datt Saklani,Chief secretary,
State nominated member- Mahant Yogendra Puri , Kilkeshwar temple
Members nominated by district board- Shankar Singh vakil, Raghunath Singh
Hindu Representatives- B.J.Kharpare MLA president of Barar Prantiya Hindu Mahasabha
Later on Tehri King also nominated Uma Datt Dangwal.

Temples under Temple Committee

Under Temple act, the following temples were under Kedarnath Temple (Pannalal)-

1-Kedarnath Temple
2-Tapkund in Kedarnath
3-Temples in Ukhimath
4-Temples and springs of Guptkashi
5- Gaurikund temples
6-Triyuginarayan temple
7-Tungnath Temple
8-Temples in Kaleshwar

Under Temple act, the following temples were under Badrinath Temple (Pannalal)-
1-Badrinath and 6 springs
2- Temples of Joshimath
3-Dhyan Badari and Kapileshwar of Yrgam
4-Bhavishya Badri Temples of Subai
5- Bridhbadari Temple of Ukhimath
6-Narayan Temple of Vishnuprayag
7-Sitamandir Temple of Chai
8-Raveshwar temple of Raigaun
9- 7 Temples of Lakshminarayan of Nand Prayag, Dimmar, Narayan Baggar, Dwarhat, Kulsaro, Bayala and Garhsir
10- Narsimha temples of Pakhi and Darmo
11-Chandika Devi temple of Langasu
12- Vairshkund and Kyunkalashwar Mahadev temples

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 26/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -952
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 269-278
2- Shambhu Prasad Bahuguna, 1974, Lokbhumi
3-Shaligram Vaishnava, Shri Uttarakhand Rahasya page 149, 150, 180
4-www.badrikedar.org/downloads//130548970931867500_BKTC%20ACT
5- Pannalal, Customary law in Kumaon, page 51-62

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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1117 on:** December 27, 2016, 11:18:09 AM »

British ignoring Mines and Minerals of Garhwal

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British Ignoring Mines and Mineralogy in Garhwal -1
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British Administration in Garhwal -97
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -115
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -952
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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It is said that the contractual income for Nagpur Copper mines for Garhwal Kingdom was Rs 5000 (British Rs 3800) in Garhwal Kingdom. Gorkha never paid attention on developing Garhwal resources and their erratic polices never encouraged investors for investing in mines or other resources. Therefore, in 1812, the state income from mines from Garhwal and Kumaon together dropped to Gurkhali Rs 4800 (British Rs 3600).
There was discussion among British administrators about mines in the initiating years of British Rule. In 1814, Hearsay wrote to John Adam the Company Secretary about well developed copper mines in Garhwal and about iron ores. (Atkinson and Saksena)
After British captured Garhwal, top administrators instructed Gardner the first Kumaun Commissioner for dispatching ore samples to Kolkata from Kumaon and Garhwal. (Saksena). The officers dispatched ore samples from Gangoli and Seera of Kumaon to Kolkata and there, British experts did not find the ores profitable. Government instructed to run mines as they were run in past. (Atkinson).
The details of mines in Garhwal Kingdom period is already cited in ‘Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -12’.

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 27/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -953
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 279-286
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.-1 page 274
3- Walton, Garhwal gazetteer, page 151
4- Saksena, Historical papers related to Kumaon , letter -1 page 9, letter 78, page 216
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History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1118 on:** December 28, 2016, 10:58:17 AM »

Numbers of Mines and Mines Revenue in British Garhwal

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British Ignoring Mines and Mineralogy in Garhwal -2
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British Administration in Garhwal -98
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -116
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -953
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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Trail offered contract for Nagpur mines for Rs.10 for the year 1815 and Rs 15 for 1816. The mines income never increased from Rs 1850. After land settlement of nearby village, the farmers did not need mining. In past, mining workers were paid for mining. Now, workers were not paid. The income from mines of Kumaon was put into Ramgarh Pargana account and account of Dhanpur of Garhwal. However, from 1826, the mines income was accounted for the respective Parganas.
The mines income from 1815 to 1840 was as under (Atkinson) –
Mines-----------Income Rs , Kumaun --------------------Rs., Garhwal ---------Total Rs.
Copper -------------------801--------------------------------------2086--------------2887
Iron ----------------------1905------------------------------------226-----------------2131
Total----------------------2706------------------------------------2312----------------5018
The above income was inclusive of land tax of respective area.
The coins were minted in Nagpur Garhwal and Gangoli Kumaon. The income was around Rs.300 per year.
Becket offered details of mines income from 1839-40 till1863-64 in his Garhwal Lans ettlement report (Atkinson)-
Mines-1839-40----1844-45 –1849-50-----1854-55-------1859-60------1863-64-----Total Rs
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Iron----609---------727--------779---------430--------------272---------------134-----------3764
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Copper----1990-----2442-------2138-----------1305------81-----------------627------------21304
Plumbus----- - --5---------------5--------------3 - 10----------------64
Total---------2599---3174----------2920----------1738--------353-----------771------------25132
Nos. Mines---24----------25---------23-------------17----------11--------------30------------76
In 1865, there was mining in 24 irons, copper, 9 and 3 plumbus mines . 33 iron mines, 35 copper mines and 3 plumbus mines were closed.
Following income in Rs. was recorded in 1878-79
Year----------------Copper ----------------Iron ------------------Total
1878------------------86.50-------------------136.75-------------222.25
1879-------------------89-----------------------153.50------------242.50

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 28/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -954
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
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(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 279-286
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.-1 page 274, 275, 259
3- Walton, Garhwal gazetteer, page 151
4- Saksena, Historical papers related to Kumaon , letter -1 page 9, letter 78, page 216
Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #1119 on:** December 29, 2016, 10:20:02 AM »

Mines Survey in British Garhwal and Kumaon

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British Ignoring Mines and Mineralogy in Garhwal -3
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British Administration in Garhwal -99
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History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -117
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History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -954
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By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

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In 1815, officials sent ores samples to Kolkata from Kumaon. In Kolkata, experts could not get conclusion.
In 1817, government sent Lieutenant Babe to Kumaon with a mine expert Ludly for reporting about mines resources. Ludly expired in 1836 in Pithoragarh. Atkinson could not get his report. In 1826, Herbert sent a comprehensive report on Kumaon mines. In 1838, Captain Drumond with mines expert Wilkin surveyed Gongoli and Sora mines and put a plan for digging mines. Government authorized the suggestion and sanctioned Rs 2515 and later on added Rs 1000. Commissioner Lushington sent a report to the government in 1842 (Atkinson).
Government selected Pokhari copper mines for mines survey under the expert Wilkin. The experiment and survey was carried from 1838-1841. Government had occurred loss for Rs 7384. The loss reasons were low quality of ores and les ores. There was no mistake on expertise of Wilkin and the area. In 1845, Mines Engineer Reckendorf visited and surveyed the mines. He concluded that it was not advisable for concluding the report or experiment by Wilkin. He advised for digging mines deep to 250 feet.
Wilkin did not use new instruments for ores extractions. Reckendorf had opinion that if contract was given to a private company for using deep shaft to avoid converting pyrites into copper sulphate would be profitable.
Government did not take action and Captain Drummond challenged the report sent by Commissioner Lashington.
In 1852, government restarted mining and did not get success. In 1872, an Eurpean contractor took the mining job and used same old methods for mining and experienced that the copper was costly as silver cost.

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 29/12/2016
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -955
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
References
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 279-286
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol.-1 page 259 to 275

Xx

History of British Rule, Administration , Policies, Revenue system, over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule , Administration , Policies Revenue system over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies ,Revenue system over Dehradun , Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand ; History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, ,Revenue system over Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand ;
History of British Rule, Administration, Policies, Revenue system over Haridwar, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;

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