MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

           History Analysis of Land Management in Chand Kings Period in Kumaon Kingdom

          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
      
                     (History of Panwar Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 237

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti

                              Land Management

 
                        In Kumaon and Garhwal, there were two basic castes –Bitth and Shilpkar. Bitth (touchable or upper caste) were owners of land but Shilpkar did not have ownership on land. Among Bitth, there were two basic caste systems- Rajput and Brahmin. There were sub castes among Brahmin and Rajput. They converted hill land into agriculture purpose. It took many centuries.  These villages were called That or Thati (derived from Dharti). Farmers had customary ownership on agriculture and non state forest too. The King was not authorizes to dislodge the ownership till the farmer is paying state tax or there is accusation of traitor on farmer.  Farmer is also not permitted to sell the village land.

                              Land Owners
             
     The King was sole owner of land of Kumaon. The king had authority to award land to religious person or army man who showed bravery in the war. The king could take land in three situations
1-Sankalp or Vishnupriti- the King could award land for temple, priests or scholars.
2- As Raut- If a person showed bravery in protecting Kingdom interest the king used to award land to soldiers as ‘Raut’.Later on the descdents of such families were called Rawat.
3-Jagir- the King used to provide villages or regions to his ministers, court workers in place of cash salaries. These Jagir holders used to get grains from farmers who used to do farming.
 The King could change the ownership of Jagir or Raut but not the land awarded to temples or religious means (Vishnupriti).

             Thatwan or Landownership

  The land owner or farmer used to be called Thatwan.
Later on when a Rajput or Khasia or Brahmin was awarded land was called Garkha. The land owner under Vishnu Priti was also called Thatwan. The old owner or Thatwan was called Kadimi and would go under new Thatwan.
           Both type of Thatwan had to pay tax. There used to be clear instruction on inscriptions for tax heaven for land under Vishnupriti.
  Thatwan was free to farm on his own land. However, Thatwan was not supposed to leave land or deny tax payment. Land tax collection was much disciplined and the state used to auction land in case of non tax payment from Thatwan. The Thatwan had to apply for leaving the land by offering a stone and a rupee.

                         New Thatwan

               New Thatwan was not authorized to dislodge ownership of farmers. New Thatwan used to keep one third of land for himself. The old Thatwan was called Khaykar of Thatwan. Khaykar had to pay tax to Thatwan instead of state officers. Thatwan used to pay tax directly to state revenue officers.
 The Khaykar had to serve Thatwan for various works. If Khyakan wanted to settle other places he was free to do so.
 Thatwan and Khaykar used to provide alnd to othe farmers for farming and such farmers were   called ‘Sirtan’. Sirtan had to offer grains on every crops to Thatwan or Khaykar and was supposed to serve too.
                Thatwan or Khaykar were free to make owners to their son in law or Dharmputra by taking permission from the state authorities or king. Khaykar or Thatwan were free to mortgage their land.

                    Records of Land

     There was system of record keeping of land owners with land details in capital and head quarters of Pargana. However, the record keeping system had many flaws. There was tax on each village for the salries of Lekhwar or record keepers.

                Partition of Land

      The partition was done by ‘Sautiya Bant’ or Bhair bant system that is still exists in Uttarakhand. Elder brother used to get an addition farm as ‘Jithali’
If wives are common the sons were also called Common (Sajhi).
Amon Brahmins and Rajput the children from authorized marriages were to get ownership of land and children from ‘Kam Asal’ wife (children from Keeping wife, Dhanti, Widow, Shilpkar or Bandi ) were not authorized to get ownership. In some caste of Rajput, all children used to get ownership. There were societies of some caste, where daughters used to get ownership after death of parents.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 5/1/2014
 
                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev’s Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -238   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued….
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued…
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued…)
Xx
History Analysis of Land Management in Chand Kings Period in Kumaon Kingdom;           History Analysis of Land Management in Chand Kings Period in Kumaon Kingdom including Pithoragarh; History Analysis of Land Management in Chand Kings Period in Kumaon Kingdom including Champawat; History Analysis of Land Management in Chand Kings Period in Kumaon Kingdom including Bageshwar; History Analysis of Land Management in Chand Kings Period in Kumaon Kingdom including Almora; History Analysis of Land Management in Chand Kings Period in Kumaon Kingdom including Nainital; History Analysis of Land Management in Chand Kings Period in Kumaon Kingdom including Bhabhar; History Analysis of Land Management in Chand Kings Period in Kumaon Kingdom including Tarai; History Analysis of Land Management in Chand Kings Period in Kumaon Kingdom including Udham Singh Nagar; History of Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Pithoragarh Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Champawat Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Bageshwar Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Nainital Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Almora Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Himalaya; History of Kumaon, Himalaya, North India; History of Kumaon, Himalaya, South Asia; 

History Review of Taxation and Revenue in Chand Dynasty Rule over Kumaon


          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
      
                     (History of Panwar Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 239

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti

                                Taxation in Chand Dynasty Rule
              According to folk sayings, there were 68 taxes in Chand Dynasty period in Kumaon – 36 Rakam or taxes, 32 Kalam or payables. However, the records for tax or payables are on for nineteen taxes.
  The receivables or taxes could be divided into main four divisions –
1-Land tax- Land tax was called ‘Sirti’, ‘Rakam’ or ‘Mamla’ and was payable only on cash. The tax payable to state store by grains was called ‘Baikar’. If instead of grains the cash was paid it was called ‘Kut’. Baikar was paid in form of rice or wheat only and not coarse grains.
         The original tax names in Kaintura regime got changed time to time and were influenced by Mogul court nomenclature.
2-People Cause Tax- The tax were - ‘Katak’ for army salary, Sanga tax on river; ‘Jhuliya’ for river bridges; ‘Khani-Khapini’ for court laborers; ‘Manga’ tax was for contingency on the kingdom.
3- Salary for Court employees- There were taxes as Kaminchari or Sayanachari for salary for regional administrators; ‘Garkha-Negichari’ for low cadre state employees; ‘Sahu’ tax for court employees, ‘Rntgali’ for record keeping emplyess.
4- Tax pr payable for King family- Such taxes were –‘Ghodiyalo’ for king horses; ‘Kiryalo’ for dogs; ‘Bhukdiya’ for ostlers; ‘Bajniya’ for court dancers.
                             Other types of taxes
 Najarana- When any person used to meet King, queen or prince, the person was supposed to pay a tribute as Bhent or Najarana.
Bhent – When the King or King family went for roaming in any region, the court emplyess used to collect ‘Bhent ‘ (gifts) from villagers.
Ghee Kar – The family was supposed to pay Ghee Kar on each milking animal.
Bhag- Bhag was the name of tax on Water-Mills (Gharat)
Tand Kar- The weavers were taxed as Tand kar.
Charai Kar- It was atax on those who used to come with their animals for grazing in Bhabhar.
Mund kar – it was additional tax on each family members.
Chulh Kar – This was tax on each family.
 


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 4/1/2014
 
                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev’s Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -240   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued….
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued…
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued…)
Xx
History Review of Taxation and Revenue in Chand Dynasty Rule over Kumaon; History Review of Taxation and Revenue in Chand Dynasty Rule over Pithoragarh Kumaon; History Review of Taxation and Revenue in Chand Dynasty Rule over Champawat Kumaon; History Review of Taxation and Revenue in Chand Dynasty Rule over Bageshwar Kumaon; History Review of Taxation and Revenue in Chand Dynasty Rule over Almora Kumaon; History Review of Taxation and Revenue in Chand Dynasty Rule over Nainital Kumaon; History Review of Taxation and Revenue in Chand Dynasty Rule over Bhabhar Kumaon; History Review of Taxation and Revenue in Chand Dynasty Rule over Tarai Kumaon; History Review of Taxation and Revenue in Chand Dynasty Rule over Kumaon, Himalaya;

History Aspects of Water and Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Kumaon

          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
      
                     (History of Panwar Dynasty Rule in Kumaon)
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 241

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti

                Water Resource in Chand Period in Kumaon

                  There are hundreds of rivers and rivulets in Kumaon. Barring small rivulets no big rivers were used for irrigation not only in Chand regime but today time too. Small rivulets are more beneficial than bigger rivers. Small rivulets were used for irrigation by canals and for uses of water mill or turbine.
 Chand king supported canal making in Bhabhar and Tarai but not in hills.
Kumaon kings used to levy tax on water mills. There was tax on Dhunar for catching fishes caught in rivers, lakes or ponds.

                          Craftsmanship

        Local Craftsmanship developed in Kumaon instead of support from Kingdoms.
People used to produce clothing by themselves for their tiny needs.
Common people used to spin cotton and wool through Takli spinning wheel and used to make thread. The woolen thread was handed over to Koli (weavers) to make clothes through Chan, Ranch or Kargha (hand driven weaving machine).
           Danpur, Johar, Vyans, Chaudans, Darma and Askot were famous for woolen clothing and dressings. The woolen cloth makers used to import wool from Tibet or from Bhotiyas of today’s Pithoragarh. Woolen craftsmen from Danpur, Johar, Vyans, Chaudans, Darma and Askot used tp produce fine Kaline, Galeecha, Chogta, Thulma, Dumkar and these items were sold in markets Brahmandi, Bareli, Rampur and Lucknow. The later period Chand Kings started laving Tand taxes on weavers.
           Maximum people used to wear clothing as sheets of fibers from hemp and other fibers from plants as Bhimal. Single Sheet was the only way of dressing for majority of people. Bhangela (blanket from hemp), Kambal (woolen blanket) was also used for covering in night or in day.
               There was no major development in dressing techniques or dress making technique from Kaintura period till British took over Kumaon.

                        Utensils in Chand Kingdoms

         Majority of people were dependent on mud utensils, wood utensils or stone utensils. Metal utensils were luxury. No doubt, iron smiths or Lwar of village used to make iron appliances, copper smith or Tamta used to make metal appliances and utensils.
 Askot was famous for wood utensil making. Almora and Shringar was famous for copper vessels. The iron swords, Khang, Khunkri, Bhale, arrows were produced in Almora.
 The Satpura or Satbaduva tree was used for making paper. This paper was exported too to Tibet and planes. Kingdom orders were written on this tree paper besides copper inscriptions.
  In history and folklores, there is no mention of support for developing craftsmanship by Chand Kings.
 


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 8/1/2014
 
                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev’s Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -242   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued….
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued…
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued…)
Xx
History Aspects of Water and Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Kumaon; History Aspects of Water and Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Bhabhar-Tarai Kumaon; History Aspects of Water and Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Nainital Kumaon; History Aspects of Water and Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Almora Kumaon; History Aspects of Water and Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Champawat Kumaon; History Aspects of Water and Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Bageshwar Kumaon; History Aspects of Water and Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Pithoragarh Kumaon; History Aspects of  woolen Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Askot Kumaon; History Aspects of woolen Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Johar Kumaon; History Aspects of  Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Dorma, Vyans, Chaudans, Danpur Kumaon; History Aspects of wooden Craftsmanship Management in Chand Period in Askot Kumaon;

 History Review of Metal Sculpture Art in Chand Period in Kumaon 

          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
       Characteristics of Chand Rule in Kumaon    
   
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 243

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti
             There were hundreds of metal sculptures made or erected in Chand period. Hundreds of sculptures were looted by Muslim attackers and tens of sculptures were theft by smugglers.
               Metal craftsmen of Nepal became famous for making mixed metal sculpture in twelfth century and their fame was intact till nineteenth century.  Nepali metal craftsmen made many metal sculptures for Kumaon temples too. There is a Paunraja sculpture made of eight metals alloy in Katarmall temple. The height of sculpture is of 4’6”.  Paunraja is wearing a small Dhoti, upper garment, small cap and he is in Gyanmudra position shown by his left hand and right hand.
        Another type of Paunraja mixed metal sculpture was in Jageshwar temple. The sculpture was theft by smugglers in 1974 and was recovered from smugglers in Delhi in 1975. The height of this sculpture is four feet and weight is 112 kilograms.  The sculpture is supposed to be established by Purushottam Singh in twelfth century.
                                          Lost Sculptures from Kumaon
 Krishna Chandra Bhatt provides following information for thefts of sculptures from Kumaon –
Paunraja eight metal sculpture was theft in 1966-67
             The smugglers took away sculptures of Shiv, Parvati, Chamunda and Ganesh from Jageshwar Durga temple on 10th July 1967.
          The half kilogram silver lotus, gold Janeu (thread), forty kilogram silver sculpture of Trimall Chandra with gems were theft on 28th September 1968 from Jageshwar Jyotirling temple.
Six stone sculptures of Dandeshwar temple (near Jageshwar) were theft in 1967-68
In 1969-70, smugglers theft Ekmukhi Shivling and dancing Ganesha sculpture from Dandeshwar.
A Nanda Devi sculpture made by 200 gold coins was theft from nanda Devi temple of Almora in 1971.
             In 1972, the smugglers theft the Kali metal sculpture with valuable gems from Mahakali temple of Khaspadkhola.
On 6th April 1977, Panchdhatu sculpture of Aditya , gold Janeu and silver ritual vessels were smuggled by smugglers from Bridh Jageshwar temples.
On 19th April 1982, the Gun Aditya sculpture worth rupees forty lakhs was theft from  Rangod (Pali).
Smugglers theft Radha Krishna and Datatrey sculptures from Pinakeshwar temple in May 1982.
On 26th September 1982, Thieves theft Vishnu sculpture from Pumaun (Salam) temple.
In October 1982, Smugglers smuggled sculpture of Rinmoksheswar from Moksheswar temple.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 10/1/2014
 
                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev’s Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
Kanti Kumar Nautiyal , Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun , Chaukhamba Prakash
Hema Uniyal Kumaon ke Mandir (Book and Cassette Disc)
Madan Jit Singh, Himalayan Arts
Krishna Chand Bhatt, Information about Thefts of Archeological Materials from Kumaon, Pahad
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -244   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued….
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued…
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued…)
Xx
History Review of Metal Sculpture Art in Chand Period in Kumaon; History Review of Metal Sculpture Art in Chand Period in Pithoragarh Kumaon; History Review of Metal Sculpture Art in Chand Period in Bageshwar Kumaon; History Review of Metal Sculpture Art in Chand Period in Champawat Kumaon; History Review of Metal Sculpture Art in Chand Period in Almora Kumaon; History Review of Metal Sculpture Art in Chand Period in Nainital Kumaon;  History Review of Metal Sculpture Art in Chand Period in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon; History of theft of metal sculptures from Katarmall  temple, Kumaon; History of theft of metal sculptures from Jageshwar temple, Kumaon; History of theft of metal sculptures from Dandeshwar  temple, Kumaon; History of theft of metal sculptures from Nanda Devi temple, Kumaon; History of theft of metal sculptures from Khaspadkhola temple, Kumaon; History of theft of metal sculptures from Pinakeshwar temple, Kumaon; History of theft of metal sculptures from Pumaon (Salam) temple, Kumaon;

History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon

          (History of Kumaon from 1000-1790 AD)
       Characteristics of Chand Rule in Kumaon    
   
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar) - Part 245

                                              By: Bhishma Kukreti

        There were Brahmin scholars settled in Kartikeypur /Joshimath at the time of Katyuri Period. Chand Kings used to sponsor scholars.
   King Rudra Chandra- King Rudra Chandra was Sanskrit scholar who created Sanskrit classics as Usharagodiya Natika; Shyainik Shastram, Traivanik Dharam-Niyam and Yayati Charitram.Kashi Pundits appreciated Traivanik Dharam-Niyam and they had discussions on the book.
 In Shyainik Shastram, the name of creator is Shrikurmachaldhipati Rudradev.
The name of creator of Usharagodiya Natika is written Shrikurmagirivareshwar –Shrimatpratapvaritatamobhashkar Shrimat Rudra Chandra Dev.
            Hari Hiramani came to Kumaon from Bandhavgadh because of fame of Usharagodiya Natika. Hiramani copied Usharagodiya Natika in 1582 in Kumaon.
King Trimall Chandra- According to Kaushtubh Smirit by Anant Dev, king Tirumall Chandrd used to sponsor scholars.
Bajbahadur Chandra – King Bajbahadur Chandra had scholars in his court as Hiramani Joshi of Malaganv, Ramapati of Sarpaganv, astrologer Manorath Joshi of Bherang village.
Scholar Anant Dev- Anant Dev was son of scholar Apdev of Narmada region. Bajbahadur arranged Anant Dev studying in Kashi.
Influenced by Bajbahadur, Anant  Dev created a large Sanskrit classic Sriti Kuashtabh. This book describes Sanskar, Achar, Rajdharma, Dan, Utsarg, Pratishtha, Tithi and Sanvatsar in each part.
Anant Dev also created books as Prayshchit Deepika, Kalnirnayvindu, Agnihotra Prayog, Chaturmasasy Prayog, Antyeshti Paddhati, Nakshatrasatraprayog. Anat Dev wrote commentary on  Bhagvannamkaumadi, Bhagvadbhaktinirnay, Mathurasetu, Meemansha, Nyayprakash, Vakyabhedbhav and Devatatvavichar.
Honoring of scholars by Kumaon Kings- Udyot Chandra and Gyan Chandra honored scholars from other parts of India as Matiram, Bhushan, etc.
 Premnidhi Pant a Kumaoni Scholar in Kashi (1700-1760) – Premnidhi Pant was son of Umapati Pant of Kumaon. He settled in Kashi in middle of eighteenth century. Premnidhi Pant became famous for his Tantrik Vidya. Premnidhi wrote Prithwipremodaya (1737); Prayaschitpradip (1753), Ghritdan Paddhati, Prayogratna, Samayaram, commentary on Sharadatilak, commentary on Shivtandava, Kartviryasaparya,
 Premnidhi was titled by scholars as ,Tantraraj’. There is a book -commentary on ‘Sudarshana’became famous among Tantriks. It is said that the book was written by his third wife Pranmanjari. It is said that Pranmanjari created another book ‘Shrividyanityakarm’.
Vishweshwar Pandey – Visheshwar Pandey was Kumaon scholar and became famous in Kashi. He became famous at the age of thirty two. His father was Lakshmi Dhar Pandey of Patiya village near Almora. Lakshmidhar settled in Kashi.
 Vishweshar Pandey wrote Sanskrit classics as Kavya Arya Saptshati,  Rukmaniparinaya, commentary on Naishdhiya epic, Mandarmanjari (prose –poetry), Alankarkaustubh, Alankar kulpradip, commentary on Rasmanjari, Siddhant Sudhnidhi (Grmmar), Tarkkautuhal (Nyaya). Vishweshar Pandey expired at the age of thirty two.  It seems he lived before 1830.
Kalyanchandraodayakavya- A Poet wrote a poetry book Kalyanchandraodayakavya that praised the King Doti Kalyan Chandra
Commentries- Padmadev Pandey wrote commentaries on Raghuvansh and Saptashati in the period of King Jagat Chandra (1702-1720).

                             Manaskhand

             The various scholars wrote Sanskrit classic Manaskhand in Chand Kingdom time. It seems that the last part of Manaskhand was completed in Bajbahadur Chandra period.
             Though, it is said that Manaskhand is part of Skandpuran but no publishers (Mumbai, Lucknow and Gorakhpur) of Skandpuran included Manaskhand in Skandpuran. It is sure that Manaskhand written by various scholars at various periods is not part of Skandpuran.
  Manaskhand starts from the dialogues between Janamjey and Sut. Janamjey asks the road for Mansarovar. Sut replies and describes the places as Kurmachal (Kali Kumaon), Gind (Gindhiya River). Loha Bati River (Loha Ghat), Kurmshila parvat (Kanddev Mountain), Saryu, Darun, Jhankar Kshetra (jageshwar), Patal Bhuvneshwar, Ramganga, Baleshwar, Kaligiri confluence, Chaturdrast (Chaundas), Vyasashram (Vyans), Kalimu, Keal hills, Gauri hills, Mansarovar, Rawanhrid (rakshash Tal), origin of Saryu River, Khecharteerth (Khocharnath), Brahmkapali, Rameshwar, Rinmochan, Brahmsarovar, nanda Mountain, Viadyanath (Baijnath), Mallikadevi ( Maldevi of Baura Rau).
  The descriptions of geographical places show that the places are limited to places of Chand Kingdom. Therefore, it is sure that Manaskhand was created in Chand Period.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti -bckukreti@gmail.com 13/1/2014
 
                                      References

Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag 10, Kumaon ka Itihas 1000-1790
Badri Datt Pande, 1937, Kumaon ka Itihas, Shri Almora Book Depo Almora
Devidas Kaysth, Itihas Kumaon Pradesh
Katyur ka Itihas, Pundit Ram Datt Tiwari
Oakley and Gairola, Himalayan Folklore
Atkinson, History of District Gazette
Menhadi Husain, Tuglak Dynasty
Malfujat- E Timuri
Tarikh -e-Mubarakshahi vol 4
Kumar Suresh Singh2005, People of India
Justin Marozzi, 2006, Tamerlane: Sword of Islam
Bakshsingh Nijar, 1968, Punjab under Sultans 1000-1526 
The Imperial Gazetteer of India, Volume 13 page 52 
Bhakt Darshan, Gadhwal ki Divangit Vibhutiyan
Mahajan V.D.1991, History of Medieval India
Majumdar R.C. (edited) 2006, The Sultanate
Rizvi, Uttar Taimur Kalin Bharat
Tarikhe Daudi
Vishweshara nand , Bharat Bharti lekhmala
Aine-e Akbari
Akbari Darbar
Tareekh Badauni
Eraly Abraham, 2004 The Mogul Throne
The Tazuk-i-Jahangiri
Maularam- Gadh Rajvansh Kavya
Ramayan Pradeep
Annatdev’s Smriti-Kaustubh
Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Jadunath Sarkar, History of Aurangzeb
Sarkar, fall of Mogul Empire
Sailendra Nath Sen, 2010, An Advanced History of Modern India
Kanti Kumar Nautiyal , Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun , Chaukhamba Prakash
Hema Uniyal Kumaon ke Mandir (Book and Cassette Disc)
Madan Jit Singh, Himalayan Arts
Krishna Chand Bhatt, Information about Thefts of Archeological Materials from Kumaon, Pahad
Gopinath Kaviraj, Kashi ki Sarswat –Sadhnana
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
   
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -246   
History of Kumaon (1000-1790) to be continued….
Himalayan, Indian History of Chand Dynasty rule in Kumaon to be continued…
  (Himalayan, Indian History (740-1790 AD to be continued…)
Xx
History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Pithoragarh Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Champawat Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Dwarhat Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Saryu valley Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Mansarovar region Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kali Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Jageshwar Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Bageshwar Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Almora Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Nainital Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon, Uttarkahand; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon, Himalaya; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon, North India; History Review of Manaskhand, Scholars, Honoring of Scholars in Chand Kingdom Period, Kumaon, South Asia;