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History of Oppression, Repression, Exploitation Era in Pradyuman Period in Garhwal

History of Last United Garhwal King Pradyuman Shah part- 10
History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -184     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -432 
 
                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

 From the time Harsh Dev Joshi inspired Gorkhas to capture Garhwal, Garhwal experienced repression, subjugation, suppression, exploitation, power abuse of Gorkhas/Nepalis.
          Gorkha had a treaty with Garhwal that Garhwal would pay three thousand rupees as tribute to Nepal.  However, by various suppressive methods, Gorkha increased the tax from three to nine thousand rupees annually. The Nepali representative and his assistant in Shrinagar used to collect gifts with force or with notorious methods from Garhwal King and people. Whenever, Nepali administrators used to visit Badrinath or Char Dham Yatra the Garhwal Kingdom had to bear the cost of their visits. By this way, Garhwal Kingdom was paying very high amount for defusing the tension from Gorkhas.
                   Gorkhas Raids on Garhwal
    Gorkha soldiers were cruel and used to raid on border villages of Garhwal Kingdom from Kumaon. They used to loot wealth, animals, food and used to capture women too. Burning the standing crops or destroying standing crops was common phenomenon for Gorkhas.
  When Garhwal King was unable to take actions against Gorkha raiders the people of border villages of Garhwal started resisting Gorkhas and started fights with Gorkha soldiers. Garhwalis were ready to take revenge by killing cruelly Gorkha soldiers.
Why Do Uttarakhandi Plow Standing Millet Crops? A Garhwali-Kumaoni Folk Tale


                    In hills of Uttarakhand, when the barnyard millets and finger millets plants get height of six or seven inch after sowing the farmers  plough millet field. This is very peculiar agro-custom.
                 However, there is a folk saying for plough the standing millet crops when the shoots are six seven inches in height.
              It is said that before rule of Nepal on Kumaon and Garhwal, the standing millet crops was not ploughed.  Gorakha soldiers of Nepal were very cruel. They used to find ways and means to suppress the citizens. Their mean of controlling the citizens was to create fear among citizens of Garhwal and Kumaon. Gorakha soldiers used to burn the standing crops to create fear among citizens. They used to beat or punish people without any reason. They used to burn forests too.
              Once, a few Gorakha soldiers thought to create fear by destroying standing crops of barnyard millets and finger millets. The pants of both millets are grown in rainy season. The sowing time between barnyard millets and finger millets is fifteen days to one month. The shoots of both millets were grown from six to eight inches height in that village. Gorkha soldiers first plowed the plough in barnyard Millet fields and then went the area where finger millets were grown. Those soldiers plowed the plough on standing finger millet crops.
            After plowing the plough on standing millet crops the Gorakha soldiers returned to their Chauki. The farmers were in shock that now the barnyard and finger millets crops are destroyed completely. Citizens were afraid of feminine after rainy season.
 However, that year rain rained normally. Farmers were shocked to find that the millet plants in those fields which were plowed by Nepal soldiers flourished more than the normal. That year the crop production was also more from those fields where standing millet crops were plowed by Gorakha soldiers.
  From that time, farmers started plowing (though not fine but on wider line) plowing the standing barnyard and finger millet crops when the shoots are half feet high.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 16/9/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -433
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district to be continued
XX

        History of Bawani Famine, Disaster and Calamity   in Pradyuman Period

History of Last United Garhwal King Pradyuman Shah part- 12
History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -186     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -434 
 
                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
                  Bawani Akal or Drought Famine of 1852 Samvat
              There was a stiff drought in Garhwal in Samvat year 1852 or 1795-96 and there was disastrous earthquake too. The drought is still remembered as Bawani ku Akal.
         The drought was so acute that there was shortage of food everywhere including forests produces. There was reduction in population of Garhwal.
           The rain deficiency was so sharp that people could not sow the seeds and they were forced to eat boiled tree bark and weeds.  Mass migration started and people became slaves in the plains. People were forced to sell the human beings.
                The border villages of Kumaon and Garhwal were already population less. The raids of Gorkhas from Kumaon on the east of Garhwal also forced people to migrate from the effected regions.
             Rohillas Musslim raiders used to rain and loot Salan ( Badlapur, Paini, Langur, Sheela, Dhangu, Dabralsyun, Udyapur, Ajmer regions) region. The villagers were also compelled to leave the region. Gorkha soldiers entered into Garhwal from Bhabhar, Langur Salan region and they used to repress people of Salan. The region was having scanty population. There was infighting for crown in Shrinagar for a century. The weakening of King’s administration increase taxes on people and people became poorer than poorest.
Captain Hardwicke travelled from Haridwar, Bhabhar, Dwarikhal, Bilkhet, Naithana and Shrinagar. Captain Hardwicke described about worsening conditions of villages. He described that there were hardly five hut in a village. Rarely, he saw ten huts in a village.

                             Earthquake of 1803
   There was sever, disastrous earthquake on Anat Chaturdasi in 18o3 in Garhwal.  There were quake jerks and shots for seven days.
  There were cracks on most of the houses of Garhwal. Many hills got crack. In many cases the water sources dried and in many cases, new water sources also emerged.  Many farm walls were also fall down.
 In Shrinagar, every house was effected by earthquakes. 80 percent of houses were so much affected that the houses were not fit for living. The palace became the piles of ruins. There was heavy rain after earthquake and it was salt in would. The records in palace were destroyed due to earthquake and it is one of reasons that we don’t get historical evidences of Garhwal.
         In Barahat Uttarkashi, the houses fell down. More than three hundreds of people lost their life and many got injured. There was total destruction in Barahat.
Animals also died in thousands in Garhwal.
 In Devprayag, many houses and temples got destroyed. There was breakage on roof of Raghunath temple. Daulat Rao Sindhiya repaired the Raghunath temple.
In many temples in Garhwal, Badrinath temple was in ruined condition after the quake. Daulat Rao Sindhiya repaired the temple and by that the originality of temple was lost. The temples of Joshimath were also fallen down. There was also destruction in Kedarnath temple.
 Thousands of people and animals died in that earthquake. The economic loss was countless.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/9/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -434
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district to be continued

             History of Gorkha Capturing Garhwal

History of Last United Garhwal King Pradyuman Shah part- 14
History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -188     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -436 
 
                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
  Gorkha or Nepalese were trying to capture Garhwal from 1791. Gorkhas got many setbacks in Langurgarh , Ganga Salan (Near Dwarikhal, Gumkhal, Pauri Garhwal). Gorkha attacked minimum 13 times on Langurgarh. The people of Salan resisted the attack and did not allow Gorkha to capture on Garhwal. When there were acute disturbances by Parakram against Pradyuman Shah; the factionalisms among Garhwal Kingdom administrators came out in open and there were calamities in Garhwal; in 1803, Gorkha attacked on Garhwal with force reasoning that Garhwal Kingdom did not pay dues for many years.
             Gorkha Commanders for Attacking on Garhwal
   Bada Kaji Amar Singh Thapa (son of Commander Bhim Singh Thapa) was the leader of Gorkha force. There were more than eight thousand soldiers under Amar Singh Thapa. Hastidal Chautriya, Bambshah Chautriya, Desh Bhakt Thapa were assisting commanders of Amar Singh Thapa.
    Gorkha soldiers were equipped by Britain made Guns, swords, Khunkri, shields, spears, bow-arrow. Gorkha soldiers were trained in using and application of newer versions of guns and new weapons.
           The Nepali army was disciplined and soldiers were having red colored dress. The positions were divided as per British army. Gorkha army was fearless army. Though, Gorkha did not have the materials and power as Sindhiya, British, Jat armies but Gorkhas were better from Garhwali soldiers. Gorkha already knew the weaknesses and strengths of Garhwali soldiers and army. Gorkhas were well aware of numbers of Garhwal soldiers in each fort or Garhi. Nepali commanders were well aware about strategic points of Garhwal.
               Garhwali Army at the time of Gorkha/Nepal Attack

          There were only permanent 5000 soldiers in Garhwal Kingdom in 1796.Most of the soldiers were normal soldiers. One thousand soldiers were in Shrinagar and balance soldiers were in Pargana headquarter or forts in different regions. Parakram pushed away the soldiers devotee of Pradyuman Shah from Shrinagar and there were only five hundred soldiers of Pradyuman Shah in Shrinagar.
            There was no formal dress for Garhwal soldiers even in the Pradyuman period. There was no arrangement for training the army. There was no custom or system for paying regular salary to the soldiers. Very few soldiers (countable on fingers) knew to uses guns. Most of the soldiers were versed with swords, bow-arrow and spears.
                  Nepali Army in Shrinagar
        Amar Singh Thapa sent Gorkha or Nepali to Garhwal from two directions. According to Raturi, Nepali army reached to HSringar via Chandpur. Garhwal King sent his army to stop invasion of Gorkha/Nepali army. However, Gorkha /Nepali army defeated Garhwal army and Garhwal army came back to Shrinagar.
 Another army led by Bhakti Thapa and Chandravir Kunwar defeated Garhwal army at Langurgarh and proceeded towards Shrinagar.
           Both the army battalions reached to Shrinagar. There was no battle in Shrinagar and Gorkha /Nepali captured Shrinagar easily.
           Garhwal King Escaping from Shrinagar    
         Before Gorkha/Nepali army would reach Shrinagar, most of elites escaped from Shrinagar.
         Pradyuman Shah already sent his family members as son Sudarshan Shah, son Devi Singh from a servant and other female members to Chauras Tehri region side. The King ran away towards Tehri region by crossing Alaknanda River with his little army and Parakram Shah before Gorkha /Nepali army entered into Shrinagar. Wife of Pradyuaan Shah died earlier than Gorkha attack. Parakram sent his wife to his brother in law Ramsharan das at Nalagarh before Gorkha attack. Pritam Shah was unmarried.
                 Three Battles on other Side of Alaknanda River (Tehri Garhwal Side)
         Pradyuman Shah with his family was in Chauras side (Tehri Garhwal side) opposite of Shrinagar.
             A few Pargana officers sent armies to rescue Garhwal King. According to Captain Repar who reached Shrinagar in 1808-09, Garhwal King was able to collect twenty thousand people or soldiers. Gorkha battalions crossed Alaknanda River. Gorkha army defeated Garhwal army.
       There were three battles and every time Gorkha defeated Garhwal army. Garhwal King Pradyuman
              Garhwal King ran towards Barahat. Gorkha army followed Garhwal King. Gorkha/Nepali army defeated Garhwal king there in Barahat. Garhwal King ran to Chamua and there Gorkha/Nepali army defeated Garhwal army.
    Gorkha battalion crossed Bhilangna River and Garhwal army led by Shivram Saklani fought with Gorkha /Nepali army at Guttu Gala at Bhilangana bank. Nepali commander Bhakti Thapa or his soldier killed Shivram Saklani.
  Garhwal King ran towards Doon valley with his family and a few soldiers. Gorkha/Nepali army followed Garhwal King up to Dehradun (Doon valley). Gorkha/Nepali army captured Doon value with ease.
  The Faujdar or Governor Ummed Singh did not do anything to protect his father in law.
        Pradyuman Shah reached to Jwalapur (Haridwar).

       The Last Try by Pradyuman Shah for Getting Back Garhwal Kingdom
  Now, Pradyuman Shah was in Jwalapur (Haridwar). He was curious to get back his Kingdom. Pradyuman Shah sold his Throne and Jewelry at Saharanpur. He got Guhar, Rajput, Raghad, Pundir soldiers from Landhur King Ramdayal Singh. Pradyuman Shah took the new army and attacked on Gorkhas of Doon valley. Initially, Pradyuman Shah was abl e to capture Doon valley. Nepal/Gorkha government sent armies with Kaji Amar Singh Thapa, Bhakti Thapa and Ranjit Kunvar.
  There was fierce battle at Khudbura (Near Guru Ram Rai darbar, Dehradun) between Pradyuman Shah and Gorkha battalion. Pradyuman Shah’s horse got fire from a gun. Pradyuman fell from horse and died taking hands on grounds. A Gorkha commander praised Pradyuman Shah that he did not lay by back but by hands and he was great brave King. Garhwal army ran away from the battle after martyr death of the Last King of United Garhwal. Gorkha captured Pritam shah and sent him to Nepal. Sudarshan Shah and his step brother Dev Singh escaped to Jwalapur. Gorkha sent the dead body of Pradyuman Shah with honor to Jwalapur.
                Terror of Gorkhas/Nepalese in Dehradun
             Gorkha captured Dehradun. There was terror in Dehradun. People ran away towards hills leaving their houses. Gorkhas lured them to return back but they did not return. Gorkhas /Nepalese looted Dehradun cruelly.  For one year, villagers did not return to their houses nor did they crop in fields. Gorkha also captured the property of Guru Ram Rai Darbar. Gorkha stopped Mahant Harseval Das’ usual activities too.
  There are disagreements for date of Khudbura battle.
Atkinson –
October 1803
Or
January 1804
Raturi –
February 1804
Or
14th May 1804
Bhaktdarshan –
July 1804
Or
August 1804

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 21/9/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -437
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district to be continued
XX
History of Gorkha Capturing Garhwal; History of Gorkha Capturing Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History of Gorkha Capturing Garhwal, Central Himalayas ; Uttarakhand; History of Gorkha Capturing Himalaya Garhwal; Uttarakhand; History of Gorkha Capturing Garhwal, North India; Uttarakhand; History of Gorkha Capturing Garhwal, India; Uttarakhand; History of Gorkha Capturing Garhwal, South Asia; Uttarakhand; History of Gorkha Capturing Garhwal, Asia;

 History, Lists of Dobhal (Doval) Ministers in Pal-Shah Dynasty in Garhwal Kingdom

 Administration, Social and Cultural History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -1

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -190       
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -438 
 
                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
            Madan Mohan Dobhal published Gadhdes ki Dobhalon ki Vanshavali. Madan Dobhal offers a list of Dobhal ministers in Garhwal Kingdom. Th e Vanshvali was received from Dev Ram Dobhal, Borikh village, Aswalsyun, Barahsyun, Pauri Garhwal. The Vanshavli is signed by Advocate Jiwa Nand Dobhal on 8/6/1923.
 SN----King Name -----------------Dobhal Minister
1--------Bhadrapal /Kanakpal--------Narayan Datt Dobhal
2- Abhay Pal -------------------------Vasudev Dobhal
3-Anand Pal ------------------------Hardev Dobhal
4-harni Pal ------------------------- Ram Dev Dobhal
5-Vishesh Pal -------------------------Damodar Dobhal
6- Karna Pal ---------------------------Damodar Dobhal
7-Jayati Pal -------------------------Chandra Shekhar Dobhal
8-Purna Pal --------------------Jay Ram Dobhal
9-Amogh Pal -----------------Jay Narayan Dobhal
10-Sundar Pal -------------------Mahidev Dobhal
11-Jaipal ------------------------ Sukhdev Dobhal
12-Shali Vahan Pal ----------------Mahidhar Dobhal
13-Sayan Pal -----------------------Shukanand Dobhal
14-Bhakti Pal --------------------- Gopi Vallabh Dobhal
15-Ratan Pal ----------------------- Gopi Vallabh Dobhal
16-Madan Pal -1-----------------------Ram Krishna Dobhal
17- Vidhi Pal -------------------------Gangadhar Dobhal
18- Bhadant Pal---------------------- Radhakrishna Dobhal
19- Jaichand Pal --------------------- Keshva Nand Dobhal
20-Kirti Pal---------------------------- Keshisudan Dobhal
21-Madan Pal -2----------------------Keshisudan Dobhal
22-Agastipal -----------------------------Keshisudan Dobhal
23- Vibhogya Pal -----------------------Shishram Dobhal
24-Suviyat Pal --------------------------Shiva Nand Dobhal
25- Vikram Pal-----------------------------Krishn Datt Dobhal
26-Bijai Pal ----------------------------------Sudarshan Dobhal
27- Sahaj Pal---------------------------------- Karmajit Dobhal
28- Son Pal -------------------------------- Hardev Dobhal
29-Kanti Pal-------------------------------- Ram Dev Dobhal
30-Mahipal -----------------------------------Gangadhar Dobhal
31- Sulankshan Dev l---------------------- Gangadhar Dobhal
32-Alakhan Dev -----------------------------Hansraj Dobhal
33- Anand Dev -----------------------------Badridatt Dobhal
34-Anant Dev ------------------------------Ram datt Dobhal
35- Abhay Dev-------------------------------Harshdev Dobhal
36- Arjundev  ----------------------------------Harshdev Dobhal
37- Jashdev ---------------------------------------Harshdev Dobhal
38-Krishna Dev------------------------------------Gajadhar Dobhal
39- Jayraj Dev---------------------------------------Bhim Datt Dobhal
40- Jashpal------------------------------------------Chaturbhuj Dobhal
41-Ujjainpal----------------------------------------- Kedardatt Dobhal
42- Balbhadra Pal -----------------------------------Balram Dobhal
43-Sundar Pal---------------------------------------- Shiv Das Dobhal
44- Kalyan Shahi -------------------------------------Garud Dhwaj Dobhal
45- Ajaypal  -----------------------------------------  Dharnidhar Dobhal
46- Kalyan Shah ----------------------------------------Bala datt Dobhal
47-Balbhadra Pal -----------------------------------------Gangaram Dobhal
48- Man Shah --------------------------------------------- Maha Dev Dobhal
49- Ram Shah ----------------------------------------------- Ram Avtar Dobhal
50-Mahipat Shah -------------------------------------------Desh Pal Dobhal
51- Prithvi Pat Shah ---------------------------------------- Karmjit Dobhal
52- Medani Shah -------------------------------------------- Shri Kanth Dobhal
53- Fatte Shah ---------------------------------------------- Shankar Dobhal
54- Dulab Shah ---------------------------------------------- Shankar Dobhal
55- Upendra Shah --------------------------------------------- Shankar Dobhal
56- Pradip Shah ---------------------------------------------Shankar Dobhal, Balbhadra Dobhal
57- Lalit Shah ---------------------------------------------------- Shri Dhar Dobhal
58- Jaikrit Shah ---------------------------------------------------Vidyadhar and Kriparam Dobhal
59- Pradyuman Shah ---------------------------------------------Shivram
                  Additional Ministers or Administrator

 Historian Shantan Singh Negi (Madhya Himalaya Ka Rajnaitik aur Sanskritik Itihas) offered position of various Dobhal ministers. He also offers the following additional Dobhal administrators in Garhwal Kingdom of Shah dynasty
Rani Karnavati ------- Sjri Kand Dobhal ( Sanrakshk Purohit)
Prithvipati Shah ---------------------Sarangdhar Dobhal (Davatri)
Fateshah ----------------------------Nityanand Dobhal (Bhandari)
Upendra Shah -------------------------Bhaskar Dobhal  (Davatri)
Pradip Shah -----------------------Vidyadhar Dobhal (Bakshi) and Nityannad Dobhal (Khadya Bhandari)
Lalit Shah -----------------------------Shri Chandra Dobhal (Lekhwar)
Jaikrit Shah ---------------------------- Jai Dev Dobhal (Bajir), Devi datt Dobhal (Davatri) , Dhniram Dobhal (Vakil)
Pradyuman Shah ----------------------------Urvi Datt Dobhal (Sabhasad) and Devi datt Dobhal Sabhasad )
        The list does not match with historians in many contexts  as Shankar Dobhal is listed for period of 150 years.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 23/9/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -439
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty ,  to be continued
XX
History, Lists of Dobhal (Doval) Ministers in Shah Dynasty in Garhwal Kingdom; History, Lists of Dobhal (Doval) Ministers in Shah Dynasty in Garhwal Kingdom in context Pauri Garhwal History; History, Lists of Dobhal (Doval) Ministers in Shah Dynasty in Garhwal Kingdom in context Chamoli Garhwal History; History, Lists of Dobhal (Doval) Ministers in Shah Dynasty in Garhwal Kingdom in context Rudraprayag Garhwal History; History, Lists of Dobhal (Doval) Ministers in Shah Dynasty in Garhwal Kingdom in context Tehri Garhwal History; History, Lists of Dobhal (Doval) Ministers in Shah Dynasty in Garhwal Kingdom in context Uttarkashi Garhwal History; History, Lists of Dobhal (Doval) Ministers in Shah Dynasty in Garhwal Kingdom in context Dehradun Garhwal History; History, Lists of Dobhal (Doval) Ministers in Shah Dynasty in Garhwal Kingdom in context Haridwar  Garhwal History;

         Cabinet Structure in Pal-Shah Dynasty Garhwal Kingdom

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -3

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -192       
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -440 
 
                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

                    Shah or Pal Kings of Garhwal were not authoritarian dictators. They used to take advices from their cabinet colleagues. The cabinet was having Diwan, Daftari, Faujdar and Negi but it was not sure that cabinet minister would get the post due to dynasty. Though most of the time the children of ministers would get opportunity for becoming court members.   
   Bahguna’s hand written note of Kothar , Dharmadhikari was important post and as per Maularam mentioned   Ojhaguru name for Dhamadhikari post.
Mukhtyar or Mukhtar- Mukhtar or Mukhtyar was equal or synonym of Prime minister, chaif minister. Mukhtar was chief of cabinet and many times, Mukhtyar took over whole administration from the King. In Jaikrit period, many ministers declared them as Mukhtar.
Daftari- Daftari means General Director or chief director of the Kingdom. The office of Daftari was in the capital. His assistants used have offices in Parganas. The assisting Daftari in Pargana used to collect taxes and used to have tax records in regional office. With the advice or order of the King or sometime Mukhtar, Daftari used to communicate Farman/Adesh/ Parwana such as appointments, promotions, punishments, awards, rewards, retirement orders to the government servants, central agencies, landlords and regional agencies. Daftari was very strong position and most of the officers used to make Daftary happy.
Faujdar-  Faujdar means the Head of Pargana. The Faujdar was the real ruler of Pargana. Faujdar used to keep army, was responsible for administration and had to collect taxes. When needed Faujdar had to go with his army in battle for the King. There are proofs of  Faujdar in salan, Dehradun (Doon valley) and Ravai. That shows there would be Faujdar in other territories.
 The salary of Dooon and Salan Faujdar was around one lakh twenty five thousand annually. Faujdar used to pay salary to his soldiers from his earning. This system made Faujdar more powerful than the King.  Many times, strong, powerful and ambitious Faujdar used to take over the administration of Shringar in his hands and the King had to live on his mercy. Fajdar of Doon valley as Govind Singh and Ummed Singh were virtual kings of Doon valley. The king had to marry his daughter with Ummed Singh to have cordial relation with him.
Goldar and Jamadar – Goldars were guards for palace and the king. They used to appoint their subordinate freely. Goldars used to guard palace, treasury, court, and other offices and officers. Soldiers of Goldars used to watch palace and important places in night too. Goldar and his soldiers used to accompany the King when he was on tour. As good as body guards of the King, the Kingdom used to pay salaries and land (Jagir) to Goldar for their livelihood.
  Goldar had his own Diwan (assistant) and Lekhwa r (accountant). Jamdar was a position for low cadre soldiers and Fuajdar and Goldar had sufficient number of Jamadar.
Negi- Negi had two meanings. One meaning is assistant officers in the court and in other works of Palace. Negi also means servant (Sevak) especially from Khas clans. The Negi is position and King would declare or appoint any Rajput as Negi for his specific services for the court. Kingdom offered Negis daily allowances, salary and portion of tax collected from specific region for their livelihood of Negi. Ussualy, Negi position was of dynasty based job.

**Cabinet Structure in Pal-Shah Dynasty Garhwal Kingdom to be continued in part -441
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 25/9/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -441
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
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Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty ,  to be continued
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