Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)  (Read 534620 times)

Bhishma Kukreti

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            Hindu Population in Garhwal in Shah /Pal Period
          History Aspects of Lifestyle in Garhwal in pal /Shah Era -4

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -41 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -230     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -478 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
  As in India, the Hindu society was divided in various groups and subgroups in Garhwal too.
The major groups were as under –
                    Bhairbaswa
Bhairbaswa means who stays outside.
Doom
Koli
                               Bintagadhari
Bintagadhari means who did not put on Janeu (religious thred).
They were
1-Ubdesi or Northen Inhabitants (Bhotiya)
2-Khasya or those were original inhabitants of Garhwal.
                 Tagawal
Tagawal means those put on Janeu and were
1-Brahmin (mainly who were migrated from elsewhere.)

2-Rajput (mainly who were migrated from elsewhere.)

                               Doom and not Dome

                 There was a caste in Hindu of Garhwal called Doom (achhut) . However, Historians as Atkinson and plains sociologists and politicians etc called this word as Dome (blood line of Satyvadi Harishchandra). The correct word is Doom. Today, the Doom word is perhaps unconstitutional or abusive word.   In1827. Williams used Dhoom word for Doom. Now by calling Doom word anybody could be sentenced for using Jativachak shabd.
     Now, Shilplkar and Harijan or Arya word are used for scheduled caste people.  There was also caste division among Shilpkar group (untouchable group before independence) and Shilpkar were divided in four major groups and then subgroups. The upper  group used to marry the daughter of lower group but did not marry their daughters with lower group Shilpkar.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 10/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -479 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued


XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
XX
                                              Swacch Bharat ! स्वच्छ भारत !

Bhishma Kukreti

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History aspects of sub-caste in Scheduled Caste of Bijnor, Haridwar in Pal /Shah Period

          History Aspects of Lifestyle in Garhwal in pal /Shah Era -5

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -42 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -231     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -479 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)


       Scheduled Caste  in Bijnor and Haridwar before British Raj
 
Ahir
Gaderiya
Pasi
Gauriya (Snake Charmer)
Ghasiya (Grass Cutters)
Ghosi
Charmakarr (Leather workers)
Safai Karmachari (sweepers)
Macchimar (Fishermen)
Dhol Badak (Dhol Players)
Lohar
Kasar or metal smith
Badhi
Kalal or Kalar –Wine distillers
Kaikari or basket makers
Kahar (Palanquin carriers) though they were low caste but could go inside the house)
Indoor servants - low caste but allowed inside the house of upper caste
Kanjar – gypsy from anywhere
Thugs (Thugs were also in Bhabhar region and in Haridwar too)
 Hindu Bakar Kasai – goat slaughters
Dhobi (Washer men)
Bhuiyar
Dome – Disposer of Dead bodies
Manjhi, Nishad  or Boatman




The above communities were Hindu scheduled caste communities in Bijnor and Haridwar in Mughal and Rohilla Period.
        The music instrument players, instrument makers were from both religions that is Hindi and Muslims. Mostly, music instrument players and music instrument makers from Hindu religion were scheduled caste.
 In dancing communities too, most of the people were from scheduled caste communities.
                                     Gosain in Haridwar
 Gosain were having following sub groups

Giri
Puri
Parbat
Sagar
Ban
Tirtha
Bharti
Sarswati
Arnay
Ashram
Dandis
Ravanvansis (however, no record)
Naga or Akhada Gusain or fighter Gusains




Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 11/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -480 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued


XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
XX
                                   Swacch Bharat ! स्वच्छ भारत !


Bhishma Kukreti

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         Musicians, Dancing Castes of Garhwal in Pal Shah Period
          History Aspects of Lifestyle in Garhwal in pal /Shah Era -6

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -43 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -232     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -480 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
 There were following castes and sub castes in Musicians and Dancing Class (Scheduled Castes) of Garhwal in Pal or Shah Dynasty of Garhwal-
Auju- They were Dhol-Damau Players and were essential part of society. Apart from Marriage and other rituals,  Auji  perform Pando Jagar in Garhwal and  other caste did not perform Pando Jagar rituals.
Bajgi – musicians
Beda- Beda were wandering Tibetan Buddhist musicians
Dhaki- Drum players and bird killers
Athpahriya – These music players used to play musical instruments (mainly Damau or Nagda ) outside of palace for eight times in a day.
Dondi- Dancers
Gadoi –Naubat Drum players for announcing a time period or Pahar
Hovyara- Turhi Players
Bhat- Bhat used to sing song in praise of Kings and Armed forces to enthuse, energize them.
Hudkiya- They were Hudki players and had major role too in society and in court. They were as Bhat.
Badi- Badi was again part and parital of Garhwal society till eighties. They were entertainers, musicians, and dancing class.
Mangler- Thsese women used to sing auspicious songs at the auspicious occasions as Marriage, Birth day etc.
Badi and many other music and Dancing class did not have agriculture land used to depend on Dadwar (grains from their masters) and hunting. They used to eat every birds and animals barring poisonous birds.





   

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 12/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -481 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued


XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
XX
                                   Swacch Bharat ! स्वच्छ भारत !
History aspects Shilpkar (untouchable) groups of Musicians, Dancing Castes of Garhwal in Pal Shah Period; History aspects Shilpkar groups of Musicians, Dancing Castes of Garhwal in Pal Shah Period in context Haridwar Garhwal History ; History aspects Shilpkar groups of Musicians, Dancing Castes of Garhwal in Pal Shah Period in context Bijnor or old Garhwal History ; History aspects Shilpkar groups of Musicians, Dancing Castes of Garhwal in Pal Shah Period in context Pauri Garhwal History ; History aspects Shilpkar groups of Musicians, Dancing Castes of Garhwal in Pal Shah Period in context Chamoli Garhwal History ; History aspects Shilpkar groups of Musicians, Dancing Castes of Garhwal in Pal Shah Period in context Rudraprayag Garhwal History ; History aspects Shilpkar groups of Musicians, Dancing Castes of Garhwal in Pal Shah Period in context Tehri Garhwal History ; History aspects Shilpkar groups of Musicians, Dancing Castes of Garhwal in Pal Shah Period in context Uttarkashi Garhwal History ; History aspects Shilpkar groups of Musicians, Dancing Castes of Garhwal in Pal Shah Period in context Dehradun Garhwal History ;

Bhishma Kukreti

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Craftsmen under Scheduled Castes in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period

          History Aspects of Lifestyle in Garhwal in pal /Shah Era -7

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -44 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -233     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -481 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

 Garhwal villages depended on village craftsmen for all the works.
They were –
Lwar /lohar – Ironsmith
Tamta – metal smith
Bhadeliya- Metal Smith
Dhalothi- Metal Smith
Oad and Mistary, Raj - Building builders and workers
Badhai- Carpenters
Dhanik- Bow and Arrow makers
Mochi, Badi, Nagarchi, Pummi- Leather works workers
Rudiya- Bamboo appliances makers
There was no darji caste as such but Auji or other scheduled caste people used to sew clothing.
The people used to offer grains in exchange of works. Dadwar was a custom that in each harvesting, harvester would offer crops etc to craftsmen as per their works.
Agariya (Mines miners); Dhuni (gold dust extractors from river sand); Khairi (Catechu extractors) were also there but were not necessary parts of society as Iron smith etc were there.
                               Public works Workers 
Village watchman , village messenger, bridge maker ( Jhuliya); boatmen (Dhunar) and Tantriks as Doomjogi –Doonath; Dalyanath, Daundiya (protectors of crops from calamity through Mantra and Tantra); were  also there in a village or in a region. They used to get Dadwar too.
                Doomhali worker
Doomhali worker was a type of slave. Usually, who had huge farm land they used to buy a slave from scheduled caste family. Doomhali was given a place to build a hut. Doomhali used to plough, make field fertile etc and used to do all works of his master. Doomhali used to get Dadwar and grains as usual.





Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 13/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -482 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued


XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal

XX
History aspects - Craftsmen under Scheduled Castes in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects - Craftsmen under Scheduled Castes in Bijnor , old Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects - Craftsmen under Scheduled Castes in Haridwar Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects - Craftsmen under Scheduled Castes in Dehradun Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects - Craftsmen under Scheduled Castes in Uttarkashi Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects - Craftsmen under Scheduled Castes in Tehri Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects - Craftsmen under Scheduled Castes in Rudraprayag Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects - Craftsmen under Scheduled Castes in Chamoli Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects - Craftsmen under Scheduled Castes in Pauri Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period;
                                   Swacch Bharat ! स्वच्छ भारत !


Bhishma Kukreti

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         हरिद्वार का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास -भाग 1
                             History of Haridwar Part -1

                                       इतिहास विद्यार्थी : भीष्म कुकरेती
                                        हरिद्वार :एक संक्षिप्त परिचय

  हरिद्वार प्राचीनतम मानव वस्तियों के लिए प्रसिद्ध है और पौराणिक -धार्मिक स्थल हरिद्वार का वर्णन गंगाद्वार के नाम से महाभारत में भी हुआ है।कनखल की  भारत के पुरानी  वस्तियों में गिनती होती है।   हरिद्वार जिला भारत के उत्तराखंड राज्य का एक जिला है। हरिद्वार गंगा तट पर स्थित  है।हरिद्वार जिआ जब उत्तर प्रदेश में सहारनपुर जिले के इंटरगत था तो 1988 में नया जिला बना। 9 नवंबर 2000 में हरिद्वार नए प्रदेश उत्तराखंड का भाग बना।
हरिद्वार
हरिद्वार अक्षांस -उत्तर 29 . 96 और देशांश -पूर्व 78 . 16 में स्थित है ।
क्षेत्रफल - 2360 किलोमीटर
तापमान - गर्मियों में 15 अंश से 42 अंश  और सर्दियों में 6 से 16 . 6 अंश तक।
हरिद्वार की ऊंचाई - समुद्र तल से 249 . 7 मीटर
हरिद्वार के दक्षिण में, पूर्व में उत्तराखंड का पौड़ी जिला  व उत्तरप्रदेश का बिजनौर व पश्चिम में उत्तरप्रदेश के जिले हैं और उत्तर में उत्तराखंड का देहरादून जिले  स्थित हैं।  मानसून जुलाई -सितमबर तक होता है।
2001 की जनसंख्या के अनुसार हरिद्वार की जनसंख्या 14 47187 थी।  जनसंख्या घनत्व 2001 में 613 वर्ग किलोमीटर था। आज अहरिद्वार में तीन तहसील -हरिद्वार , रुड़की व लक्सर हैं।
हरिद्वार जनसंख्या व जातिगत , पंथ व धार्मिक मान्यताओं  अनुसार विविधरूपी जिला है। 
हरिद्वार शिवालिक पहाड़ियों पर स्थित है और विभिन्न वनस्पतियों व जीव जंतुओं से भरपूर है। 


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  13/11/2-14
History of Haridwar to be continued in  हरिद्वार का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास -भाग 2                               

Introduction of Haridwar for History of Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Telpura, Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Roorkee Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Laksar Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Sultanpur  Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Landhuar Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Kankhal Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History ofJwalapur  Haridwar, Uttarakhand; Introduction of Haridwar for History of Haridwar, Uttarakhand;

                                                          Swacch Bharat ! स्वच्छ भारत !


Bhishma Kukreti

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                          Koli Caste in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period
          History Aspects of Lifestyle in Garhwal in pal /Shah Era -8

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -45 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -234     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -482 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

               Koli caste was supposed to be lower than touchable caste but upper than Harijan or Shilpkar. The Shilpkar could take food cooked by Kolis but Kolis did not take food cooked by Shilpkar. Same way Koli used to take food cooked by Bith (upper caste Khas, Rajput and Brahmins) but Bith did not take food cooked by Kolis.
 It is said that Kolis were born by Rajput male and Harijan or Koli female. Today, Kolis say that they are Chandravanshi.
 Kolis were weaver sect of Garhwal society. They used to weave dress materials by hemp fiber. It was a must a or two Koli families within four five or two villages.Theere were subgroups among Kolis as Pabila (the hemp fiber weavers), Gaykariya Koli (son of Rajput male and Koli female). Gaykariya Koli were upper cast Kolis.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 14/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -483 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued


XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal

XX
Koli Caste in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period in Garhwal; History aspects Koli Caste in Pauri Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects Koli Caste in Haridwar Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects Koli Caste in Dehradun Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects Koli Caste in Uttarkashi Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects Koli Caste in Tehri Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects Koli Caste in Rudraprayag Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History aspects Koli Caste in Chamoli Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period;
                                   Swacch Bharat ! स्वच्छ भारत !

Bhishma Kukreti

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                               हरिद्वार की प्रस्तर उपकरण सभ्यता

                                     History of Stone Age in Haridwar

                                 हरिद्वार का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास -भाग 2

                                                 History of Haridwar Part -2
                             
                                                  इतिहास विद्यार्थी : भीष्म कुकरेती

     अनुमान किया जाता है कि धरती के कुछ भागों में मानव की वह अवस्था छ लाख साल पूर्व थी जब मानव चलने -फिरने और बानी -बोली का प्रयोग सीख चुका था (पिगॉट )।

 प्रस्तर उपकरण संस्कृति का आरम्भ मिश्र को माना जाता है जहां छै लाख साल पूर्व मानव ने सभ्यता के सोपान शुरू कर दिए थे । फ़्रांस व इंग्लैण्ड में यह सभ्यता साढ़े चार लाख साल पहले आई।  तब से लेकर सात हजार साल पहले तक और कुछ भागों में साढ़े तीन हजार साल पहले तक मानव प्रस्तर उपकरण संस्कृति तक ही सीमित रहा। इस लम्बे युग में जहां जहां मानव सभटा पनपी यह सभ्यता पथरों के उपकरणों का प्रयोग करती रही।
      पाषाण युग  में मानव पत्थरों के उपकरणों से काम चलाता था और  मानव श्रेणी में आ गया था। साढ़े चार हजार साल पहले मनुष्य ने धातु उपकरण अपनाने शुरू किये।
  पाषाण युग को इतिहासकार तीन युगों में बांटते हैं -
 १- आदि प्रस्तर उपकरण युग (Palaeolithic Age )- पचास हजार साल पहले से एक लाख साल पहले
२- मध्य प्रस्तर उपकरण युग (Mesolithic Age )
३-उत्तर प्रस्तर उपकरण युग (Neolithic Age )


                           हरिद्वार की आदि प्रस्तर उपकरण सभ्यता    (पचास हजार साल पहले से एक लाख साल पहले  )             
  जब हिमयुग समाप्त हुआ और शुष्क युग प्रारम्भ हुआ तो भारत के मैदानी इलाका मानव जीवन के लिए उपयुक्त स्थान साबित हो  चुका था।  हरिद्वार के बहादराबाद प्रस्तर युग के कई उपकरण मिले हैं (घोष ) जिनसे पता चलता है कि पत्थर युग में सहारनपुर , भाभर , बिजनौर में प्रस्तर युग में मानव सभ्यता थी।  इसी तरह के उपकरण राजस्थान , गुजरात , नर्मदा व सहायक नदी घाटियों में भी मिले हैं।  यद्यपि धरातल की ऊपरी सतह में मिलने के कारण  यह अनुमान लगाना कठिन सा है कि  उपकरण सचमुच में किस युग के हैं।
  इस युग में बड़े अश्व , हाथी और हिप्पोटौमस नर्मदा घाटी में विचरण करते थे।
  उपरोक्त पशुओं के आखेट करने मनुष्य के अस्तित्व के प्रमाण बहादराबाद हरिद्वार (घोष ); शिवालिक व हिमालय  ऊँची ढालों पर , पंजाब में सोननदी के पास ,करगिल व नमक की पहाड़ियों के पास भी मिले हैं (डबराल ).  घोष ने बहदराबाद में मिले कुछ उपकरणों के चित्र भी अपनी पुस्तक में दिए हैं।
डा डबराल ने हरिद्वार की प्रस्तर संस्कृति का मिलान सोनंनदी संस्कृति (रावलपिंडी पाकिस्तान , पंजाब ) , भाखड़ा की प्रस्तर संस्कृति , हिमाचल की प्रस्तर संस्कृति से की व लिखा कि यह सभ्यता उत्तर पश्चिम पंजाब से लेकर जम्मू , सिङ्गमौर (मिर्जापुर , उ प्र  ), हिमाचल उत्तराखंड तक फैला था.
       बहादराबाद -हरिद्वार उपकरणों में फ्लैक्स , स्क्रैपर्स , चॉपर्स , व अन्य स्थूल उपकरण , छुरिया , ताम्बे के भाले , बरछे , हारपून , मिलने से अंदाज लगाया जा सकता कि हरिद्वार में मानव वस्तियाँ प्रस्तर काल से लेकर धातु काल तक निरंतर बनी रहीं। ये उपकरण सतह से 23 फिट नीचे मिली हैं।
                                                             हरिद्वार में  सोननदी सभ्यता में मानव प्रसार

      यदि हरिद्वार (गंगाद्वार ) व सोननदी पंजाब (रावलपिंडी ) की संस्कृतियों  समयुगीन माना जाय तो उत्तराखंड के भाभर , बिजनौर की पाषाण युगीन सभ्यताओं की वही विशेषतायें रहीं होंगी जो सोनघाटी की सभ्यता के रहे होंगे।
   अनुमान जाता है कि प्रस्तर युगीन मानव संभवतः दक्षिण भारत से उत्तर की ओर अग्रसर हुआ।  यह मानव दक्षिण से उत्तर पश्चिम पंजाब (पाकिस्तान ) की कम ऊँची ढलान पर बसा होगा जहां सिंधु , झेलम , हरो सोन नदियां बहती हैं। इस युग का मानव रावलपिंडी क्षेत्र से कश्मीर होकर , हिमाचल , सहारनपुर और फिर उत्तराखंड पंहुचा होगा और फिर उत्तराखंड की दक्षिणी ढलान क्षेत्र में बस गया होगा।  आखेट आदि से वह अपना जीवन निर्वाह करता चला गया होगा।
      अनुमान किया गया है कि सोननदी सभ्यता अधिक से अधिक चार लाख पुराने व कम से कम दो लाख साल पहले रही होगी।
   ऐसा लगता है कि इस दौरान कई मानव शाखाएं समाप्त हुयी होंगी और अगण्य नई मानव शाखाये आई होंगी।
     
                                                 सोननदी सभ्यता के उपकरण
          हरिद्वार , भाभर व बिजनौर में अवश्य ही सोननदी सभ्यता थी।  हिमालय की इन निचली जगहों /पहाड़ियों के सोननदी सभ्यता के मानव के बारे में अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है।
           हरिद्वार (उत्तराखंड ) का प्रस्तर युगीन मानव क्वार्टजाइट शिलाओं से अथवा नदी तट पर प्राप्त गोल (ल्वाड़ ) पथरों से अपने उपकरण बनाता था।  इन उपकरणों को फ्लैक कहा जाता है।  . इस प्रकार के फ्लैक्स  बनाने के लिए शिला को तब तक तोड़ा जाता था जब तक वांछित आकार  का उपकरण न बन जाय। इसी तरह चॉपर्स बनाने का भी अनुशंधान हुआ। चॉपर्स कठोर शिलाओं से बनाये जाते थे।
     धीरे धीरे मानव ने काटने छीलने हेतु स्क्रैपर्स उपकरण बनाना भी सीख लिया।  बहादराबाद हरिद्वार में प्राप्त  स्क्रैपर्स सोननदी के स्क्रैपर्स से मेल खाते हैं।
              स्क्रैपर्स के बाद गंडासे जैसे उपकरण बनाये गए होंगे जो मांश , कंद मूल  काटने के काम आते रहे होंगे।  गंगाद्वार (हरिद्वार ) में प्राप्त गंडासे की अगली ओर की  पतली धार पर आरी जैसे दांत भी बने हैं (डा डबराल ) जिसका उपयोग बोटी काटने के लिए किया जाता रहा होगा । पश्च भाग मोटा व गोल था जिसे हथोड़े के समान भी प्रयोग किया जाता रहा होगा।
     गंगाद्वार (हरिद्वार ) में प्राप्त पाषाण गंडासे की लम्बाई पांच छह इंच है जिससे अनुमान लगता है की हरिद्वार के मानव ने हथियार पर बेंट लगाने की कला भी सीख ली थी।
            सोनघाटी व हरिद्वार से मिले पाषाण उपकरण प्राचीनतम , भद्दे व बेडोल तरह के थे।
   हरिद्वार के मानव के लिए उपरकन बनाने के लिए पाषाण , जंतु हड्डी व काष्ठ सुलभ था। हरिद्वार में काष्ट अथवा हड्डी के उपकरण ना मिलने का कारण है कि वे लम्बी अवधि में नष्ट हो गए होंगे। 

 


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 14/11/2014
History of Haridwar to be continued in  हरिद्वार का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास -भाग 3     
 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

                   संदर्भ

१- डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड का राजनीतिक और सांस्कृतिक इतिहास भाग - 2

२- पिगॉट - प्री हिस्टोरिक इंडिया पृष्ठ - २२

३- अमलनंदा  घोष , ऐन इनसाइक्लोपीडिया ऑफ इण्डिएन आर्कियोलॉजी ,पृष्ठ -37 -38

   
Stone Age History of Kankhal, Haridwar; Stone Age History of Har ki paidi Haridwar; Stone Age History of Jwalapur Haridwar; Stone Age History of Telpura Haridwar; Stone Age History of Sakrauda Haridwar; Stone Age History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar; Stone Age History of Roorkee, Haridwar; Stone Age History of Jhabarera Haridwar; Stone Age History of Manglaur Haridwar; Stone Age History of Laksar, Stone Age Haridwar; Stone Age History of Sultanpur, Stone Age Haridwar; Stone Age History of Pathri Haridwar; Stone Age History of Landhaur Haridwar; Stone Age History of Bahdarabad, Haridwar; Stone Age History of Narsan Haridwar


                                                                         Swacch Bharat ! स्वच्छ भारत !

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 History Aspects of Restrictions/ Deprivations for Shilpkar in the Society in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period

         History Aspects of Lifestyle in Garhwal in pal /Shah Era -9

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -46 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -235     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -483 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

   As happened all over India, the Upper caste Hindus deprived Shilpkars or Dooms from many human rights. There were many inhuman restrictions for Shilpkars in Garhwal too.
 The Shilpkars could not build their houses or huts adjacent to Bith (upper caste). The place where Upper Castes Inhabitant was called ‘Bithana’ and the residence of Shilpkar was called ‘Dumana’. ‘Dumana’ had to be far away and lower place than ‘Bithana’.
 When there was Athwad (sacrificing buffalo) or when cow-bulls used to die, Shilpkars used to take those animals as food. Shilpkar had separate water source. Upper Caste people never took water through ‘Dumana’ (where Shilpkar resided). Therefore, Dumana could not be in between water source of Bith and ‘Dumana’.
         There was no marriage between Bith and ‘Doom (Shilpkar). Doom or Shilpkar were not allowed using Dola-Palki, Horses, silver and gold jewelry in their marriage ceremony. Upper caste used Shilpkar for disposing dead animals. Shilpkar used carry Dola Palki of upper caste in marriages and other ceremonies.   


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 15/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -484 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued


XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal

XX
History Aspects of Restrictions/ Deprivations for Shilpkar in the Society in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Aspects of Restrictions/ Deprivations for Shilpkar in the Society in Haridwar, Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Aspects of Restrictions/ Deprivations for Shilpkar in the Society in Pauri Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Aspects of Restrictions/ Deprivations for Shilpkar in the Society in Chamoli Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Aspects of Restrictions/ Deprivations for Shilpkar in the Society in Rudraprayag Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Aspects of Restrictions/ Deprivations for Shilpkar in the Society in Tehri Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Aspects of Restrictions/ Deprivations for Shilpkar in the Society in Uttarkashi Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Aspects of Restrictions/ Deprivations for Shilpkar in the Society in Dehradun Garhwal in Pal /Shah Period; History Aspects of Restrictions/ Deprivations for Shilpkar in the Society in Bijor around Pal /Shah Period;
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                                       Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar

                                                      हरिद्वार में पाषाण युगीन जीवन

                                        हरिद्वार का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास -भाग 3

                                                 History of Haridwar Part -3
                             
                                                  इतिहास विद्यार्थी : भीष्म कुकरेती


   हरिद्वार समेत उत्तराखंड का आदि मानव आखेट व उँछ वृति से अपना जीवन निर्वाह करता था।  हरिद्वार के आदि मानव के भोजन में पशु -पक्षियों का मांश व मछलियाँ एवं शहद का स्थान सर्वोपरि था।  वनैलै  फल फूल व कंदमूल भी आदि मानव के भोज्य पदार्थ थे।
      नर्मदा घाटी का आदि पाषाण युगीन मानव घोड़े , भैंसों , हाथी व हिपोटैमस का मांश भक्षण करता था.
उस काल में हरिद्वार , हिमालय की कम ऊँची घाटियों व पंजाब से नेपाल की घाटियों में उपरोक्त पशुओं के अवशेष  नही मिले हैं।
किन्तु शिवालिक श्रेणी के भाभर क्षेत्र , गढ़वाल, हरिद्वार , सहारनपुर , बिजनौर में मिटटी की ऊपरी दो परतों (कॉन्ग्लोमरेट , बालुज शिलाओं ) में भारी मात्रा में छोटे बड़े पशुओं के फोजिल्स मिले हैं।  इन पशुओं और नर्मदा घाटी के पाषाण कालीन पशुओं में समानता थी. अतः यह निश्चित है कि हरिद्वार में पाषाण कालीन मानव इन्ही पशुओं का आहार करता था।
   हरिद्वार से दो सौ मील नीति द्वार  में (15000 फुट ऊंचाई ) उपरोक्त  पशुओं के अवशेष भी मिले हैं।  इसका अर्थ है कि लाखों साल पहले नीतिद्वार व हरिद्वार क्षेत्र की ऊंचाई में अधिक अंतर नही था।
  पाषाण युगीन आदि मानव हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , भाभर , सहारनपुर आदि जगहों में छोटी छोटी टोलियों में घुमन्तु जीवन व्यतीत करता था व शिकार हेतु इधर से उधर भटकता रहता था।  जलाशयों के निकटवर्ती स्थानो में खुली जगहों व सुरक्षित जगहों में रहता था वह टीलों या वृक्षों में रात व्यतीत करता था. शीतकालीन व वारिश में आदि कालीन, अस्थायी  झोपड़ियों में रहता था। 
हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , उत्तराखंड का आदि मानव भी अपने मृतकों को वन या नदियों में फेंक देता था।  जिनकी वृक्षों से गिरकर , जंगली जानवरों से अकाल मृत्यु होती थी उन्हें वह मानव वैसे  ही छोड़ देता था।
अब तक हरिद्वार के आदि पाषाण युगीन मानव के अस्थि  मिलने से उस कालीन उपकरणों के आधार पर ही आदि मानव के जीवन शैली निर्धारित की जाती है। 




Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 15/11/2014
History of Haridwar to be continued in  हरिद्वार का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास -भाग 4     
 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

                   संदर्भ

१- डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड का राजनीतिक और सांस्कृतिक इतिहास भाग - 2

२- पिगॉट - प्री हिस्टोरिक इंडिया पृष्ठ - २२
३- नेविल , 1909 सहारनपुर गजेटियर

Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Kankhal, Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Har ki paidi Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Jwalapur Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Telpura Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Sakrauda Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Roorkee, Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Jhabarera Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Manglaur Haridwar; History of Laksar, Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Sultanpur, Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Pathri Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Landhaur Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Bahdarabad, Haridwar; Human Life Style in Stone Age of Haridwar in context History of Narsan Haridwar;

                                         
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 History Aspects of Social Position of Harijan, Shilpkar in Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period
         History Aspects of Lifestyle in Garhwal in pal /Shah Era -10

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -47 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -236     
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -484 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

         The position of Harijan Shilpkar in Garhwal was totally different than the plains as Haridwar and Bijnor. The main reason of difference was geographical adversity of Garhwal. For example, it was necessary that human being is safe in cold season. Therefore, Shilpkar family had a room. Harijan could puff on Chilam of Bith (upper caste). Bith could take oil, milk, ghee, mutton, liquor, Gud, sugar , grains from Doom or Harijan. At the time of Lang ritual performance, Gram Pradhan used to take Badi (a dancing and drama making community) on his soldiers. Even in Marriage or Pandon Ritual, Bith used to take Dhol Badak on their soldiers happily. When there is auspicious ritual, Pithai was offered to Dhol at first instance.
 There was relation as uncle, aunt, grandfather, niece, nephew etc among all the communities of society in Garhwal.
          Bith used to offer food to Harijan in feast. When as Thakur (master) dies the Harijan used to go for funeral and shave his head. Bith also go for funeral of Harijan but did not shave the head.
      Harijan or craftsmen were essential part of every village. In a way Harijan were properties of the village. A village can’t settle call a craftsman especially Dhol Badak from other village in his village. If there is court case on a craftsman of a village against craftsman of other village, it was in real sense court case of a village on other village.  If the iron smith is penalized it wa s duty of villagers to pay that penalty.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 16/11/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -485 
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ….
History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty, to be continued


XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, South Asian History of Bijnor old Garhwal
Xx
Notes on History Aspects of Social Position of Harijan Shilpkar in Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History Aspects of Social Position of Harijan Shilpkar in Garhwali society of Bijnorl around in Pal/Shah Period; History Aspects of Social Position of Harijan Shilpkar in Haridwar Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History Aspects of Social Position of Harijan Shilpkar in Pauri Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History Aspects of Social Position of Harijan Shilpkar in Chamoli Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History Aspects of Social Position of Harijan Shilpkar in Rudraprayag Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History Aspects of Social Position of Harijan Shilpkar in Tehri Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History Aspects of Social Position of Harijan Shilpkar in Uttarkashi Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period; History Aspects of Social Position of Harijan Shilpkar in Dehradun Garhwal in Pal/Shah Period;



                                  Swacch Bharat ! स्वच्छ भारत !

 

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