MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

  Attack on Shrinagar Garhwal by Garhwal Army from Almora Kumaon

          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
   
                     (History of Panwar Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 227

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti
   
 To get rid of Ghamand Singh from Shrinagar Dhannu Gaddi who was looking after the interest of Pradyuamn Shah in Almora attacked on Shrinagar. Ghamand Singh ran away from Shrinagar. Now, Ajabram and his uncle Vijay Ram wanted to dislodge Jaya Kirti Shah and wanted to crown Parakram Shah. Ajab Ram wanted Salan Jagir.
       Ajbaram called army from Kumaon to attack on Shrinagar Garhwal.  Jaya Kirti Shah’s court poet Maularam sent message the Sirmaur King Jagat Prakash for helping Garhwal King. Before Jagat Prakash reached Shrinagar with his army, Pradyuman Chandra and his brother Parakram Shah surrounded capital Shrinagar with their army from Kumaon. When Jagat Prakash reached near Shrinagar, Vijaya Ram and Garhwali and Kumaon army of Almora resisted Jagat Prakash in Kaproli. There was war in Kaproli. Army of Jagat Prakash killed Vijay Ram. Ghamand Singh who was now with Vijay ram was also killed. Jagat Prakash defeated Pradyuman Chandra and Parakram Shah. Pradyuman and Parakram ran to Kumaon.
      Jagat Prakash advised to Jaya Kirti Shah to attack on Kumaon and tilt the kingdom forever. Jagat Prakash showed his apprehension that Pradyuman and Parakram would attack on Garhwal again from Almora. Jagat Prakash was ready to go along with Jaya Kirti Shah to Kumaon.
  Ajab Ram (who was inclined to get rid of Jaya Kirti Shah) had affiliation with Parakram. Ajab Ram and other ministers advised Jaya Kirti Shah not come on the trap of Jagat Prakash. Ajab ram advised that jagat Prakash would ask salary for his army and then would grab Garhwal Kingdom from Jaya Kirti Shah.
  Jaya Kirti accepted the advice of his ministers. Jay Kirti Shah paid gifts for rupees one lakh, gem garland and Jagir of Dehradun to  Jagat Prakash.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 25/12/2013
 
                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev’s Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -228   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued….
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued…
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued…)

  Parakram Shah as Mukhtyar or Representative of Pradyuman Chandra Shah in Kumaon

          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
   
                     (History of Panwar Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 228

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti
                 When Jaya Kirti Shah had to flee from Devalgarh due to attack of Joshi brothers, Pradyuman Chandra (presently Kumaon King) came to Shrinagar.
  Pradyuman sent his younger brother Parakram to Almora. Parakram Shah was representing Pradyuman in Kumaon. In 1780, Parakram was called to Almora from Shrinagar.
 Garhwal administrators as Ajab Ram Negi advised him to become Garhwal king in place of Jaya Kirti Shah. Parakram was also ambitious to take Kumaon Kingdom. However, Joshi brothers did not encourage him. Joshi brothers did not like Parakram Shah. Parakram Shah started making friends the supporters of Mohan Chandra (who was in exile) in Almora.  Parakram was administrating Kumaon kingdom. However, Parakram was proved as weak administrator and he was also not liked by the people.
   Parakram never wanted the Kumaon Kingdom. He was more interested in getting crown of Garhwal. When Pradyuman Chandra returned to Almora from Shrinagar, Parakram Shah started his journey to Shrinagar. Before, reaching Shrinagar by Parakram Shah, Jaya Kirti Shah recaptured Shrinagar Garhwal. As per advice of Parakram Shah, Ajab Ram started making strategy to dislodge Jaya Kirti Shah.
             Jaya Kirti Shah sent Dhani Ram Dobhal for getting army from Sirmaur. Parakram went to Almora for taking advices from Pradyuman Shah.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 27/12/2013
 
                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev’s Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -230   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued….
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued…
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued…)
Xx
Notes on History of Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Pithoragarh Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Champawat Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Bageshwar Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Nainital Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Almora Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Kumaon, Himalaya, North India; History of Kumaon, Himalaya, South Asia;

        History of Mohan Chandra Becoming Second Time the Kumaon King 

          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
   
                     (History of Panwar Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 231

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti
Second time rule of Mohan Chandra – 1786-1788
Inscriptions – 1786, 1787,1788
Contemporary Kings
Garhwal- Pradyuman Shah
Nepal (Kantipur or Kathmandu) - Gorakshadhis Ranbahadur Shah -1777-1799
 With the help of army of Parakram Shah, Mohan Chandra defeated the army of Harsh Dev who was representative of Pradyuman Shah (king of Kumaon and Garhwal).
  Mohan Chandra took Kumaon crown in 1786 again.

                 Friendly Treaty with Parakram Shah

           Mohan Chandra had friendly treaty with so called Garhwal King Parakram Shah. They both demarked the boundaries of Kumaon and Garhwal. However, there is no historical record in Garhwal that Parakram was king of Garhwal for a moment.
                New Taxes in Kumaon

                  Mohan Chandra won the Naithana Garh battle by hiring professional soldiers. Those soldiers were pursuing Mohan Chandra for their salaries. The treasury was empty. The administration was in total mess.
  Mohan Chandra collected tax (Manga Kar) from the subjects and rich people by suppression. Mohan Chandra collected money from Mara and Fadtyal group by force and tactful methods. By that money, Mohan Chandra paid the salaries of hired soldiers.
 
               Donations

 Mohan Chandra donated land for religious works
He donated land to Bageshwar temple thrice, Bhairav temple twice and Raghunath, Badrinath and Bhairavnath temple once.

              Treaty with Nepal King

         When there was unrest, civil war type situations in Kumaon and Garhwal, Nepal kingdom was emerging with one entity by winning small kingdoms of Nepal. There was fear of Nepali army terror everywhere in Nepal and the news of their terror was reaching to Kumaon too. Kumaon Kingdom wisely requested a friendly treaty with Nepal Kingdom.
         The friendly treaty was signed by Nepal King Gorkhadhis Ranbahadur Bahadurshah Shamsher Jang and Kumaon King Mohan Chandra on 13th January 1788 witnessed by deities as Lakshmi Naryan, Badrinath, Kedarnath, Kalika and Purvpeeth deities. It was called Dharmapatra or religious deeds. According to that deeds Nepal and Kumaon were friends and enemy of anyone would enemy of both.
                Resurgence of Harsh Dev Joshi

  Harsh Dev Joshi was always active in exile. In Badhpur, Joshi collected army of soldiers from Kumaon, Rohila and Badhapuri Rajput.
 Harsh dev Joshi marched towards Almora via Havalbag. Mohan Chandra came with his army. There was battle between two armies in Sitoli-Railkot. Harsh dev Joshi defeated Mohan Chandra, His army captured Mohan Chandra and his brother Lal Singh. Harsh dev Joshi pardoned Lal Singh.
  Mohan Chandra was taken towards Narayan Tiwari temple below Hari Dungari. There in small hut, Mohan Chandra was killed for his cruel deeds.
  Mahesh Chandra the son of Mohan Chandra ran away from Almora to Rampur.
            Now, Harsh Dev Joshi was the ruler of Kumaon. Harsh dev Joshi was aware that people would not accept a Brahmin as the King. 
  Harsh dev Joshi invited Pradyuman Shah to rule over Kumaon. However, Pradyuman Shah refused to come to Almora. Pradyuman was aware the plan of Harsh Dev Joshi. Harsh Dev Joshi ruled Kumaon without a king. 
 Harsh dev Joshi was now, in search of Rautela who would become Kumaon king.



Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 29/12/2013
 
                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev’s Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -232   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued….
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued…
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued…)
Xx
Notes on History of Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Pithoragarh Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Champawat Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Bageshwar Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Nainital Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Almora Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Kumaon, Himalaya, North India; History of Kumaon, Himalaya, South Asia;

            History of Sad End of Sovereign Kumaon Kingdom

          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
      
                     (History of Panwar Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 233

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti

              History repeats itself because nobody learns from History. Indian Kings never learned from History and foreigners ruled India. Politicians never learned from History and Indian political establishment is in danger. Kumaon and Garhwal faced adversary due to inter-rivalries among administrators and Kings. Garhwal and Kumaon had to pay heavy price by attack from Nepal.

                       Mahesh Chandra as Kumaon King (1788-1790)
          Ruling period of Mahesh Chandra – 1788-1790 (fifteen month)
Contemporary Kings
Garhwal- Pradyuman Shah (1786-1804)
Nepal- Gorkhadhis Ranbahadur
  Mahesh Chandra was crowned on Kumaon Kingdom around last part of 1788 and in February Gorakha captured Kumaon.
  Lal Singh defeated the army of Harsh Dev and Pradyuman Shah in Chukam. Harsh Dev ran away to Garhwal. Lal Singh, Parakram Shah and Mahesh Chandra the son Mohan Chandra with a reasonable army reached to Almora. Parakram would have sit on the crown. However, Parakram Shah took gift of rupees forty thousand and handed over the crown to Mahesh Chandra.

                          Suppression of Joshi

 Lal Singh took charge of all highest position of Deewan and Bakshis. He appointed his own trusted men on other important positions. Joshis were culprits in disestablishing Mohan Chandra.  Lal Singh suppressed Joshis and threw away from Kumaon. Many Joshis were put in jails. Many Joshis were hung as punishment. Lal Singh captured properties of many Joshi families.

                  Harsh Dev Joshi becoming Activate

  Garhwal King Pradyuman Shah awarded Harsh Dev Joshi the Jagir of Padyulsyun. However, due to terror of Parakram Shah, Harsh Dev Joshi had to leave Garhwal. No record is available about Shiv Chandra a small time Kumaon King. Harsh dev Josh reached Bareli and took shelter under Subedar Mirza Menhadi Ali beg. Beg was regional commander of Awadh ruler. Harsh Dev Joshi wanted to collect Army.
  Awadh ruler came for hunting in Tarai near Haldwani in 1789. Lal Singh met Awadh ruler. Lal Singh requested Awadh ruler to provide protection to Kumaon King Mahesh Chandra. In return of protection from Awadh ruler, Lal Singh handed over Tarai to Awadh. Now, order from Awadh ruler, Mirza Menhadi Ali Beg did not help Harsh Dev Joshi to collect army.
         Harsh Dev Joshi was in Bareli. Before,  January 1790, Gorakha army of Nepal Kingdom attacked on Karnali, Doti, Dailekh, Baitdi kingdoms 9today in Nepal) and captured all Katyuri kingdoms in kali valley till the border of Chand Kingdom or Kumaon Kingdom.   Kumaon Kingdom was in west of Kali River.
            Harsh Dev Joshi thought of taking benefits from the opportunity. Nepal King Ran Bahadur was ambitious King. He was aware the weakness of Kumaon and wanted to take over Kumaon Kingdom. Nepal King sent a letter through his Kaji Jagjit Pande to Harsh Dev Joshi mentioning that if Harsh Dev Joshi help Nepal Kingdom at the time of Nepal army attacking on Kumaon, Nepal King would offer Harsh Dev Joshi a highest position. Harsh Dev Joshi offered all secretes of Kumaon to Nepal King.
 Though, two years back Nepal King had a religious treaty (dharm patra)  with Kumaon King Mohan Chandra.

         
             Attack by Gorakha Army on Kumaon
         Ran Bahadur sent his Gorakha army led by Jagjit Pande, Sardar Amar Singh Thapa, Captain Goliya, Captain ranvir Khatri, Subba Jognarayan Mall, Subba Faud Singh, Shurbir Khatri etc to attack on Kumaon on 30th January 1790.
  The Gorakha army crossed Kali River and departed two battalions to capture Sor and Bishung Patti. As soon as people came to know the news of attack from Gorakha army the situation became perplexed and everywhere there was confusion due to terror of Gorakha army. 
   Mahesh Chanra collected the warriors from people and along with his permanent army marched towards Gangoli. Mahesh Chandra attacked on Gorakha army suddenly and defeated Gorakha army. Gorakha army had to run towards kali Kumaon where Amar Singh Thapa was ready. Lal Singh reached with his army to Gautada  (Katolgarh) Kali Kumaon. Amar Singh Thapa attacked on army of Lal Singh and defeated army led by Lal Singh. Lal Singh had to run to Tarai.
     Winning in Gangoli, Mahesh Chandra started marching with speed to help his uncle Lal Singh. When Mahesh Chandra came to know about deafet of Lal Singh and his running to Tarai, Mahesh Chandra also ran to Kota Tarai without fighting the battle. Lal Singh met Mahesh Chandra in Kota.
               Now, there was no resistance for Gorakha army. Gorakha army marched towards Almora. Gorakha army defeated a small Kumaon army in Almora.
             On 1st February 1790, Gorakha army entered in Almora. Harsh dev Joshi was with Nepali commander Jagjit Pande.  Harsh Dev Joshi and his men provided all help to Gorakha army. Nepal captured Kumaon Kingdom very easily.
      Joshis were against Mahesh Chandra and they welcomed Nepali army. Gorakha commanders appointed Joshis of Jhinjhad, Danya, Kalin, Oliyaganv, and Galli as administers (Kamdar) of Kumaon. Other caste people were also appointed administrators. Pant of Gangoli, Uprada, Syunarkot and Khunt also got administrative post in Gorakha rule. Chaudhari of Dwara got positions too.
      Gorakha commanders took help of Kumaon Brahmins for rituals and medical aids. Gorakha appointed Kumaon strong youth into Nepali army.  Kumaoni people showed their flexibility and started living smoothly under Nepali governance.
        Harsh dev was satisfied to see Mahesh Chandra and Lal Singh out of Kumaon.  Gorakhas rulers used to provide respect to Joshi and used to take his advice time to time.

 
                      Attack of Gorakha army on Garhwal

                  In 1790, Nepal was ruling on Kumaon.  Now, Nepal King wanted to capture Garhwal Kingdom. Harsh Dev Joshi helped Gorakha army for chalking out the strategy. However, no Garhwali became ready to deceive own motherland.
  Gorakhas army was divided into many parts to attack on Garhwal though various places. However, Garhwal army defeated Gorakha army everywhere due to unity.

                 Nepal Attacking on Tibet

             In summer of 1791, Nepal King sent his army led by Nayab Bahadur Shah to attack on Tibet. China came to help Tibet and sent huge army to attack on Nepal in 1792.


                            Mahesh Chandra becoming Active

         When Nepal arm forces were busy in attacking on Garhwal, Mahesh Chandra and his uncle Lal Singh were busy to consolidate their positions.
              He marched with tiny army towards Almora. However, Nepal army defeated Mahesh Chandra in Badakhedi. Mahesh Chandra had to run towards Tarai and took shelter in Kilpuri. He established his head quarter in Kilpuri
      He once again attacked on Gorakha though Kali-Kumaon road. Mara group in Kumaon was now against Mahesh Chandra as now they accepted Nepal rule over Kumaon.

              Nepali army in Shrinagar
   Amar Singh Thapa reached Shrinagar with a small army in Shrinagar. There was treaty between Nepal Kingdom and Garhwal Kingdom.
 Gorakha commander informed to Garhwal King that they are appointing Harsh Dev Joshi as in charge of west of Kali river. Prince Parakram Shah informed Amar Singh Thapa about traitor, deceiving nature of Harsh Dev Joshi.
  Amar Singh Thapa arrested Harsh Dev Joshi and put him in Jail. Amar Singh Thapa and Jagjit Pande informed Harsh Dev Joshi that he had to visit Nepal for proving his loyalty before Nepal King.
 Harsh dev Joshi had to go to Nepal with Nepali armed force. One day, they reached to Gangoli . Harsh dev escaped from the camp of Nepal armed force. He reached to Johar. Johar was not under Nepal.
                       Harsh Dev Joshi hid there in Johar. Johar elites informed Lal Singh and Mahesh Chandra about Harsh Dev Joshi being in Johar.
          Lal Singh sent his one of relatives Padama Singh with soldiers to arrest Harsh Dev Joshi. Johar people handed over Joshi to Padma Singh. On the path, Harsh Dev Joshi advised Padma Singh that since Padma Singh was direct descendent of Chand dynasty he was supposed to be Kumaon King. Harsh Dev Joshi promised Padma Singh for making him King. Simple hearted Padma Singh freed Harsh Dev Joshi. Harsh Dev and Padma Singh reached to Shrinagar. Garhwal King refused to help Harsh Dev Joshi. Padma Singh returned to Tarai. Harsh dev Joshi stayed in Shrinagar for some time.

                         Last Try by Mahesh Chandra

            With the help of soldiers of defeated Nabab Gulam Mohammad Khan of Rampur, Mahesh Chandra and Lal Singh attacked on Kumaon. Amar Singh Thapa defeated Mahesh Chandra and captured Kilpuri fort.
     Lal Singh met Awadh ruler to attack on Tarai where Nepal army captured the territory. Awadh attacked on Tarai of Kumaon to get rid of Nepal army. British had relationship with Awadh and commercial relationship with Nepal governments. British mediated to stop war. 
 This was the end of sovereign Kumaon Kingdom.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 31/12/2013
 
                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev’s Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -234   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued….
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued…
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued…)
Xx
Notes on History of Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Pithoragarh Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Champawat Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Bageshwar Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Nainital Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Almora Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Kumaon, Himalaya, North India; History of Kumaon, Himalaya, South Asia; History of Sad End of Sovereign Kumaon Kingdom; History of Sad End of Sovereign Kumaon Kingdom (including Pithoragarh); History of Sad End of Sovereign Kumaon Kingdom (including Nainital); History of Sad End of Sovereign Kumaon Kingdom (including Almora); History of Sad End of Sovereign Kumaon Kingdom (including Bageshwar); History of Sad End of Sovereign Kumaon Kingdom (including Champawat); History of Sad End of Sovereign Kumaon Kingdom (including Almora); History of Sad End of Sovereign Kumaon Kingdom (including Udham Singh Nagar);

History aspects of General Administration in Chand Dynasty in Kumaon Kingdom


          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
      
                     (History of Panwar Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 235

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti

                        Faujdar of Kiledar in Chand Dynasty in Kumaon Kingdom

             Faujdar means regional defense commander of a Pargana. Faujdar used to have a small permanent armed force. Initially in Champawat, men from Karki, Bora, Tadagi and Chaudhri families were Faujdar of Chand Kings.
     In later stage, Rautela (from Chand family) were appointed as Faujdar of won territory.
  Faujdar or Kiledar words were taken from Muslim and Mogul Empire style of administration.

          Other Governing Employees in Chand Rule
            There were no exclusive departments to look after defense, offense, justice, internal security and administration. Depending upon the choice of King, the work was handed over to any minister.
               Purushottam Pant led the winning battle of Seera. He was called ‘Parshdon me Sharvshreshth’ or the best among ministers. The army commanders Shiv Dev Joshi is described as ‘Kumaun ka Seerdar Seev Dev Bisht’. Now, Bisht is Rajput caste. However, initially Bisht word was derived from Vishishth or exclusive or the best.
     The government used to pay regular salaries to Rasoiya (Cook); Rasoi Daroga (police officer of Kitchen); Musahab and Rajcheliyan (maid servants) of palace. Rasoi Daroga had to taste food before cook and the king before the King start taking meal.
       Shakti Gusain divided administrative officers into Srdar, Faujdar and Negi as Manger, Supervisors and workers. Sardar were regional head of administration. Faujdar used to look after defense services and Negi were working class in administration. Negi used to get salary and Dasture (customery grains from village).
  The administrator of Mal 9Bhabhar and Tarai) was designated as Mal Sardar. There were no fixed rules for salary, promotion and pension. 
 Chakar, Chopdar, Khavas, Khavasan were different low cadre servants. Nakkarchi, Mirasi and Bhand were for entertaining the King and other elites.
 Vakil were ambassadors sent to neighboring countries, Mogul court. Valik used to inform the current situation of other country.

                 Sayana, Budha, Thokdar

        Sayana, Budha or Thokdar were to collect revenue taxes.
 The tax collectors in Pali and Baramandal were called ‘Sayana’
 The tax collectors in Kali Kumaon, Johar and Darma were called Budha.
The tax collectors in the regions were called Thokdar.
 Usually, Budha, Sayana and Thokdar were authorized to use their flags and drums to announce their arrival.
 The Kumaon Kings used to take advices from Budha of Kali Kumaon at critical situations as appointing heir for the Kingdom.
Mara and Fadtyal groups were among sayana, Budha and Thokdar.
 By law, sayana, Budha and Thokdar were supposed to cooperate and help Kingdom regional or national army.
Budha, sayana used to collect tax as ‘Sayanachari either in form of money or materials. These tax collectors used to collect specific additional tax as per King announcement. Villagers used to work free on specific works as in marriage or festive time in the family of Sayana, Thokdar or Budha.
 Initially there were four Sayana from Katyuri family in Pali. Bajbahadur appointed Sanvaliya Bisht and Bangari Raut as Sayana. These Bisht and Bangar Raut deceived their motherland (Garhwal) from Kumaon King Bajbhadur.
 In Kali Kumaon, there were eight Budha those were from Tadagi, Kharku, Bora and Chaudhri families.
 Sayana, Budha or Thokdar were authorized to appoint village chief (Padhan). After appointment, Padhan used to pay tribute to sayana in form of lamb meat (thigh portion) , milk, ghee, maize and gifts in the marriage time of Sayana, Budha or Thokdar.

                  Ritual Performing Class

          There were Guru, Pauranik and Dharmadhikary types of positions for religious ritual performers.
        The Brahmin scholars as Joshi from Jhinjhad; Pande from Shimalt; Pande from Devliya or Mandoliya were appointed on such positions. These were called ‘Chauthani’. Later on Tiwari caste was also included.
   For Tantrik performances, the Brahmins from Bangal or Maghad were called.
Pauranik Brahmins used to tell the religious stories etc.
 Purohit used to perform Karmkand religious rituals.
 Dharmadhikari were to provide decision of religious matter a s repent etc. Dharmadhikari used to looking after management of temples and Sanskrit schools. Dharmadhikari used to administrate caste system in the Kingdom.

 
 


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 2/1/2014
 
                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev’s Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -236   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued….
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued…
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued…)
Xx
History of Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Pithoragarh Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Champawat Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Bageshwar Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Nainital Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Almora Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Kumaon, Himalaya, North India; History of Kumaon, Himalaya, South Asia; History aspects of General Administration in Chand Dynasty in Kumaon Kingdom; History aspects of General Administration in Chand Dynasty in Bhabhar –Tarai of Kumaon Kingdom; History aspects of General Administration in Chand Dynasty  in Pithoragarh of Kumaon Kingdom; History aspects of General Administration in Chand Dynasty  in Champawat of Kumaon Kingdom; History aspects of General Administration in Chand Dynasty  in Bageshwar of Kumaon Kingdom; History aspects of General Administration in Chand Dynasty  in of Nainital Kumaon Kingdom; History aspects of General Administration in Chand Dynasty  in Almora  of Kumaon Kingdom;