MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

            Gangadi/Gangari and Nirola Brahmin Castes in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -304
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -324
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1158
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
          There were divisions among Gangari/Gangadi Brahmins too. Bahuguna (Bughana), Dobhal, Uniyal and Dangwal comes under ‘Chauth’ segment.  Raturi,  in Narendra Hindu law mentioned following castes under Gangari/Gangadi- Naithani, Childwal,Juyal, Saklani (Pujari), Joshi, Tewari, Painyuli, Chandola, Dhoundiyal, Naudiyal, Mamgain, Barthwal, Kukreti, Dhasmana Kainthola, Suyal, Anthwl, Bahukhandi, Jugran, Malkoti, Balodi, Ghansala, Madhwal, Devrani, Pokhariyal, Dabral, Sundriyal, Kalsi, Kimothi, Purviya, Kothari, Badola, Panthari, Baluni, Purohit, Rudola, Sunyal, Kotnala, Kala,Kanswal, Bairagi,  Molasi, Farasi, Badhani, Shailwal, Kudiyal, and Bhatt.
          Nirola
   People informed to Atkinson about Nirola Brahmins that they are Dubhagi . Those Brahmins did not have marriage relations with Sarola and Gangadi Brahmins. Nirola used to stay in Nagpur. Ramayanpradip described Nagpur as Durgam/Dugam unreachable or difficult to reach place. That was one reason for calling them Dubhagi or Dugami. Patiram informed that other Brahmins separated them from Brahmin society in past and Nirola meant that separated. They had many gotras as Kashyap, Angrish etc. Therefore, they were also called nanagotri (many gotras).  A theory informs (Dabral) that the castes of such Brahmins were based on maternal castes and not by paternal caste. Therefore they were called Nanagotra (the gotra of maternal grandfather)
    Atkinson informed following Nanagotri or Nirala Brahmin castes – Jamloki, Batanwal, Kandhari, Baramwal, Silwal, Poldi, Bilwal, Garsara, Thalwal, Thaleta, Kimoti, Maikota, Darmwar, Dayolaki, Kandpal, Thalasi, Falata, Gatyali, Dhamakwal, Bamwal, Mangwal, Bamola, Binjwal, and Ganai.
    Historian Patiram belonged to Nagpur region.  Patiram counted only 24 castes in Nirola and he replaced Dhupali Batanwal, Bilwal, Gatyali and Ganai by Khauli, Sangwal, Purohit and Missar.
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 19/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1159
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
 
 History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

             Arrival of Sarola Brahmin Communities in Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -306
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -326
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1160
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
  Raturi offered the following data for arrivals of Sarola Brahmin Communities in Garhwal (Garhwal ka Itihas page 140)-
Caste----Old caste -----Old Place -------Arrival Sanvat ---- First person ---- Settling Village
Nautiyal--- Gaur-----------Dhar--------------945----------------Devidas-Nilkanth-----Nauti
Maithwani Adya Gaur--Chhakhat-Bengal—975------------Rupchand Tryambk--- Maithwana
Semalti----do-----------Virbhumi-Bengal----965-----------Ganpati-------------------Semalt
Gairola------do-------------?----------------------972-----------Jayanand –Vijayanand ---Gairola
Chamoli----Dravid---------Vilhat-----------------982--------Dhaarni,Harmi, Birmi---Chamola
Thaplyal---A.Gaur----------Gaurdesh-----------980---Jaychand,Maychand, Jaypal—Thapli
Dyondi---------?-----------------?---------------------------------------------------------------Dyond
Dimri-------Dravid----Santhal, Ktk------------?------------Rajendra, Balbhadra---------Dimar
Khanduri----Gaur----Virbhumi---------------945-----------Sarangdhar, Maheshwar-----Khanduda
Raturi---------A.Gaur---Gaurdesh-------------980------------Satyanand, Rajbal-----------Ratuda
Semwal--------do----------Virbhumi-----------980------------Prabhakar, Niranjan---------Semganv
Nauni----------Satti--------Gujrat-------------980--------------------?-------------------------Naunganv
Hatwal-------Gaur-----------virbhumi---------1059--------------sudarshan, Visheshwar--Hatganv
Kotyal----------Gaur---------?------------------?----------------------?---------------------------Koti
Sati-------------Sati----------Gujrat ----------------------------------------------------------------?
Bijlwan---------Gaur--------------------------------------------------Bijju-------------------?
Lakhera --------A.Gaur-Virbhumi-----------1117---------------Narad, Bhanuvir------Lakheri
Pujyari---------Bhatt-------South--------------1722----------------?—Chandravadani Priest
Joshi of Mairav—Kanyakubj, -Kumaon--------1812-------------------- Jyotishi
 There is no mention of arrival time etc of Bhadwal, Jaiswal, Maliwal, Jasola, Bhatt, Kailkhora, Dhammaval, Nainyal, Knadwal, Malgudi, Chaukhya. It seems those castes were added in Sarola community in  later stage.
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 21/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1161
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
 
 History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

              Bhekhdhari Communities in Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -310
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -330
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1164
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
 
                     There were many castes in Garhwal and still persist those are called Bheshdhari Jogi. The Jogi or Bhekhdhari communities play great role in Garhwal.
    There ae many castes of such communities as Nath, Kanfata, Binkanfata, Gusain, Giri, Pui , Dashnami, Aghori, Pramhans, Gurudasi, Sadhu, Brahmchari, Sanyasi, Ramanandi and many more.
   Historians and administrators put them into two major classes – Gusain ( Bairagi, Udasi, sadhu etc) and Jogi (priests in Bhairon temples).
 The administration collected the population as follows-
 Year ----------Gusain -----------Jogi ---------Total
1872-------------1125-------------1063-----------2188
1881--------------------------------------------------2670
                  Gusain
 Gusain had ten sub classes or Dasnami . Tirth, Ashram, and Bharti were sub divisions. Dandi was also sub class.
  In past, such  priests (Mahant, Gusain) of Math or temples had to be Brahmchari. Slowly, gusain started having woman keep in temples and lately started marrying too. They had a specific system for making disciples from the society.
  Many families used to put their child into bag of Gusain for making the male child as Gusain. When the child reached at the age of 8, 10 or  12 years, there used to be a rituals for making child as Gusain and from that day the Child used to live with Gusain in Math or temple.  The disciple from other family was called and Nad Putra and if Gusain’s own son used to become Gusain that Gusain was called Bindu Gusain.
    Society had a custom for offering articles , food, grains to Gusain.

                  Puri
 The Puris sects from Jogi were the priests of temples as Kamleshwar, Narmdeshwar (Shrinagar), Nageshwar, kalkeshwar, Naleshwar.
    The Giri jogi were the priests of Bridh Kedar, Bhill-Kedar, Dattatreya and sarveshwar temples and many temples of Gurga, Mahadev, Bhawani.
  Bharti were the priests of Rudranath and Narmdeshwar temples.
 Udasi were related to Guru Ram Ray sects.
          Nath /Dalya
   The disciples of Guru Gorakhnath and Machhindar Nath are called Nath . Once, Nath priests had deep influence on Garhwal Kings. There are two types of nath –Kanfara (ear pierced) and Bin Kanfara.
      There were eighteen sub sects under Nath segment-
  Dharmanathi, Satyanathi, Bairagnathi, Kaflani, Daryanathi, Mastnathi, Rawal-Gudar , Khantar, Ramnathi, Aipanthi, Niranjani, Kankai, Bhushai, Mundiya, Mannathi, Paopanthi and Muskani.
           Devalgarh was main centre of Satynathi sect. There is Samadhi of Satyanath priest. The chief priest of Styanath math is called Peer. Satyanathi took many beliefs from Islam. The Peer priest used to put on Tahmad. Peer was always buried. Peer was a married priest. His other family members were burnt as other Garhwalis. T.e Kings offered a few Math , the tax free land (Gunth).
  Before, Garhwal King came, the Nath priests had rights on Shiva temples and that is the reasosn, in many Shiva temples, there are Adinath images on top of Shrine.
             Samadhi
   The Gusain, many Bairagi, nath priest, dalya, jogi were not burnt but were buried. In Jaspur, Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal), there is Nath Math where Nath Dalya are buried.
 The dead body is put as in sitting position and kept some sweets etc. Then salt is put on the ditch and soil and stone are put. On top of the burial a flat and big stone or shrine type of stone is put.
                     Married Jogi
     In old age, the chief priest of bigger and famous temples or math used to be unmarried. However, with time, the Math Mahant started marrying and having families as other citizens. Then, Mahant started making his own son as chief priest of Math or Mandir.
   In Garhwal Settlement Report, Paw wrote that the ownership of math or mandir went to disciples and not to sons of Mahant. That custom was there because in past, the  Priest /Mahant used to be unmarried (Brahmchari).
    When Mahants started marrying, for temple/math ownership reason, Mahant started declaring his son or son in law as disciple. By end of nineteenth century, most of Mahant started marrying and transferring temple /math ownership to their sons by making them chief priest. In many cases, it was difficult to differentiate Jogi family and a Rajput family. In Almora, many such Mahant or Jogi stopped putting on saffron dresses.  (Pannalal, Customary Law in Kumaun).
     In many cases, Mahant or priest started making his son in law as his disciple for disowning temple property to others.
     By 1919, in Kamleshwar temple Shrinagar, the custom was that Mhant would make his son as disciple. however, in case Mahant declared his disciple, the temple income used to go to disciple and son used to get ownership that offered by his father (Mahant) in his life time. In such cases, Mahant started making disciples from nephews or close relatives. Even today, Yogi Adityanath of Gorakhpur is nephew of previous Mahant.
                    Mahants of Kamleshwar Temple Shrinagar
    It is said that Mahant custom in Kamleshwar Mandir started from 1700. Shhringeri math Shankaracharya handed over the charge of temple to his female disciple Shri Krishna Puri mai for various temple administration ( Bhairav datt Shastri, Punyaagari Shrinagar) and later on the mahant list is as follows –
Shri Krishna Puri Mai- Jagannath Puri became Mhanat after Keshav and Uttam.
Jagannath Puri- Deep was his dispel but Deep did not have disciple. Nirml Puri the disciple of Keshav Puri became Mahant of temple.
Nirmal- Prasad, Gambhir, Shivram, Samser, Balbhadra, Hanumant, Hira, Dayal, Lalitanand, Parmanand, Kamlanand
                    Bairagi
 Garhwali Bairagi used to caal them followers of Ramanuj sect. They used to put on Janeu and had Choti, put on tulsi garland and used to paste vertical Tripund on forehead. They used to follow all Hindu rituals, believed on Vishnu incarnations and follow Vaishnava sect strictly. Many Bairagi of Nand Prayag were very rich (Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern). Those rich Bairagi used to arrange food, shelters and medicinal facilities for Sadhus on pilgrim roads.
 Raturi  (Narendra Hindu Law) offered following castes of Bairagi-
        Charandasi, Dadupanthi, Kabirpanthi, Nirala, Tulsidasi, Panapdasi, Garibdasi, Ramdasi, Sainpanthi, Khaki, Rampanthi, Madhvcharypanthi, Swaminarayani,Sampradayi, Harishchandri, Chohadpanthi, Paltudasi, Apapanthi, Satnami, Mayami, Baijampanthi,Chandrapanthi.
   Mostly, they were Mahant of Vaishnava temples. It seems many were from Nath sects as followrs of saint Dadu, Panap etc
              Bhalda /Bhaira
       Raturi (Narendra Hindu Law) stated that Bhalda were  below Gusain in status. They were not Jogi but family community. Bhalda or Bhaira did not put on saffron dress or had choti as compulsion. Many Bhalda started putting on Janueu and counted them as Brahmin. Many started calling them ‘Pujari’.
    In past age, people used to call them at funeral Ghat and people used to offer them dresses and other materils of deceased with Moksha Dan materials as cow. In many cases, people also used to throw stones on them as custom (cruel). People used to offer them spotted cows too. By 1915, Bhalda or Bhaira stopped those activities.
  In Tehri Garhwal, even in 1937, court used to punish Bhalda if they refused taking moksha dan materials. In British Garhwal, there was no compulsion on Bhaira for taking Moksa Dan materials.
               


 
 

         
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 1/3/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1165
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
 
 History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

              Shilpkar (Dom) and other Communities in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -312
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -332
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1166
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
     British administration used Dom word for craftsmen and non-touchable castes .In this chapter and ahead this writer will use Shilpkar word for Dom word.
      The Hindu population of British Garhwal in 1872 and  1881 was as under –
Total – 308398
Brahmins -81038
Rajput—152095
Baniya – 3007
 Others (72258)
Goldsmith -3349
Mekhdhari Jogi-2500
Bhotiya-419
Prostitutes -3183
Shilpkar- 47807
 The 1881 census offered following data-
Cobblers -1478
Shilpkar- 52000
Sweeper -292
Total- 54300
 Administration included goldsmith prostitutes and Jogi into higher class.
  In census of 1872 and 84 too, administration divided Shilpkar into following classes  (Atkinson) –
First class
Koli
Ironsmith /Lohar
Metal smith /Tamta
Johar
Od  (building construction)
Dhari
 Second class Shilpkar
Bhul or Teli (Oil extractor0
Rudiya (Wood vessels makers)
Agriya /miners
Chunar, Phariya etc
Third Class Shilpkar
Boat men and Dhunar
Cobbler
Dalya
Fourth Shilpkar class
Beggars included Auji, Hudkya, Missar, Badi, bhat, Darji etc
   
             Bogsa, Boksa  or Bhuksa

     Boksa communities were living in Bhabhar. In old age, Boksa were in Shrinagar too. The perception about Boksa was that that (still is there) Boksa are black magicians. It was perceived that they were partners with looters on pilgrim roads.
     It was said that Tehri King destroyed their literature and destroyed them too.
    They had Brahmin , Rajput and Shilpkar sub caste communities. Boksa used to marry with Tharu communities nearby Bhabhar. However, Tharu from Bijnor did not like Boksa (Atkinson).
   Boksa used to sieve gold from Ramganga sands too.
                                 Sikh in Garhwal

    In old age, Sikhs were included in Hindu community. Lately in British rule, administration started counting them separately. By 1910, there was scanty Sikh  population in Langur, Mawalsyun, Gum village of Ajmer, Binjoli and Holyuni  Gurarsyun pattis.
                   Jain
  In 1911 census, there were 55 Jains and all were businessmen.
    The 1952 census indicates that 92 percent Hindus were there and around less than 8 percent were non  Hindus. Most of non-Hindus were staying in cities.





         
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 6/3/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1167
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
 
 History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

              Openings Schools in British Garhwal   
-
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -213
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -233
-
 
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1067
-
                              By: Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
  There was no formal education system in Garhwal Kingdom and Gorkha rules. The upper class Brahmins engaged in Karmkand and medical /Ayurveda profession used to educate their sons for Sanskrit, Astrology and Ayurveda.
 There were afew temples especially in Shringar whre scholars usded to educate students for Sanskrit, Braj and Ayurveda. The scholars of Bahuguna of Pokhari used to teach their sons Sanskrit Grammar and poetry too and same a Nautiyals of Shrinagar offered knowledge to their sons.
 In British rule in Trail and Bouton period , there was no formal education system. However, the government offering education started from becket period. Government increased levy for education too. 
    In 1843, Central government handed over the education to the state government. In 1843, Province lieutenant general submitted education system in mother tongue. He advocated that in every 200 families there should be one school.  However, government asked him to follow new planning. According to that planning there should be one Tahsildari or Middle school as example for private schools. The salary for principle was fixed Rs. 10-20. The plan was 6 school teachers and three inspectors for each district. The government fixed budget for each district for  Rs. 4000- 4500. The state government passed a project for education in 1850.
                It took 10 years for schools opening in Garhwal. Becket increased levy by additional 3 % as education tax to land owners. Becket selected places for each school and by 1860 and  there were following lower primary schools (Madrse)-
    Number of Schools in British Garhwal in 1860
Pargana ----Number of Schools --------------- Pargana ----Number of Schools
Barasyun-------------6 ----------------------------- Devalgarh--4
Badhan  ------        2---------------------------------Dashauli ------3
Chandpur ------------4 -------------------------------Nagpur -------6
Chaundkot -----4----------------------------------- Painkhanda ---1
Gangasalan -------5 -------------------------------------Mallasalan--- 4
Tallasalan-----------6
Total 43
 There were 43 Government lower primary or basic schools in 1860 in British Garhwal.   
     In Halkabandi school, there was education upto lower primary and in Tahseeli school,s , the education was up to 7th.
  The schools of Kedarkhand,  Gamsali  and Badrinath used shift in summer to north and in winter to south ( Ukhimath, Chamoli and Joshimath)
 There used to be one master in each school called Pundit. Becket selected himself from Karmkandi Brahmin community. There was no formal syllabus but teacher used to teach Hindi and math. Script was devnagari for education. The monthly salary was for Rs. 5.
 Deputy inspector used to inspect and control the schools.
  District magistrate Becket used to distribute salary for teachers and used to interact with them directly.
  Becket encouraged teachers to be in teaching profession as low educated person desired for becoming Patwari as there was immense power and extra income in Patwari profession.
   Since, there were less numbers of schools, students used to come from miles. Student used to stay in hostels built by grass as hut. Students used to cook their own food. Average student age was more than sixteen and many married students also took admission in schools for new education. Initially, only boys took admission as there was no custom of educating girls.

       
   References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral ‘Charan’, Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -7 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -1, page- 343-456
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts Vol.2,
2 A- Trail Sketch of Kumaon, Asiatic Researches
3-Pau, Garhwal settlement
4- Becket, Garhwal Settlement Report
5-English Pre Mutiny Records 1824, Part - 1 , vol. 24
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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 4/11/2017
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -1068
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
 
 History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasaln Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal