MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

            Nos of Patients checked in Government Hospitals of British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -294
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -314
-
 
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1148



  Nos of patients Treated in Pilgrim road Government Hospitals from 1903-1912

      The pilgrims used to face indigestion, malaria and diarrhea besides choler. Local people took also advantages of hospitals opened on pilgrims road.  Following data are available for patients treated in different hospitals on pilgrim roads from 1903-1912-
-
Year ---Shrinagar—Ukhimath-----Joshimath-----Chamoli-----Karnaprayag—Galai---Kandi
1903
Malaria----2400---------480-------------385------------848----------729------------559
Indigestion- 191---------39--------------77--------------102---------94---------------65
Diarrhea-----488---------57--------------39---------------88----------151--------------39
1904
Malaria -----3393--------648------------521-------------521----------630-------------558
Indigestion—582---------81-------------149-------------111----------128-------------88
Diarrhea------363----------46--------------64--------------94-------------54------------22
1905
Malaria ----- 3250---------482-------------392------------323-----------602------------635
Indigestion----648-----------93-------------129--------------42------------69-------------82
Diarrhea--------459----------53--------------59-------------33---------------88-----------79
1906
Malaria ------3787------------464-------------333-----------458-----------707------------438
Indigestion---642---------------77----------------63-----------95-----------83--------------86
Diarrhea------797---------------68---------------53------------29------------112-----------52
1907
Malaria ------2886-------------565------------440------------473-----------252----------493-----238
Indigestion-- 507---------------88-------------82--------------136----------37------------126-------38
Diarrhea------567---------------46-------------46-------------65------------116------------44------50
1908
Malaria ------3938-------------812-------------345-----------751-----------901-----------790----481
Indigestion- -655---------------33----------------82------------49------------32------------44------11
Diarrhea-------87----------------55----------------59---------187-------------14------------90-----66
1909
Malaria ------3149--------------760------------582----------834------------765-----------537-----330
Indigestion- ---793--------------187------------84-----------266------------98------------291-----82
Diarrhea------505---------------57-------------97-------------218----------144------------58---------30
1910
Malaria -----3623--------------801----------497-------------995----------817------------588-------327
Indigestion---840---------------70------------80-------------741----------205-------------330------78
Diarrhea-------889--------------66------------34-------------136----------166-------------90---------52
1911
Malaria -----2542----------------856----------582------------760----------715------------544-------408
Indigestion- 779-----------------70------------110------------568----------274-----------113---------64
Diarrhea------975----------------86------------82--------------93-----------148------------67---------53
1912

Malaria -----1608--------------1041----------375-------------976----------803-----------740--------333
Indigestion- -156----------------81-----------157-------------380-----------92------------229--------61
Diarrhea------437----------------118----------70--------------69------------110-----------118--------95




                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 31/1/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1149
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
 
 History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

            Cash Currency Economy in British Garhwal     
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -295
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -315
-
 
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1149
      By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)

               Before British came to Garhwal, the transaction system was ‘barter system’. Garhwalis and even businessmen were not using cash for business transaction.  After British coming to Uttarakhand, slowly, cash transaction replaced barter system. However, in rural Garhwal, the barter system remained same till around1865. Even in Bhotia business with Tibet used to run on ‘barter system’. After 1866, the cash transaction started spreading fast in rural Garhwal.
     In 1883, Colonel Fisher (Atkinson, vol.3 page 261) wrote, if we analyze the fixed assets on cash medium, Garhwalis are below poverty level.  However, Garhwalis get full food from their farms.  Garhwalis complete their needs of clothing by producing hemp dresses and woolen dresses by producing hemp and nurturing sheep. For salt, Garhwalis use their produced grains or crafts.  Garhwalis build their houses by cooperative methods. Garhwalis need cash for paying tax or in marriage time. After education widening, Garhwali farmers will need cash”
  Till 1883, British government  did not take proper step for developing poor development regions. Those did not have agriculture land they used to migrate where they could get land under Jamindar /Thokdar as Khaikar or Sirtan. Many Thokdar used to get barren land from government and used to ffer that land to others by making them Khaikar or Sirtan. That was away of developing under developed region.
   Population effected on inflation. The grain consumer prices  reached double the cost in 1892 against 1862. By 1895, Garhwal was no more grain eporter but grain importer and for grain people required cash.


                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 1/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1150
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
 
 History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

             Miscellaneous Income Sources  in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -297
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -317
-
 
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1151

          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
 
       After a half century from British rule started, Garhwalis started getting stable and new types of income that never heard before.
     In 1868, British administration established forest division in Garhwal. Garhwalis got jobs in the department and got new source of income. In 1879, British government opened Ganga (forest) division. There was rupees one and quarter lakhs expenditure on both the divisions. The forest resource was so much in Garhwal that it was enough for Garhwalis for living satisfactory on forest incomes. However, due to contract system, Garhwalis got only a little portion of wealth and government and contractors got major share of cake. Pow estimated in 1894, that Garhwalis were getting only half lakhs rupees from forest income. Contractors were paying more than that to labor. The labor working on forest road construction, forest cutting etc was getting four ana daily. People of Malla Salan and Talla Salan were getting more benefits from forest cutting jobs. The people of Malla and Talla Salan were building new houses by that new income. The daily wage for labor on road construction was only two and half ana. an average, one member from each family from three Salans used to leave his village after rainy season for getting jobs in forest and worked for  six months. They used to spend that income on grains and other articles. There were 6788 workers in Bhabhar and Lansdowne forests.
     In 1894, the income of soldiers and officers of Lansdowne military camp was around rupees one lakh. That income was of Garhwalis army men and it was improving economic condition in Garhwal. Rajputs of North Garhwal were more beneficiary as government preferred them in military. Nearby areas people of Lansdowne were supplying necessary items to military camp and getting new income.
  However, Garhwalis were getting more income for jobs in plains. Garhwalis working in plains sent money orders into Garhwal for Rupees one and half lakhs from July 1895-June 1896. The money order amounts sent from Kotdwara and Lansdowne post offices was additional amount.

                         Income from Pilgrimage

    Paw estimated that in 1894, the income from pilgrims for Garhwal was not less than rupees five lakh. However, major expenditure from that money was for importing grains from plains.  Walton in 1910, wrote,“ On an average, annually, fifty –sixty thousand pilgrims visit to Garhwal and they travel in Garhwal at least for a month.   Wheat flour was available for half rupee per ser. It means that a pilgrim cannot buy grains within Rs. ten in Garhwal.Pilgrims had to spend money on vegetables, pulses, milk, fuel etc at Chattis. Villagers sell those items costly. Rich pilgrims travel by Pinus. For a Pinus, it requires for men. Each person get thirty rupees in a month. A carrying man carries a person through Kandi. Kandi man used to get forty rupees a month.  The loader carrying goods used to get rupees twenty five per month. Pilgrims pay for food of carriers. Pilgrims pay tributes to temples and pay to pandas and other priests. By all calculations, pilgrims spent at least Rupees five lakh. (Garhwal Gazetteer).
. The salary for soldiers was Rs 430000. Other expenditure was rupees five lakh (miscellaneous purchase etc).
  Thousands of Garhwalis were now visiting Bhabhar for labor job. The wage was four to six ana per day for labor in Bhabhar.
   Garhwalis had craze for working in plains.  By 1910, Garhwalis started entry in U.P. police and Burma Military police too. Hundreds of Garhwalis getting jobs in Survey of India too and were visiting from Baluchistan to Darzaling etc.
-
  British Garhwal from Poverty to Prosperity
   
      Garhwal was facing problems of population increase and it was creating pressure on traditional resources. However, brave Garhwalis took the challenge in positive ways and found solution by opting taking jobs outside Garhwal. Garhwalis were dependent on agriculture but were using other resources related to agriculture as forest produces, live stocks, crafts etc. In past farmers were selling wheat for paying tax but now, cash was available with them and were not selling wheat but started making main food course. Garhwalis started making new style houses and they had competition in building new type of houses among themselves. Many converted old houses as cow yard and built new houses in other places at village.
  Atkinson offered data for daily food consumption by Garhwalis –
Daily food expenses of lowest income group person-
Half ser (less than a keelo) on Koda or finger millet – 4 pai
Half ser Jhangora or banyan millet – 4 pai
Vegetables, pulse, oil, salt, spices and fuel- 7  pai
Total 15 pai or 5 paise.
    The more prosperious family were taking red wheat flour and rice too along with millets. Their daily food expenses was estimated two ana per day. More prosperous families were taking ghee, milk  too. Their daily food expenses were estimated for 3.75 ana.
   The monthly income estimation of different labor was as follows in Rs. –
Types of labor monthly income ------------1850----------------1880
 Common labor--------------------------------3.5to 4---------------4 to 5
Iron smith --------------------------------------6 to 8---------------10 to 14
Builders and Carpenter------------------------6 to 8 -------------8 to12
    Since, there was no sufficient income source in villages Garhwalis started taking jobs outside of Garhwal and country.  Garhwali never needed loan for seeds. There is still believe that by eating seeds, there would be poverty in the family. Therefore, even in drought or feminine Garhwalis hesitated eating seeds saved for next cropping as was a practice for taking loan by farmers for seeds. The Garhwalis would suffer three day fast in feminine but would never like eating seeds stored for new crops. Garhwalis were always conscious about caring for domestic animals even in feminine time.
 No doubt due to Garhwalis not working for hard works in rod construction and tea estates, many writers called Garhwalis as sluggish community too. However, same writers praised Garhwalis and Kumaonis for hard works in their villages, military and other jobs too. This is right today too that Garhwalis never liked forcefully works or jobs.
     
          Government set up a committee for knowing economic condition of the state in 1888. Surveyor roamed in Garhwal and Kumaon. Colonel Pitcher wrote in his report, “I got opportunity for visiting Garhwal and Kumaon. I think, from the seasonal diversity and adversity of hills, I can say that the farmers of other hill regions don’t live so prosperously as farmers of Kumaon and Garhwal live. There are no beggars and so poor people. The millets Kumaon farmers eat is available at forty Ser (just less than a kilo) per rupee. One Ser grain is enough for a healthy person. The forest produces as fruits, vegetables and spices are available and are sufficient for six months. However, they don’t collect such forest produces. If a person works for a day, it was enough for him for ten days food. They go in three for carrying gods weighing 20 to 30 ser.  They distribute that wage among themselves. They would like to return to their houses in night and don’t like staying out of their houses. They don’t care much for profit.”
      No doubt, the above reporter was outsider and he never knew that if hill men of Garhwalis would have been lazy they would have not built such Pkka Ghar or buildings within shortest period and even shilpkar built pakka houses. Garhwalis had been very hard workers but never liked forced job.



   
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 3/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1152
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
 
 History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

            Changes in Social Structure in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -299
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -319
-
 
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1153

          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
     
        With population increase, newer prosperity and ruler’s activities change the social structure too. The new prosperity in Garhwal and Kumaon brought many changes in social structure and culture.  Administration and society started counting people as per caste class.
   Government classified population of 131916 into following castes in census of 1841-42-
  Muslims – 363
   Hindu –
Brahmin -29122
Rajput----44470
Khasiya ---34502
Das or doom -1358
Hindu population -109818
  In 1865 census, government put Khasiya in Pahadi Rajput class and Garhwal governemtn put Khasiya in Shudra class. In 1865, government put Doom or scheduled caste with Muslim. It was surprising as Doom or Scheduled caste were Hindu and believed on all Hindu culture customs. No social and cultural customs of Scheduled castes were common with Muslims. Only common custom was a few Shilpkar used to marry their daughters with Muslims and used to take beef.
  The 1865 census details are as follows-
   Dub Divisions --------------------------------Kumaon ------------------Garhwal
 All types of Brahmins  ---------------------------41659-----------------------59468
 Kshatriya (Chhatri, Thakur, Rajput, Kunvar)—95---------------------------20545
Pahari Rajput/khasiya--------------------------------204190--------------------nil
Vaishya -------------------------------------------------2988----------------------206
Shudra (Khasia ------------------------------------------------------------------107627
Shudra Doom----------------------------------------------------------------------35992
Muslim Shekh, Sayyad, Mughal, pathan -----------519------------------------110
Other Muslims included Doom--------------------118833---------------------623
Total Population -------------------------------------385790------------------248742
             The population of Garhwal in 1872 census was 310288 and classes were divided as follows –
          Hindu -----------308398
Garhwali Christians -----65
Muslims --------------------1799
Europeans ------------------26
 The population of 1881 was 345629
 Castes ----------------Male ----------Female ------------------Total
Hindu ------------------169015-------174171-------------------343186
Muslims ------------------1539----------518----------------------2077
Jain --------------------------------------------------------------------26
Christians ------------------------------------------------------------ 297
First time in 1881, Government counted Jain separate from Hindu

  In Garhwal the caste wise division in the society was a system before British rule too.  The kings used to call outsider warriors for their army or on contract. Those outsider warriors used to call them as Rajput but barring Brahmin, they used to call other caste as Khasiya or Khasya. The people belonging to old kingdom King’s families also called them Rajput. Rajput used to tie sacred thread (Janeu) but not Khasya. Those Rajput used to spread many brave stories around them.
          When the government started census based on castes the caste division started wider. Khasiya Rajpur were healthy, brave,faithful to masters and did not care for touch-ability and Kaccha Bhat. English commanders used to like those faithful soldiers in army. British government started appointing capable Khasiya in army without any caste discrimination. Many scholars published long list of Martial race and non-martial race too.   Atkinson, Raturi, Patiram, Maithani, Tara Datt Gairola published caste history in their books.
   Paw around 1884, also published area wise, caste (Brahmin, Rajput and Shilpkar ) wise population. Patwaris of different Pattis sent the population report to Paw. The paw report does not match with census but is sufficient for supplying caste ratio in each Pargana.  The population in 1891 census of Garhwal is 41431 more than Paw’s report. The difference might be because Paw did not count other castes as Muslims, Christians vaisya and those were working temporary other places.
 Pargana-------Census 1891 -------Pop Paw-----------Brahmin----Rajput-----Shilpkar
Badhan -----------30732 ------------29381---------------5805-------18638-------4427
Barasyun----------63229------------55716----------------16006-----30342------8809
Chandpur---------40706-------------38818-----------------6785------27677------4581
Chaundkot--------26573---------------26231--------------8060------13345------4382
Dashauli-----------13775---------------12120-------------3030--------6922-------2021
Devalgarh----------29895--------------33311-------------7605--------20865-------4391
Painkhanda--------5805----------------8279---------------848----------6395-------1036
Nagpur--------------50907--------------26840------------3514---------18528----- 4248
Gangasalan----------47510------------49538--------------15486--------24294-----9168
Mallasalan------------47594-----------46459--------------10662--------28822-------6484
Tallasalan-------------51093-----------39697---------------9471----------22403------7353
Total------------------407818----------396387---------------86359-------217638------57900
 
                      Adding Arysamaji in Census               

    Arya Samaj founder Swami Dayanand Sarswati travelled Haridwar in Kumbha fair 1854.Dayanand Sarswati met many religious scholars in Haridwar.  After Kumbha Mela, Dayanand reached to Tehri and studied Tantra literature. Dayanand Sarswati went to Shrinagar and stayed there for two months. From Shrinagar, Dayanand travelled Guptakashi, Kedarghat, Tungnath, Ukhimath, Joshimath, Badrinath and Basudhara. From there he returned to plains.
       In 1911, Garhwal census put light on Aryasamaji but those were migrated from plains. Jains, Sanatani, Arysamaji , Brahmsamaji (Bra)were included under Hindu -
District----Sanatani ------Aryasamaji---Bra--Jain- Sikh- Buddhist—Muslims-Chris.-Zoroastrian
Garhwal---475533--------119------------00------37—17------6-----------3614------845------00
Tehri G ----298983-------3-------------------------46—24------------------1754------6----------
Dehradun---169614-------1144----------8--------320—1158--------------2779------5036----1

        Sub castes Under Rajput and Brahmins
   The census of 1872 offers population under sub castes of Rajput and Brahmins as under –

               Rajput

Bhal ----- 1997
Bhadauriya—4005
Baghel----------4552
Bhardwaj--------1496
Khasiya--------58000
Negi-------------15880
Rawat----------46044
Solanki -----------5344
Bisht---------------4956
Others-------------9791
-
Total----------------152065

               Brahmins
                 
Gangadi -----------62803
Oza-----------------6565
Khasiya------------7291
Sarola --------------1988
Jai--------------------1542
Others----------------849

Total------------------81038



                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 7/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1154
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
 
 History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

            Revolution in Caste Culture in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -301
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -321
-
 
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1155

          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
     
         The society in second half century of British was changing from caste culture angle. The learned persons from Indi and Europe had opinion that the Khas people should be included in Arya caste as those are from famous –Upper Caste. The reason behind Khas were not getting same status as the Brahmins and Rajput came from plains in Garhwal and Kumaon was that Khasiya did not followed strictly the rules of Sanatana sect as upper caste Brahmins and Rajput used to follow.  In Garhwal and Kumaon, Khasa were struggling for getting respectable status for centuries as did by so called upper caste.  Atkinson (1882) wrote that a prosperous Kumaoni Dom stone mason could command a wife from a lower Rajput Khasiyas and a prosperous Khasiya could command a wife from Rajput (migrated from plains to Garhwal, Kumaon. However, Dr Dabral objected the statements of Atkinson that it was not common for Dom marrying a Brahmin or Rajput girl. even in 1960s Atkinson wrote that every year, there is spread of Brahmin Dharma (Sanatana sect) and Khasiyas started following classical ways of Hindu rituals and system. Now, Khasiyas started ignoring their old religious and social systems. In old time, Khasiyas used to perform regional deity rituals but then (1882), they started following Sanskrit classical rituals performances. Atkinson made education responsible for such changes.
     Before 1850, there was no such awareness among Khasiyas about their position. They used to perform rituals of village deities and they did not need for classical Brahmins for ritual performances.  They used to celebrate ceremonies as marriage by showy or simple methds  as per prosperity buut from religious angle, they used to  pasting house walls by cow dung and  sprinkling cow urine in house or rooms.  (Atkinson)
    After 1860or so, Khasiya stopped calling them Khasiya or Khasya. They started calling them Rajput. Their Brahmin priests also started performing rituals for them through classical manners. Brahmins also started ritual performances through Sanskrit shlokas . They included Shiva, Ganesh, Lakshmi Vishnu etc in their deity lists. The Khas Brahmins and Rajput were unaware of their Gotra however, by 1884, they included them into Bhardwaj gotra. (Atkinson)
    In 1894, Paw reported “  The Negi, Bisht , Rawat /Raut are Rajput and are called’Khasiya/Khasya’. However, there is always an additional name before their sir name as Gorla Rawat, Angri Raut, Kfol Bisht, Kandai Gusain. Those are called Upper caste Rajput.  The lower caste Rajput also started adding their village name before Negi or Rawat etc. There is a proverb –Bhul Chuke ka Kaship Gotra’. “
       Initially, Khasiya started calling them Negi and then Mona Negi. By end of 1850-60, Rajput used to tie janeu/scared thread but Khasiyas were not allowed to do so. There were ‘Pakhila’ Khasiyas in Chandpur those used to engage in hemp growing and producing  hemp dressings. They left their traditional business for becoming Rajput. Tying Janeu was spreading villages slowly. Some Negi were tying Janeu and some were not tying. (Paw).
            Dr. Patiram ( 1915, Garhwal, Ancestral and Modern) writes that at present you could not call anybody Khasya/Khasiya. Then they were Rajput. By struggle, Khasiya became successful in getting the position of Rajput. They got support from western culture and education. The Brahmins those used to insult the Khasiyas started performing rituals for Khasiyas.
         Same way, Khasiya Brahmins and Bhaira Brahmins were included into General Brahmin category (Paw).
  This social revolution of nineteenth century was repeated among Shilpkar ( as per British Dom) in early twentieth century. Shilpkar started tying Janeu and started stopping traditional crafts jobs too.
 

                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 14/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1156
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
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(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
 
 History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal