MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

                                 Arjun Visiting Uttarakhand in Vanvas in context History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur

                                              हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर   इतिहास संदर्भ में अर्जुन द्वारा उत्तराखडं भ्रमण , उत्तराखंड तीर्थ यात्रा



                                            History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  Part  --77


                                       हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -77 

                                                                   इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

                                                द्यूतक्रीड़ा और पांडवों को वनवास
 इंद्रप्रस्थ से कुरु कुमार दुर्योधन दुखी था।  एक रणनीति के तहत हस्तिनापुर में पांडवों व कौरवों के मध्य दरबार में जुआ खेला गया जिसमे युधिष्ठिर राज्य , सर्व सम्पति ही नही द्रौपदी को भी हार  गया। द्रौपदी का चेर हरण हुआ।  और अंत में पांडवों को बारह वर्ष का वनवास व एक वर्ष का अज्ञातवास हुआ।
 वनवास जाने से पहले पांडवों ने कुंती को विदुर के पास छोड़ा व अपने आप पुरोहित धौम्य के संरक्षण में द्रौपदी संग वन को गए।  सबसे पहले पांडव गंगातीर में एक महान वत वृक्ष -प्रमाणकोटी के नीचे गए। क्या यह बट वृक्ष हरिद्वार या बिजनौर में था ? हस्तिनापुर से नजदीक का गंगातट तो हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , मजफरनगर आदि क्षेत्र ही हो सकता है।
फिर पांडव द्वैतवन , काम्यकवन में रहे और उस दौरान गुरु धौम्य पांडवों के सभी सांस्कृतिक -धार्मिक कर्मकांडों को निभाते रहे।
           दिव्यास्त्र पाने हेतु अर्जुन उत्तराखंड  भ्रमण पर गया। गंधमाधन से आगे इंद्रकील पर्वत पर तपस्या करने लगा जहां इंद्र ने  उसे दिव्यास्त्र प्राप्ति हेतु शिवजी की तपस्या करने की सलाह दी।
 अर्जुन को शिवजी से पाशुपात अस्त्र प्राप्त हुआ।
इससे इतिहासकार अंदाज लगाते हैं कि उत्तरी गढ़वाल व उत्तरी कुमाऊं में ताम्र व लौह खाने थीं और तब धातु से अस्त्र शस्त्र बनाना भी आज के न्यूक्लियर बम्ब बनाने जैसा ही था।  विवेचना से लगता है कि द अर्जुन ने गढ़वाल में धातु के अस्त्र गढ़वाए होंगे। फिर अर्जुन देवलोक से इंद्र द्वारा प्रदत दिव्यास्त्र लेकर आया।  क्या इन्द्रपुरी तिब्ब्त के नजदीक किसी खनिज खानों के नजदीक था ?

                                       उत्तराखंड में तीर्थ यात्रा

  महाभारत अनुसार अर्जुन के स्वर्ग से अस्त्र शस्त्र लेने जाने पर युधिष्ठिर , पुरोहित धौम्य व ऋषि लोमेश के साथ उत्तराखंड यात्रा को चल पड़े।
वे कनखल से आगे उशीरबीज , मैनाक , कालशैल पर्वतों को लांघकर गंगातट से होकर राजा कुलिंदराज सुबाहु के राज्य की और चल पड़े।  इसका अर्थ है कि युधिष्ठिर ने चण्डीघाट , स्वर्गाश्रम , लक्ष्मणझूला , शिवपुरी , हिंवाल -गंगा संगम फूलचट्टी , बंदरभेळ , ढाँगगढ़, महादेवचट्टी , कांडी , ब्यासचट्टी , देवप्रयाग आदि का रास्ता अपनाया होगा।  कुलिंदराज सुबाहु ने पांडवों का स्वागत किया। अगले दिन पांडव द्रौपदी को सुबाहु के संरक्षण में सौंप गंधमाधन वन की और बढ़े।  आगे अलकनंदा नदी के किनारे छलते चलते वे गंधमाधन पर्वत तल पर पंहुचे।
वहां कठिनाई से द्रौपदी मूर्छित हो गयी व भीम ने घटोतकच्छ को याद किया तो घटोतकच्छ व उसके रक्षण गण पांडवों व द्रौपदी को पीठ पर बिठाकर आगे बद्रिकाश्रम ले गए। वहां वन में जटासुर जब पांडवों का अपहरण कर लेजाने  भीम ने जटासुर को मर गिराया।
बढ़ वर्ष वनवास में बिताने पर धौम्य ऋषि के परामर्श से पांडव विराट नगर अज्ञातवास विटने गए।  जहां उन्होंने कीचक व ने शत्रुओं का वध किया। वहीं दुर्योधन ने त्रिगत की सहायता से विराटनरेश पर आक्रमण किया और पांडवों ने कौरव सेना , सेननयकों व त्रिगत सेना को हराया।

 ** संदर्भ - ---
वैदिक इंडेक्स
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड  इतिहास - भाग -२
राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य
मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India  12 /3/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --78

 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -78
   
History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;History of Bijnor; History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; History of Saharanpur;
History of Nakur , Saharanpur; History of Deoband, Saharanpur; History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास
                       स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत


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    History Discussion on Rebellion in Garhwal and Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal

History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal -3

History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -63
   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -582
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

  Upadhyaya stated many tales in Nepal ko Itihas (Digdarshan, Banaras). However, most of stories mentioned as Historical accounts were discarded by World Eminent Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral.
          Upadhaya wrote that there were infighting among Bhardar and Umrav -court administrators of Nepal. Therefore, Garhwal King, with the help of Gurkha/Gurkha representatives Hakim Sardar Dalbir Rana  revolted against Nepal Kingdom. Therefore, in April 1805, Hastidal Chautariya, Kaji Dalmukh Singh, Sradar Bhakti Thapa, Kaji Narvir Singh Basnet, Kunwar Ranjit Prabhuti , other Hills Kings and Gurkha/Gorkha Army entered into Garhwal. Sheesram from Garhwal was there to resist Gurkha/Gorkha Army at the banks of  Kali River and Mandakini River. There was battle and Sheeshram fled with his army. Gurkha/Gorkha army followed Sheeshram and Bhakti Thapa  killed him in Khsapilung.  That way, Gurkha/Gorkha army recaptured Shrinagar.   
Discussion on Rebellion in Garhwal and Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal
1-Reaper also mentioned about Garhwal-Gurkha Treaty of 1792 and Gurkha/Gorkha representative in Shrinagar Garhwal.
2-The folk tale states that Gurkha Representative and Garhwal King revolted against Gurkha/Gorkha rule. There is no mention of such incident in folk tales –‘Baiju Bamni’or  Nepalya Bamni and Gorkhyon ka Daur’.
3- The Gorkha/Gurkha attack on Garhwal in April 1805 is wrong as in Digdarshan, Ranbahadur ordered Gurkha to capture Garhwal in 1804. However, Ranbahadur was in Banaras till January 1804.Therefore there is confusing dates about Gurkha /Gorkha rule in Nepal ko Itihas.
4- Most Probably, Khshapilung would be in Mandakini Region (Nagpur) –‘Chopildhunga’. Perhaps Sheeshram resisted Gurkha/Gorkha army at –‘Chopildhunga’.
5- Sheeshram was not killed by Bhakti Thapa in the cited battle as Sheeshram became faithful to Gurkha army after paving safe way for King Pradyumna Shah. Gurkha appointed Sheesram as ef administrator (Amil) of Dehradun. Sheeshram put hands of Mahnat into boiling Oil in Dehradun after Gurkha capturing Deahradun. Brothers of Sheeshram were supporting British before British captured Dehradun.
6- There is no mention of Amar Singh Thapa in the above folk tales of Upadhyaya. It seems Amar Singh Thapa was not there at the time of Gurkha/Gorkha attack on Garhwal. He reached Shrinagar after some time. Maularam (Gadhrajvanshkavya) also mentions that Hastidal Chautariya and other commanders were in Shrinagar before Amar Singh Thapa reached to Shrinagar.

*** History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued -64

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 15/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -583
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B D pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal kin Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maularm , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Kumaon,; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Garhwal; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Himachal; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule and Dealing Ranjit Singh, Himachal;
स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत

History Analysis:  Gurkha/Gorkha Defeating Garhwal King Pradyuman again

History Analysis: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal -4

History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -64
   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -583
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
            According to Upadhyaya (Nepal ko Itihas, Digdarshan),  Gurkha/Gorkha divided Gurkha Army into three divisions after winning Shrinagar. Army under Hastdal Shah Chautariya and Randhir Singh Basnet was kept in Shrinagar for defense and stopping any revolt from Garhwali administrators.
           The second Division went to today;s Tehri Garhwal side by crossing Alaknanda from Shrinagar. This division camped in Chandravadani after crossing Ranihat region.
                        Khedighata Battle
        Third Gurkha Army division reached to Gurudwara , Dehradun via Devprayag, Vyaschatti, Dhangagrh (Jhair) and camped there. Garhwal King Pradyuman attacked on Gurudwara. There was fight. Amar Singh Thapa, Kaji Dalmukh and Sradar randhir Basnet defeated Garhwal Army and King Pradyuman fled to Saharanpur.
 At the same time, Gurkha /Gorkha came to know the Garhwal elites (named as Garhwali Chautariya by Upadhyaya)  or Sudarshanshahi and Gurkha rebelian Dalbir Rana were gathered at Khedighata. Gorkha army reached at Khedighata. There was fight and initially Garhwal army defeated Gurkha/Gorkha. After Amar Singh Thapa reaching at he sight, Gorkha defeated Garhwal Army. After this battle Gurkha /Gorkha had rule over whole of Doon or Dehradun.
                           History Discussion
               The above Nepali folktale had sense as the Khedighata must be Khedi or Mohanghata at border of Saharanpur –Dehradun. According to poetries of Maularam Garhwal King Pradyuman Shah collected Hedi fighters in Khedi .
                        Dhamagarh Battle
  According to Upadhyaya, after the above battle, Pradyuman Shah took help of Gulor King. Gulor King offered eleven thousands soldiers. Pradyuman Shah forwarded ahead to fight with Gurkha/Gorkha army. Getting information Gurkha army of Nalapani led by Amar Singh Thapa and Bhakti Thapa attacked on forwarding Garhwal army at Dhamagarh. In this battle Gurkha killed King Pradyuman Shah. Gurkha killed /beheaded King brother Pritam Shah and Gurkha rebellion Dalbir Rana.
                        History Discussion on Dhamagarh Battle
  Dhamagarh place is called today Dhamawala. Pradyuman Shah fought last battle in Khudbuda and was killed there. Khudbuda is just adjusting Dhamawala.
 Upadhyaya wrote Gulor King. In fact the King was Gujar King Ram Dayal of Landhaur who helped Pradyuman Shah and not Gulor or Guler of Himachal. beside Rajput soldiers, from Rajput, Pradyuman Shah collected  Pundir, Raghad and  Hedi professional fighting classes at Khedi.
  The folktale mentioned by Ramji Upadhyaya that Gurkha/Gorkha beheaded Pritam Shah is wrong. Record stated that Gurkha/Gorkha army captured Pritam Shah and sent him to Nepal. 

*** History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued -64

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 16/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -584
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B D pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal kin Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maularm , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Kumaon,; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Garhwal; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Himachal; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule and Dealing Ranjit Singh, Himachal;
स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत

 Folktale about Revenge of a Garhwali Woman against Gorkha Commander

History Analysis: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal -5

History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -65
   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -584
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

        Upadhyaya offered following folktale in his book Nepal ko Itihas –Digdarshan.
       When Gurkha/Gorkha attacked on Shrinagar, Garhwal King Pradyuman Shah had to flee in Today’s Tehri Garhwal region by crossing Alaknanda River. Gorkha/Gurkha army led by Commander Nain Singh entered into Shrinagar by elephant Ride. His soldiers were dancing and playing War Folk Dramas and singing.
           When Commander Nain Singh Thapa was busy in watching Gorkha soldiers dance and drama he got a gun shot on his chest. The gun shot came from a double story building crossing the main road. Nain Singh Thapa became unconscious and fell from Elephant. There was chaos among Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers. At the same time another gun shot came from the same building and holed the right side of assistant Gurkha commander Dalbam Shah. Dalbam Shah fell on the ground.
  Gorkha soldiers ran to find that cowardly person who was shooting guns from behind the scene. They found a bodily soft, beautiful and charming woman was firing on Gorkha soldiers. She  fired eight ten fires on soldiers those came to find the gun man. Four or five soldiers fell down by her firing. At last soldiers captured her and took her in the captive.
          When Nain Singh Thapa got conscious he heard the story of a woman firing on Gurkha/Gorkha army.  Gurkha/Gorkha commander Nain Singh Thapa called the woman before him. When the soldiers brought the woman before Nain Singh Thapa she was showing courage and had revengeful emotions on her face.
 Nain Singh Thapa asked – Lady! Why did you fire on us?
The brave lady answered – “I am the wife of martyr Garhwal Army Commander Kirti Singh. Your army killed my husband and he died. I have every right to fire on you and kill as much I can.  I have fulfilled my duty and now, I can die with peace as brave widow of brave soldier. I am sorry I could not offer my life while fighting. Now, I request you to kill me as brave woman. “
 Dalbam Pande asked Nain Singh Thapa to kill the woman immediately. However, Nain Singh was in praising mood for that brave and faithful for her husband woman.  Nain Singh said,” I am pleased to see such great brave lady. I wish to send you to Nepal and recommending that Nepal court fix a pension for you.”
The brave Garhwali woman refused the kindness and recommendation of Nain Singh Thapa. She replied,” I want to die with body of my deceased husband who died while fighting with his enemy”
       Nain Singh ordered to search the dead body of Kirti Singh the husband of that brave lady. Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers found the dead body o f commander Kirti Singh .The brave lady died with the pyre of her husband Kirti Singh.
 Nain Singh Thapa died in Shrinagar after three days of the woman became Sati (burning with husband dead body).
                History Discussion on the Folk Tale of Revenge of a Garhwali Woman

 The above folktale does not match with available history records. According to Maulram, Nain Singh Thapa died in second attempt for capturing Kangra fort. Surprisingly, there was no Garhwali folktale related to wife of Kirti Singh.

*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued -65

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 17/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -585
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B D pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal kin Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maularm , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal, Himachal; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Kumaon,; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Garhwal; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule in Himachal; History: Gorkha Folk Tales and Sayings, Reports about Gorkha Rule and Dealing Ranjit Singh, Himachal;
स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत

Historical Records and Sources for Analyzing Administration of Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal 

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal -1

History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -66
   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -585
 
                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

              Apart from Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral, no other serious work is done for searching historical accounts of administration (strategy and tactics) of Gurkha/Gorkha rule in Garhwal. This author searched on Internet medium too and he could not get knowledge more than what Dr Dabral offered to History students.  Even, there is no exclusive book available on Gurkha/Gorkha rule in Garhwal beside Dr S.P Dabral. Historian as Ajay Rawat or O. P. Handa offered history accounts of Gurkha Rule in Garhwal refereeing Dr Dabral only. Bhuwan Chandra Khanduri (1997) tried his best to get glimpse in his book but that is not sufficient.
 
 Sources for Analyzing Administration of Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal 
                Dr Dabral offered the following sources for analyzing history accounts of Gurkha/Gorkha administration in Garhwal.

Gorkha/Gurkha Sources on Administration of Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal 
        Amar Singh Thapa was busy in extending Gurkha/Gorkha supremacy in Garhwal Himachal from 1803-1815. There is some works on the acts of Amar Singh Thapa. However, scanty history research is done on Gurkha rule in Garhwal. Even this author could not find Garhwali Folk Lore or Folk Story about Gorkha administration.
 The following Nepal sources were available with Dr Dabral when he compiled Gurkhyani or Uttarakhand ka Itihas -5
           Gorkha /Gurkha administrators in Garhwal were getting orders from Nepal and sending letter for taking orders, requesting for administrative advices etc.  There were copper inscription or sealed letter from Nepal government for its administrators. The local Gurkha /Gorkha administrators also gave orders in writing to Garhwali Kamin (local administration from Garhwal side).  Dr Dabral wrote that he could not find any comprehensive, chronological  record (register, fard, dairy, records) that offer the details of State administrators, transferring orders of Gurkha commanders, tax collectors etc.
  Dr Dabral got the following records from various sources-
1-The letters from Gurkha/Gorkha administrators of Nepal court to Gurkha Kamins of  Gujdu and Dhangu  Patti. There are order letters from Hastidal Chautariya, Kaji randhir Singh Basnayt, Bhaktibir Thapa and Tularam Adhikari to Garhwali Kamin of Gujadu and Dhangu regions. The heirs of Guajru Kamin Vishnu Singh Rawat and heir of Kmain of Dhangu region (Dhangu, udaypur, Dabralsyun) Awatar Singh Gorlya Rawat showed those records to Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral.
2-The copper inscriptions of Ranbahadur and Gaervarnyudhvikramshah are available in temples of Kmaleshwar Shrinagar, Kedarnath temple office in Ukhimath and other temples
3-British assistant commissioner G W.Trail described a few copper inscriptions or notifications from Gorkha administrators for that Atkinson informed that there were in Pauri Treasures. However, Dr Dabral informed that those records, inscription were not there in Pauri.
4-British  commissioner GWTrail described about the inscriptions, orders, notification to various temples, persons.
5- The Fard or records of Kaji Bahadur Shah Bhandari and Dashrath Khatri for land administration. Commissioner G.W. Trail followed initially those records for land administration in Garhwal for British government in Garhwal. 
6- Coins – a few Gurkha /Gorkha coins are also used for history accounts.


** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part , read in in next chapter
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued -67

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -586
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B D pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal kin Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maularm , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
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