Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 534867 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #680 on:** March 24, 2015, 09:23:13 AM »

History: Rule of Ranjor Singh Thapa (1804-05) on Kumaon and Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 7
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -72

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -591

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

Ranjor Singh Thapa was son of Gurkha/Gorkha Commander Amar Singh Thapa and was Deputy to Amar Singh Thapa or was Governor assisting Gurkha/Gorkha Commander Amar Singh Thapa. According to Fraser, Gurkha /Gorkha Governor for Kumaon and Garhwal Ranjor Singh was a well deposed Governor, mild Governor and inclined to justice to the subject.
Mola Ram/ Maula Ram did not mention in Garhrajvanshkavya. It is possible that Mola Ram /Maula Ram might have mentioned Ranjor Singh in Bakhtwar –Yash-Chandrika. Mola Ram /Maula Ram mentioned that after Ranjor Singh taking administration many humanly barren villages, regions started growing again. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh appointed Biachari and Achari administrators. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa appointed a committee for offering solutions to the problems and many high ranked administrators were kept in that committee. Mola Ram/ Maula Ram used to get gifts from Gurkha /Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa. Therefore, it was essential that Mola Ram /Maula Ram would have praised Ranjor Singh Thapa than what he deserved. However, Fraser also wrote positive about Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa.
Rough Executive Officers under Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa
According to Fraser, no doubt, Gurkha/ Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa was kind and mild Governor but his Gurkha/Gorkha Executives were rough and those Gurkha executives despised the people they won. Gurkha/Gorkha Executives used to insult the subject with cruelty and oppressive/ suppressive methods. Gurkha/Gorkha Executives used to take away married or unmarried women and used to rape them. They used to leave those women as and when they did not need them leaving such women in disarray and with horrible life thereafter.
Gurkha/Gorkha executive understood only one principle that cruelty was the solution to rule and avoid resistance from people for Gurkha/Gorkha rule. Gurkha/Gorkha Executives were directly looters.
Gurkha/Gorkha post was in near Har-Ki-Paidi , Haridwar. There slaves from Garhwal were brought to sell. Many hundreds of those poor wretches of both *es, from 3-30 years of age, were annually disposed off in the way of terrific. Those slaves brought by Gurkha/Gorkha Executives were sold there from ten to one hundred rupees each.
Gurkha/Gorkha Executives under Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa added new taxes apart from old land taxes. Gurkha/Gorkha Executives added new taxes as Maukar (per Family tax), Tandkar (House Tax), Majhari, Sonyafagun, Salami Tax etc. The Divya Sakshi or Deity as witnesses was introduced. Punishment was decided according to the income of the Family. People were auctioned in case of not paying punishment or taxes.
Recovery of Financial Decay and Jostling in Doon Valley
After getting information of death of Pradyuman Shah, people left their houses and ran way from Dehradun. Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers and commanders looted Dehardun as Taimur did. Gurkha/Gorkha Executives accused Harsewak the Mahant of Gur Ram Rai Darbar. Mahant harsevak das refused to accept the accusing. The local Gurkha/Gorkha Executive Seesram Saknyani declared the justice for punishing Mahant Harsewak Ram for ‘Kadhai ke Dip’ means to put hands of culprit or offender into boiling oil or Sugar Syrup. Gurkha/Gorkha Executive Saknyani granted a heavy levy on Mahant harsewak Ram. There were many villages under Guru Ram Rai Darbar and those villages became barren and nobody was there to sow the fields. For at least no man came back to his village and nobody tried to plow field. The agriculture land became dense jungles.
Gurkha/Gorkha Executive of Dehradun Kaji Amrit tried to bring situation under control by motivating people for plowing and sowing fields. Later on Gurkha/Gorkha Executive Hastidal also tried to motivate people for cultivating the barren land in Dehradun.
Road Building Works in Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Thapa Period
After conquering Kumaon, Gurkha/Gorkha administrators built road from Kathmandu to Almora. The road was as presently Road called ‘Khacchar Batu’ or ‘Horse Road’. People used to travel , soldiers used to reach from Kathmandu to Almora and vise versa and horses were used to load the luggage through this old time State Highway. After capturing Shrinagar and Dehradun, there was felt need of State Highway from Almora to Shrinagar and from Shrinagar to Dehradun. The road from Kathmandu via Almora was built and milestones were also put on so called State Highway. Later on road building from Shrinagar to Dehradun was started in Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa Period. the Shrinagar –Doon Road was also used for reaching to Kangra.

Attack on Neeti valley in Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa Period
As in Johari (Present Pithoragarh, Kumaon), Bhotiyas were not ready for accepting the rule of Gurkha/Gorkha. Mana village was donated to Badrinath Dham by Garhwal King in past. Therefore, Hindi devotee Gurkha/Gorkah Commanders could not get taxes from Mana village (Bhotiya village) as was against their policy to take tax from temple village.
There were many stories in the air for prosperity of Neeti valley (Bhotiya dominated territory). Gorkha were eager to collect heavy tax from Bhotiya of Neeti. Gorkha /Gurkha administrators sent the army to catch Neeti Valley. According to folk tale, the people of Neeti valley cut the rope way bridge of Reeni (rishiganga) River. Gurkha/Gorkha army could not eanter into Neeti Valley. However, the trade road was also blocked for Neeti valley Bhotia. Neeti valley Bhotia used to bring materials from Tibet and used to travel to south Garhwal side in winter. However, Gurkha/Gorkha army camping at the root of Reeni or Rishiganga River, Bhotia could not take their materials towards south Garhwal. Ultimately, Neeti valley Bhotiya accepted supremacy of Gurkha/Gorkha Kingdom. One Gurkha/Gorkha Army battalion was kept in Neeti valley and the said battalion used to collect tax from Neeti valley. Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers increased tax so much high that many families fled away from Neeti valley (Trail, Sketch of Kumaon) .
Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa campaigning for Himachal
Perhaps, after one year of Shrinagar capturing, Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa had to go for Himachal Pradesh.
There is no mention of Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa along with other Gurkha/Gorkha administrators of Shrinagar (1805) cited by Trail. Trail (Report on Bhotia Malhas of Kumaon) about Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh Thapa. He mentioned the names of Chandraveerkunwar, Vijayanand and Gajesingh Thapa as Gurkha/Gorkha Bhardar or Executives of Shrinagar. Mola Ram /Maula ram wrote Ranbahadur Chandrika’ in praise of Ran Bahadur but did not mention name of Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Ranjor Singh in that long poetry.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued -73

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -592
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Pauri Garhwal , History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Tehri Garhwal, History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Dehradun, Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Old Pauri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Tehri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Dehradun Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Kumaon
History: Rule of Ranjor Singh Thapa (1804-05) on Kumaon and Garhwal, History: general Administration of Ranjor Singh Thapa (1804-05) in n Kumaon and Garhwal
::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #681 on:** March 24, 2015, 10:56:21 AM »

Social Norms in Mhabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur

हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में विभिन्न सामाजिक मान्यताएं

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur Part -- 85

हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 85

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

संतान प्राप्ति
महाभारत में संतान प्राप्ति को मनुष्य का प्रमुख कर्तव्य मन गया।
पुत्र प्राप्ति को महत्व दिया गया है।
निसंतान अथवा निपुत्र होने पर अपनी बहिन या पुत्री के पुत्र को गोद लेना अथवा ने के पुत्र को गॉड लेने की प्रथा थी। दूसरे महापुरुष (ब्राह्मण ) से अपनी पत्नी से संसर्ग करवाकर भी संतान प्राप्ति की जाती थी। कुंती , आदि ने नियोग द्वारा दूसरे पुरुष से संतान प्राप्ति की थी और नाम पति का हो जाता था।
संतानप्राप्ति के लिए तप किया जाता था।
संस्कार पूजन

विभिन्न जातिकर्म संस्कारों का वर्णन महाभारत में मिलता है। मनुस्मृति अथवा ऋषि भार्गव स्मृति (शुक्रनीति ) के उल्लेख से साबित होता है की ४४ नही तो १६ जाति कर्म संस्कार महत्वपूर्ण थे। अर्जुन के जंदिवस मनाने का वणर्न भी यही संदेश देता है।
परिवार
महाभारत में उत्तराखंड से संबंध में एकचक्र ब्राह्मण परिवार का जिक्र है जिसमे पती , पत्नी , पुत्र , पुत्री का वर्णन है।
हिडंबा अपने भाई रहते भी स्वछंद गामिनी थी।
दाह संस्कार
पाण्डु , धृतराष्ट्र , गांधारी , विदुर आदि के प्रेत संस्कार का वर्णन है और दाह संस्कार हेतु गंगा का महत्व साबित होता है।
सती प्रथा का जन्म हो चुका था

परिवार और व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता
गंगाद्वार की नागपुत्री उलिपि भी स्वछंद थी। अतः कहा जा सकता है कि परिवार का महत्व था किन्तु व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता का महत्व कम नही हुआ था।
शकुंतला , उलिपि , हिडंबा की कथाएँ दिशा देती हैं कि स्त्रियां अपने मायके में अपना अलग परिवार भी बसाती थीं।

गृहणी

गृहणी का समाज में अधिक उत्तरदायित्व था। यज्ञ हेतु पत्नी आवश्यक होती थी। पत्नी को अर्धांगनी का दर्जा हासिल था। नारीजीवन को सदाव्रत से जोड़ा जाता था व नारी को उत्कृष्ट समाज निर्माता माना जाता था। पुत्र व पुत्री को तकरीबन एक ही अधिकार प्राप्त थे।

शिष्टाचार

शिष्टाचार का अत्यंत महत्व था। गुरुजन , बड़े , बूढ़ों , ज्ञानियों को आदर देना आवश्यक था। ज्ञानियों , बुजर्गों की सेवा अत्यावश्यक था।
स्वाध्याय

द्विजों /ब्राह्मणो के लिए स्वाध्याय जरूरी कर्म था।

शरणागत रक्षा

शरणागत की रक्षा एक सामाजिक कर्तव्य माना जाता था।
अतिथि सत्कार
अतिथि को देव तुल्य अधिकार माना जाता था।

समाज उत्सव
समाज उत्सव आम बात थी और लगातार होते रहते थे। समाज उत्सवमें नाच गान , मनोरंजन , खान -पान , जुआ , खेल आदि साधारण बात थी।

शिकार
शिकार प्रथा आवश्यक थी।

दास प्रथा
दास क्रय -विक्रय सामाजिक नेति के भाग थे।

चार वर्ण

श्रम आबंटन व्यवस्था आगे बढ़ कर चार वर्णो में प्रवेश कर चुका था। मुख्य वर्ण - ब्राह्मण , राजपूत , वैस्य व शूद्र थे किन्तु ने वर्णो जैसे म्लेच्छों , यवनों का भी वर्णन महाभारत में है।

विद्याध्यन

विद्याधयंन हेतु आश्रम व व्यक्तिगत अध्यापकों (आज के ट्युसन जैसे ) प्रबंध थे। विद्यानुसार ब्राह्मणो का उप वर्ग विभाजन होता था। विद्यापीठों में छात्र जीवन अनुशासन व सात्विक होता था।
जीवन आश्रम
जीवन को चार भागों में बांटा गया था
ब्रह्मचर्य आश्रम
गृहस्थाश्रम
वानप्रस्थ आश्रम
ताप सवृति (वैराग्य )
सन्यास
योगी जीवन आदि
अन्य सामजिक संस्थाएं व विश्वास आदि
धर्म निष्ठा
सत्य निष्ठां
पाप से भय
पितरों को श्राद्ध
पुरहिति पर विश्वास
ज्योतिष पर विश्वास
शकुन व अपशकुन पर विश्वास
शुद्ध वातवरण पर विश्वास
दान महिमा पर विश्वास
भिक्षकों , कमजोर वर्ग, शिक्सार्थियों , विद्यालयों हेतु समाज में व्यवस्था
मनोविज्ञान
गीत अध्याय से मालूम होता है कि मनोविज्ञान अपनी युवावस्था से उच्चावस्था की और अग्रसर था। औटो -सजेसन (Autosuggestion ) अपनी चरमवस्था में था।

प्रसाशन

कुलिंद जनपद का पांडवों से अच्छे संबंध थे।

सैन्यशक्ति

सुबाहु की सैन्यशक्ति प्रबल थी।
हठी , घोड़े आदि का प्रयोग युद्ध में होता था। रथ बिजनौर , हरिद्वार में चलते थे।
सैनिकों का बल मल्ल्युद्ध , धनुर्युद्ध आदि में जाता था।
सेना दलों (बटालियन ) में बांटी जाती थी।
साम , दाम , दंड , भेद, व उपेक्षा राजकारणी का मुख्य अंग था।

** संदर्भ - ---
वैदिक इंडेक्स
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२
राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य
मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 24 /3/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --86

हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -86

Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in contextHistory of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Bijnor; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; History of Saharanpur; History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Social Norms in Mahabharata Kulind Kingdom in context History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #682 on:** March 25, 2015, 08:19:26 AM »

History: Administration of Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Hastidal Chautariya in Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 8
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -73

History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -592

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

Hasti Dal Chautariya was first Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal. He was Governor of Garhwal from 1805-1808AD.
Thapa group was heading the total rule as proxy of Nepal King in Kathmandu. Thapa goup had its own warriors campaigning in West of Nepal. Thapa group was conscious about Chautariya revolting in Nepal and acts for de-rooting Thapa Group. When Gurkha/Gorkha captured Garhwal people migrated in mass from Garhwal including Dehradun. It was necessary of Gurkha/Gorkha administers in Nepal that they sent a calm person in Garhwal for bringing situation under control.
Gurkha/Gorkha administrators sent Ritudhwaj Thapa, Vijay Singh Sahi and Haridatt Oza for improving situation of land revenues and bad perception among Kumaoni Subjects for Gurkha/Gorkha in Kumaon. At the same time, Gurkha/Gorkha sent Hasti Dal Chautariya as Governor for Garhwal. Rudravir Shah the Brother Hasti Dal Chautariya was sent for Kangra Campaign in 1805.
Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya was a young man of 43-44 ages. Asiatic Research offered information about Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Hasti Dal Chautariya.
He was of medium height and fatter than common people. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Hast Dal Chautariya was a pleasant person and good natured person too. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya was a liberal person and used to forgive for petty mistakes. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya tried to subdue the anger of subjects of Garhwal and Dehradun and tried to satisfy the people. Williams in Memoir of Dehradun informed that Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya was interested in agriculture and understood agriculture too.

Hasti Dal Chautariya improving Administration in Dehradun
By people deserting villages and Gurkha/Gorkha harassing, punishing Mahant Harsevak Ram, the villages of Dehradun were desert like. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya retained the position of Guru Ram Rai Darbar Mahant Har Sewak Ram. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya returned back all the power and benefits of Mahant Har Sevak Ram. Mahant Har Sevak Ram had great influence on the people of Dehradun. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya encouraged people to return to their villages and engage in agriculture activities. Agricultural activities increased but slowly. In Pradyuman Period, the annual income from Doon valley was one lakh rupees. It was just nine thousand rupees in initial Gorkha/Gurkha rule. However, within three years it increased sixteen thousand rupees and then eighteen rupees.
Curtailing Looters Looting in Dehradun in Hasti Dal Chautariya Period
For years, the Jat, Rohilas, Ranghad, gujjar, looters from Haridwar plains, Sahranpur and Sikh Looters used to attack on Dehradun villagers and used to loot regularly.
British took steps to stop looting in Saharanpur of Sikh looters. However, Sikh Looters regularly looted Dehradun in initial Gurkha/Gorkha time too. Gorkha local administrator challenged to Sikh Looters that if they would come to Dehradun, Gurkha would burn the villagers of Sikh Looters. Sikh Looters did not pay attention of Gurkha cautions. A Group of Sikh Looters came to loot Dehradun and called villagers to pay Tribute (protection money). Local Gurkha/Gorkha administrator sent 200 Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers to fight with Sikh Looters. Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers followed Sikh Looters till their villages, Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers burnt the houses of Sikh Looters and if any Sikh child or male was escaping, he was thrown into burning houses. Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers protected only beautiful women. Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers took the beautiful Sikh women with them.
Williams reported the above incidents and wrote further that though, the above acts was inhuman and cruelest ones but there afterwards the Sikh Looters lessened entering into Dehradun region .

Encouraging Agriculture in Dehradun by Mahant Har Sevak Ram and Gurkha Representative Kaji Amrit

Guru Har Sevak Ram and Gurkha/Gorkha regent Kaji Amrit worked hard for improving agriculture in Dehradun. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya took a few concrete steps to improve agriculture. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya offered Takabi Rin (loan) to farmers for coming forward in agriculture. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya offered incentives to Sayana (village chief or leader) those encouraged villagers for agriculture. Encouraged by incentives, Sayana (Village leader or chiefs) invited back the farmers. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya also set a nominal tax on agriculture (twelve part or sixteenth part of crop) production. The region as Klyanpur became prosperous due to encouraging acts of Gurkha administration.

Bam Shah as Gurkha /Gorkha Governor of Kumaon

Ritudhwaj Thapa, Vijay Singh Sahi and Hardatt Singh were administrators of Kumaon at that time. Rituraj Thapa was called back to Nepal and he was hung in Doti for a crime (unknown). Nepal court appointed Bamshah as Governor of Kumaon in place of Ritudhwaj Thapa. Bamshah was elder brother of Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Hasti Dal Chautariya. Bamshah was Kumaon Governor till 1815. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Kumaon Bam Shah was also a liberal person. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Kumaon Bam Shah tried his best to improve administration Kumaon specially to get support among people for Gurkha.
Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Kumaon Bam Shah took support of Brahmins and Jagirdar or Thokdar. Therefore, supporters of Lal Singh Chand could not spread chaos or rebelinism in Kumaon. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Kumaon Bam Shah took steps for protection of individual property of Kumaon People. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Kumaon Bam Shah retained the Jagirs of previous Jagirdar.
Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Kumaon Bam Shah took action for judiciary. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Kumaon Bam Shah stopped slavery or selling people who could not pay taxes or punishment money.

Administration in Hasti Dal Chautariya the Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Period
There were –
1-Three Tehsils in Garhwal
2-84 Pattis were in Garhwal in Hasti Dal Chautariya the Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Period.
Ashtdal Thapa, Kaji Ranbahadur and Parshuram Thapa were the chief assisting officers (AS IAS today) in Garhwal in Hasti Dal Chautariya the Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Period.
There is ‘Fard’ (record) of March 1807, states that Sardar Bhaktivir Thapa was Bhardar or representative of Dhangu region (Gangasalan, Pauri Garhwal). Dhangu region had income of 25 Gurkha soldiers.

Auction of Slavs in Garhwal in Hasti Dal Chautariya the Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal Period
Kumaon Governor Bam Shah stopped slave selling in Kumaon. However, Hasti Dal Chautariya the Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal did not stop slave selling system in Garhwal.
When a person or family was unable to pay taxes decided by local Gurkha/Gorkha representative his land was auctioned along with family members. If any person/family members were not purchased as slaves in auction, such people were sent to Bhimgoda near Har Ki Paidi, Haridwar for selling. There slaves were auctioned.
The price for a slave used to be from rupees 10 to 150. In, Hasti Dal Chautariya the Gurkha/Gorkha Governor of Garhwal period, the average price for Punjabi Camel was rupees 75; Horses from 250-350.

Female Slaves and Keti of Individual Gurkha/Gorkha Soldiers
Apart from selling people in Haridwar, Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers used to have individual female slaves as ‘Rakhail’ (Keep) with them and child slaves. Female slave was called ‘Dasi’ and child slave was called ‘Keti’. Wherever soldiers used to travel, soldier used to take his ‘Rakhail’ and Keti with him. Soldiers took Dasi and Keti with them to Himachal campaign too. ‘Rakhail’ and Keti’ used to take load of soldiers on their head in travelling. It means that ‘Rakhail’ and ‘Keti’ were also transporting medium for Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers.
Arrival of Captain Raper

East India Company wanted to have information about Garhwal. After taking permission from Nepal court, East India Company sent Captain F.V Raper , Lieutenant W.S Webb and Captain Hearsay ( The Hearsay: Five Generations of an Anglo Indian Family) to Garhwal for survey. They reached Haridwar on 1st April 1808. Once, a bear attacked on Gurkha Governor Hasti Dal Chautariya and Hearsay saved the life of Hasti Dal Chautariya. Therefore, Hasti dal Chautariya was kind for Raper group. When Bhairon Thapa was appointed as Governor of Garhwal, Hasti Dal Chautariya informed that he could not help much.
Raper travelled up to near to Bhatwadi, near Gangotri and then he reached to Mana. In return, Raper went to Rampur via Kwarighat, Ramani, Baijnath, Almora.

Honor to Mola Ram in Hasti Dal Chautariya Period

Mola ram was honored in Nepal for creating long poems in praise of Ranbahadur.

Bhairon Thapa replacing Hasti Dal Chautariya as Garhwal Governor

In 1806, Nepal court sent Hasti Dal Chautariya, his brother Rudravir Chautariya and Dalbhajan Pande for capturing Kangra Fort. However, due to wise strategy of Kangra King Saansar Chand , he fled with family and Gurkha could not capture Kangra Fort. Amar Singh Thapa informed Nepal Court that Hasti Dal and company took bribe from Kangra King. Hasti Dal Chautariya and others had pay penalty. Hasti Dal Chautariya was replaces from Garhwal Governor post and Nepal Court appointed Bhairon Thapa as Garhwal Governor.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 25/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -593
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Pauri Garhwal , History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Tehri Garhwal, History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Dehradun, Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Old Pauri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Tehri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Dehradun Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Kumaon
History: Rule of Hastidal Chautariya Garhwal, History: general Administration of Hastidal Chautariya Garhwal
::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #683 on:** March 25, 2015, 10:58:45 AM »

Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty ) in Context History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur

हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में परीक्षित व जन्मजेय (कुरु वंश )

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur Part -- 86

हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 86

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

सम्राट परीक्षित
यादव वंश नाश होने व श्री कृष्ण मृत्यु से युधिष्ठिर ग्लानि से भर उठा। वह व पांडव भी देह त्याग का विचार करने लगे। अभिमन्यु -उत्तर पुत्र परीक्षित को कुरु राज्य सौंपकर पांडव , द्रौपदी सहित कुरुक्षेत्र से देव -वन (देवबंद , सहारनपुर ) , कनखल , (मायापुर हरिद्वार ) होते हुए बद्रीधाम पंहुचे।

महाभारत विश्लेषण से लगता है कि परीक्षित को पैतृक राज्य -कुरुक्षेत्र, कुरुदेश , कुरुजांगल मिले थे। इस राज्य में पुर्बी पंजाब व गंगा -यमुना के उत्तरी दोआब आते थे। अतः हरिद्वार, बिजनौर व सहारनपुर परीक्षित राज्य के अंतर्गत थे। पृष्ट की सीमायें उत्तर में कुलिंद राज्य , दक्षिण में शूरशेन (मथुरा ) व बैराट; पश्चिम में रोहतक और पूरब में रुहेलखण्ड इलाके थे ,
परीक्षित को न्यायप्रिय , धार्मिक , दानी , अर्थनीति ग्यानी माना गया है। पृष्ट कुशल शिकारी भी था।
परीक्षित की हत्या - नागवंशियों के प्रतिनिथि तक्षक नाग ने पुराना बदला लेने हेतु परीक्षित की विष से हत्या की।
परीक्षित ने २५ साल तक राज्य किया।
जनमजेय
अपने पिता की मृत्यु समय जनमजेय बालक था उसे बालक होते भी राजगद्दी पर बिठाया गया। जन्मजेय ने तक्षक से बदला लेने हेतु तक्षशिला जीता। व यज्ञ समस्त नाग भष्म हो जांय। किन्तु ब्राह्मण पिता और नागमाता आस्तीक के कारण तक्षक व ने नागों की रक्षा हुयी।
जन्मजेय ने पश्चिम की ओर गंगा से सिंधु तक राज्य विस्तार किया। जन्मजेय के दिग्विजय की पुष्टि शतपथ ब्राह्मण व ऐतरीय ब्राह्मण ने भी किन हैं। शायद जन्मजेय का उत्तराखंड पर भी अधिकार था।
जन्मजेय व ऋषियों के मध्य झगड़ा होने से जन्मजेय से ब्राह्मण हत्या भ्रूण हत्या हुयी और कहते हैं इसी कारण कुरु वंश का नाश हुआ। ब्राह्मण रुष्ट होकर पूर्व की ओर काशी , कौसल , विदेह आदि जनपदों में बस गए।
जन्मजेय के पश्चात कुरुवंशिनियों ने ६० -७० साल तक राज्य किया विशेषतः पंजाब क्षेत्र में।
निचक्षु के काल में गंगा जी में भयंकर बाढ़ आई और हस्तिनापुर बह गया तो राजधानी कौशंबी स्थापित करनी पड़ी। ऐसा माना जाता है कि गंगा जी में बाढ़ 800 BC या 750 विक्रम संबत के करीब आई थी।

** संदर्भ - ---
वैदिक इंडेक्स
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२
राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य
मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 25 /3/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --87

हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -
Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Vansh) & History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Vansh) & History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Bijnor; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Saharanpur; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Parikshit and Janamjey (Kuru Dynasty , Vansh) & History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #684 on:** March 26, 2015, 06:44:44 AM »

History: Administration of Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa in Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 9
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -74
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -593

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

Bhairon Thapa (1808-1811) replaced Hasti Dal Chautariya as Governor of Garhwal. Mola Ram / Maula Ram mentioned him as Bhairavbali.
Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa was not liberal at all. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa did not have cordial relation with people of Garhwal. On the contrary he was cruel and suppressive, oppressive. Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa was always susceptive with foreigners and strangers. Though, Nepal court granted permission to East India Company officers for travelling Garhwal, Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa put obstacles before them.
Assisting officers under Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa
The available record for assisting officers under Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Bhairon Thapa mentions names –Chhanu Bhandari, Buddhi Thapa, Parshuram Thapa, Jamadar Intirana Gurung. Those Gurkha/Gorkha officers were also cruel, oppressive. After some time, Bhairon Thapa, Buddhi Thapa, Parshuram Thapa had to go to Kangra for capturing the Kangra Fort.
In his absence ‘Vichari’ and ‘Achari’ were administrating Garhwal.
Shishth Thapa (son of Bhairon) became chief assisting administrator of Garhwal. Before coming to Garhwal, Shishth Thapa was Bhardar of Kumaon.

Assisting Gurkha /Gorkha Officers of Dhangu Region

Mejor Poto, Subedar Balbhadra Karki, Subedar Gyanved, Jamadar Bagsingh, Jamadar Gangodu, Jamadar Ratandev Pande, Havdar Raghuveir Karki were officers.
Upendra Bhandari , Debya Bisht, Dileram Thapa, Gangaram, Ramsingh, Jyanshidatt, Kalubudha. Bhatubudha, Sobanu Bisht, Pavesur Rana, Bajvaran Thapa, Japu Khatri , Kaviraj, Sarvjit were soldiers or Javan in Dhangu. (Collection of Avtar Singh Rawat and mentioned by Dr Dabral)

Suppression of People by Regional Gurkha/Gorkha Administrators
The regional Gurkha/Gorkha administrators were suppressive and oppressive by all means. They were not satisfied by Nepal Court Salary. They added many inventive local levies on the subject.
Chait Kar- In Chait, Every Kamin/Thokdar of Dhangu used to offer gifts or additional tax to Gurkha officers in the form of three buffalo, two goats
Navratri Puja in Asuj month- Every Kamin/Thokdar of Dhangu used to offer gifts or additional tax to Gurkha officers in the form of four buffalo, two goats.
Timasi- Whenever a Gurkha/Gorkha Subedar or Faujdar used to visit a village, every family had to pay timasi (three ana) as gift. In the record of Dhangu Kamin, Subedar ki Timasi’ and Faujdar ki Timasi is recorded.
According to Hearsay, Gurkha /Gorkha sold thirty thousand Garhwalis as slave. Due to oppressive method of Gurkha, around eighty thousand Garhwalis fled to plains of Garhwal. The people were not enthusiastic in farming. Many villages became barren and desert.

Letter by Mola Ram/ Maula Ram
It is said that Mola /Maula ram sent a letter to Bhimsen Thapa about oppressive methods of Gurkha officers. Mola Ram requested Bhimsen Thapa to arrest the worsening situation. The local administrator withdrew the Jagir and daily allowances of Mola Ram. Mola Ram went to Nepal and got back his salary and Jagir.
Arrival of Kunwar Veerbhadra
Veer Bhadra was son of Kunvar Chandravir and son in law of Amar Singh Thapa. In 1809,Bhimsen Thapa sent Kunwar Veer Bhadra for capturing Kangra Fort.Kunwar Veer Bhadra reached Shrinagar in March. There were many companies of soldiers with Kunwar veer Bhadra. They were singing, dancing and playing various music instruments as Dhol, nagade, Damau etc). Soldierrs were having their won weapons.
Kumnwar Veer Bhadra celebrated Holi or festival of colors in Shrinagar. Women were dancing before Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers.
Kunwar Veer Bhadra left Shrinagar for Kangra in April 1809.
Hemp Production in Garhwal Kumaon for British
There was British factory in Kashipur. Rutherford was factory manager. In 1807, he paid advances to Kumaonis for growing hemp in farms.
Farmers grew hemp in Lakhnapur, Daron, Raugadh, Salam, Badari, Chaubisi, Acchyur, Mahrur, Gumdesh, Dhyanorau, Talla Chaukot.
In Garhwal people of Pabola people grew hemp for British in Lobha, Badhan, Chaundkot, Chandpur, Dhanpur, and Devalgarh.
Resin (Leesa ) Production
Through a letter on 10th April 1809, East India Company persuaded Nepal Government for producing Resin (Leesa ) from Pine trees in Kumaon and Doti. Nepal Government permitted East India Company for Resin extraction from Pine forests of Kumaon and Doti and later on Garhwal. Rutherford trained local people to extract Resin from pine trees.
In 1811, there, sourness started in relation between British and Nepal government. By 1814, British caalld back its workers from Forests to Kahsipur.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 26/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -594
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Pauri Garhwal , History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Old Tehri Garhwal, History: Gurkha/Gorkha Army Administration in Dehradun, Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Old Pauri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Tehri Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Dehradun Garhwal; History: Judiciary and Executive Gurkha/ Gorkha Administrative Officers in Kumaon

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #685 on:** March 26, 2015, 07:35:17 AM »

Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, etc in context History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur

हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में श्रुति संकलन व संग्रह

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur Part -- 87

हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 87

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

यद्यपि महाभारत आदि में कहा गया है कि श्रुतियों का संग्रह व्यास ने किया और इसे एक ही पुरुष बताया। गया मेरी दृष्टि में व्यास एक पदवी थी और जो महभारत जैसे काव्य कर सके उसे व्यास कहा जाता रहा होगा। व्यास का अर्थ विस्तार भी है।
व्यास आश्रम
महाभारत युद्ध के विनाश उपरान्त व्यास अपने वास्तविक कुल (वास्तव में पांडव और कौरव व्यास संताने थीं ) नाश के बाद अपने शिष्यों के साथ गढ़वाल में मेरु /गंधमाधन पर्वत पर गंगा तट पर तपस्या करने चले गए। वहां उन्होंने महभारत संकलन गणेश की सहायता से लिख.
माणा गाँव के ऊपर व्यास गुफा या व्यास पुस्तक को महाभारत का रचनास्थान माना जाता है।
व्यास चट्टी
बणेलस्यूं , पौड़ी गढ़वाल में न्यार -गंगा के संगम पर व्यास चट्टी है और कहा जाता है कि व्यास ऋषि ने यहां तपस्या की थी।
वेद सम्पादन
व्यास सम्पादन किया और उन्हें चार भागों में विभाजित किया।
महाभारत संग्रह

व्यास ने महाभारत सुनाया था और गणेश ने लिपिबद्ध किया था। इस ग्रन्थ को लिपिबद्ध करने में तीन साल लगे। समय समय पर इसमें श्लोक व कथाएँ जोड़ी गयीं।

पुराणो का संग्रह

महाभारत काल में पुराणो का संग्रह भी शुरू हुआ।

दर्शन शास्त्रों का प्रारम्भ
इसी काल में दर्शन जैसे सांख्य व नीति , धर्मशास्त्र , भूगोलविज्ञान , साहित्य , कर्मकांड , स्थापत्य जैसे साहित्य लिखने की परम्परा भी शुरू हुयी। तर्क शास्त्र या न्याय शास्त्र का प्रारम्भ भी हो गया था। महाभारत से जैन व बुद्ध धर्म का दर्शन याने भौतिक वाद भी शुरू हो चुका। था

** संदर्भ - ---
वैदिक इंडेक्स
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२
राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य
मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 26 /3/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --88

हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -
Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Bijnor; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Saharanpur; Shruti Sngrah, Puran Sngrah, & History of Nakur , Saharanpur; History of Deoband, Saharanpur; History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #686 on:** March 31, 2015, 08:08:07 AM »

History: Administration of Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Kaji Bahadur Bhandari in Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 10
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -75
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -594

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Kaji Bahadur Bhandari in Garhwal (1811-12)

Improvement of Land Administration in Kumaon

After Gurkha/Gorkha capturing Kumaon, Gurkha/Gorkha administrators acted suppressive and oppressive cruel methods for administrations. Villagers started leaving villages and villages started become human less. Nepal Court took step and Governor Bamshah altered the land administration of Kaji Revant. Bhotiya also started shifting to Tibet and Captain Bhakti Thapa was sent to improve situation and he reduced the taxes. However, Nepal court and Garhwal administrators did not take notice for improving situation in Garhwal.
Mendbandi in Garhwal
Meend or Mend means the dividing line of two portion of land. Mendbandi means land management. The taxes were imposed on land not by productivity of land but agues work on the income.
Gurkha/Gorkha administrators had a principle that there is only one way of administration and that is cruel methods or oppressions.
Gurkha/Gorkha Governor Kaji Bahadur Bhandari in Garhwal (1811-12)
Nepal Court sent Kaji Bahadur Bhandari and Bakshi Dashrath Khatri for improving land management and administration in Garhwal. Subedar Singhbeer Adhikari and Bakhtwar Singh basnyat were also sent with them in Garhwal. According to Mola Ram ?Maula Ram, RAndhwaj Thapa, Balnar Singh , Bhimbahadur and Gatbahadur were also administrators in Shrinagar at different positions.
The Sanad Patta (order) of 1Jnauary 812 in Kamleshwar Temple of Shrinagar state that Bakshi dashrath Khatri, Subedar Ajab Bhandari, Daftari Krishna Nand Khanduri, Jamadar Harku Gurung and Havaldar Bagdar Khatri were officer in charges of land management in Garhwal under Kaji Bahadur Bhandari. Sardar Bhairon Singh was Army Chairf or Senapati inagrhwal.
Tax according to Land Fertility
As per instruction of Kaji Bahadur Bhandari, village land was divided into five divisions as per fertility -
Abbal – Best
Dom or Doyam –Second class
Som
Chahar
Sunkhbasi or barren non irrigated etc
The tax were decided as per above fertility rates. This was first scientific system of tax in hills of Garhwal. The analysis was sent to Nepal Court. Nepal Court put Seal as acceptance of the new system. Those records were called ‘Lal Dhanda’.
Checking of Past Orders
The new administrators Bahadur Bhandari and Dashrath khatri checked the old state orders about Jagir , Temple agriculture land and other lands. They cancelled most of orders of Garhwal Kings. They issued new orders for Jagir. New Copper instructions were issued. For example , Gajadhar Khanduri (Son of Ramapati) and Krishnadatt Khanduri (Son of Dharnidhar Khanduri), Krishnanad and Harshpati were issued new orders in the name of King Geevarnyudhvikram Shah.
Kaji Bahadur also cancelled Jagir and other allowances of Mola Ram/Maula Ram those he got from Nepal. Perhaps later on, Maula Ram got back allowances by half.
Nepal Court called back Kaji Bahadur Bhandari from Garhwal in 1812. Dashrath Khatri was handling the job of Bhandari after Bhandari left for Nepal.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 27/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -595
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #687 on:** March 31, 2015, 08:08:55 AM »

History: Representatives of Amar Singh Thapa in Garhwal 1812-1815

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 11
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -76
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -595

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

Amar Singh Thapa as Kaji (Minister)
Nepal Court offered Amar Singh Thapa a position of ‘Kaji’(Minister). Nepal Court did not offer ‘Kaji’ position outside of Royal Family. Mar Singh Thapa was exclusive personality. He used to believe on astrologer and he used to have an astrologer Shivdatt Ray whose father was a Tibetan in battle field too.
The available records state that , from 1812 to 1815, Thapa, following administrative representatives of Amar Singh were there in Garhwal-
1812- Faujdar Parmaram, Shreshth Thapa, Bandhu Thapa, Bhakti Thapa.
1813- Subedar Tularam Adhikari, Sardar Bhairon Singh and Ranjor Thapa
1814- Subedar Tularam Adhikari, Subedar Hikmat Singh, Subedar Rankishan, Faujdar Kalu Pnade, Faujdar Hari Rana, Kaji Arjun
1815- Subedar Tularam Adhikari, Bakhtwar Singh Basnyat, Sardar Bhairav Sibngh, Faujdar Syamaigiri.
Dr Dabral provides following Gurkha/Gorkha Officers of Dhangu in that period referring records of Kamin of Dhangu.
Amaldar Pare, Thokdar Poka, Jamadar Dhanvir Jama, Dafedar Haram Thapa, Dafedar Kashi Gurung, Havaldar Deengsingh, Jasvant Sahi, Vishnu Khabas, Bali Thapa, Jasmu Gurang, Dubalyaram, Harku Thapa, Jujya, Dhanpati Thapa (Thokdaarr Autar Singh Rawat collection).
Man-eaters in Garhwal

Villages were becoming barren due to people fleeing and not doing farming activities. That resulted increasing of forest trees and bushes. The numbers of wild animals also increased ant in Gurkhayni or Gurkha Rule, Man eaters were also bigger problems for people.
Arrival of Moorcroft
P.J. Marczel writes in his ‘William Moorcroft’s commercial pilgrimage to Mansa Sarovar in 1812’ article that Moorcroft visited Mansarovar as Gusain (pedlar) in 1812 to explore its hydrography, appraise and tapping the trade , commercial and economic potential of the region. Hearsa, Gulam Hayderkhan, Pundit Harak Dev were also with him.
On 9th May, they entered into Kumaon via Ramnagar.
On 24th May, they reached to Joashimath.
They were in Neeti village on 4th June 1812.
They returned from Mansarovar on 8th August.
While returning, they put on European dresses. The local Gurkha Officer (Bhardar) Banda Thapa caught them. He freed them after initial enquiries. However, on 15 October another Bhardar caught them and put under house arrest type system. They were freed on 5th November after intervening of Kumaon Governor Bam Shah.
Moorcroft and Hearsay offer many valuable information about various aspects in their reporting on various journals.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 28/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -596
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #688 on:** March 31, 2015, 08:09:43 AM »

History: Information of Pargana and Pattis in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 12
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -77
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -596

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

Demolition of Council of Ministers of Garhwal Kingdom
As soon as Gurkha/Gorkha captured Garhwal, the indigenous system of Administration was demolished. The Garhwal King used to have councils of ministers as Deewan (prime minister), daftary (record), Vajir (minister), Faujdar (defence), Negi )genral administration),, Rajguru or Chief Priest. There was bonded relation among the King, ministers and subjects by language, relationship, devotion for land and people of Garhwal, culture and social norms.
As soon as Gorkha /Gurkha rule started indigenous way of administration ended. The Nepal representatives (Bhardar) became the chief administrators. The ministers or administrators of past did not get favor from Nepal court barring Sheesram Saknyani of Dehradun. The local Kamin or Sayan in villages were retained as it was not possible to replace them by Gurkha administrators.
Gurkha/Gorkha acquiring High Posts
In Shah Garhwal King Period, an unknown person could reach at higher post by his capability and ability as Puriya Naithani, Lodi Rikhola etc.in that time position means execution capability.
Nepal Court never had faith on local resources and kept Gurkha on High positions.
Insult of Local Elites
Nepal court appointed only Nepalis on positions as governor, army chief, tax collection in charge, ministers etc for Garhwal. The Gurkha/Gorkah administrators did not ask the suggestion of local elites. They dislodged the Jagir or purses of past Garhwal Court employees. Gurkha used to insult and oppress the past administrators.
Gurkha ?Gorkha administrators insulted Garhwal Brahmins and knowledgeable. Many Knowledgeable, Brahmins, Strategists left Garhwal and took jobs in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Saurashtra.
Daftary or Record Keepers
As Muslim administrators were weak in keeping records and they kept Hindu record keepers in treasury in their rules, same way Gurkha /Gurkha were weak in record keeping. Hence, Gurkha retained past Daftari or record keepers in their old position or did not disturb old system of record keeping of treasury.
A court order of Nepal shows that following Garhwali Daftari or record Keeperswere there in Garhwal for Gurkha from 1804-1811 –
Krishna nanad
Gaja Dhar
Krishna Datt
Harshpati Khanduri
They were reappointed in 1912.
Tehsil or Faujdari
Initially, there were three Faujdari or Tehsil In Garhwal under Gurkha rule
Shrinagar
Chadnpur
Salan
Later on Garhwal was divided into two types of Faujdari
Bigger Faujdari- Ravain, Mal (Dehradun), Salan
Smaller Faujdari- Jaunpur, Bangar, Devalgarh, Nagpur, Chandpur, Lobha, Badhan
Faujdar used to act as judge too.
Garkh or Patti
Faujdari was divided in Garkh. This was That. In British period the Garkh were renamed as Pargana. Perhaps in later stage of Gurkha rule, Pergana came in existence.
In 1815, there were 16 Pargana and 48 Pattis in British Garhwal (Old Pauri Nad Chamoli Garhwal) –
1-Ajmir Pargana
Patti- 1-Ajmir
2- Udaypur Pargana
Patti- 2-Udaipur
3- Salan Pargana
Pattis of Salan
3- Dhangu
4-Kurandu
5-Langurgarh
6-Seelha
7-Kaudiya
8-Chaundkot
9-Badalpur
10-Idiyakot
11-Paino
12-Bungi
13-Gujdu
14-Khatli
15-Bangarsyun
16- Dhoundiyalsyun
17-Meldhar
18-Talain
19-Kolagaddi
20-Sainjdhar
21- Bijlot

4 Barasyun Pargana
22-36 (total 15 Pattis)
5- Devalgarh Pargana
37-Munil
6 -Chopdakot Pargana
38-Chopdakot
7- Dhanpur Pargana
39- Tambakhan
8- Chandpur Pargana
40-Chandpur
9-Badhan Pargana
41-Badhan
10-Dashauli Pargana
42- Dashauli
11- Painkhanda Pargana
43- Painkhanda
12- Kapiri Pargana
44- Kapiri
13- Kuthali Pargana
45- Kuthli
14-Nagpur Pargana

46-Nagpur
15- Pinkandi Pargana
47-Pinkandi
16- Lobha Pargana
48-Lobha
Division of Garhwal into Districts
On later stage, Gurkha divided Garhwal into two divisions of Districts
1-District Garhwal
District Garhwal was divided into two parts
Gangawar- present Pauri, Chamoli and Rudraprayag Districts
Gangpar –Present Their and Uttarkashi Districts
2-Jilla Doon
Present Dehradun barring Jaunsar region
Dehradun was divided into five Pargana
Sabalpur
Vasantpur
Santaur
Kalyanpur
Saudi

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 29/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -597
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #689 on:** March 31, 2015, 08:10:29 AM »

Appointment of Kamin or Sayana in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 13
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -78
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -597

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

After capturing Garhwal, Gurkha/Gorkha needed money for army and campaign for west Himalaya. Gurkha /Gorkha divided Gurkha Army for Garhwal into three battalions and five companies into each battalion. Gurkha/Gorkha administrators or army men had to collect revenue by themselves for the salaries of Gurkha staff from villages.
In Garhwal king rule, Villages were demarked for revenue generation into following major types-
Vishnu Preet Gram or Villages Donated to Temples
The tax collected from village was for temple or a religious Math.

Khalsa Villages

The tax collected from such villages was deposited in central treasurer.

Sirkari Villages
The tax used to be used for King family members.
Jagir Villages
Jagir were offered to ministers, army chiefs, army men , brave people, knowledgeable, artists and other elites.
Faujdari Villages
Army commanders were given villages as Faujdari Ganv for keeping soldiers and paying their salaries etc.
In Gurkha /Gorkha rule, Vishnu Preet Villages were called Goonth Gram or Sadavrat Ganv but system was not changed.
There were no King Family Memebrs, hence the Sirkari and jagir were cancelled.
Apart from Sadavrat villages other villages came under Faujdari System.
The Faujdar (Army Company Commander) were offered villages for administration and collecting tax for salaries of army.
Fuajdar took help of Kamin or Sayana . Kamin and Sayana were regional or local village chiefs. Kamin was regional head and under him there were Sayana or deputy regional heads. Sayana used to control Ganvpadhan or Village chief for tax collection.
Gurkha called village chief as ‘Sayana’. Kamin and Sayana or Gaupadhan were local Garhwalis.
Kamin, Sayana and Gaupadhan were basic structure of Economics for Gurkha/Gorkha Kingdom.
Brahmin or Rajput could be Kamin or Sayana and Harijan were not appointed Sayana, Kamin etc.
The numbers of Kamin in Old Pauri Garhwal (Gangavar) were as follows-
Pargana------ Brahmin Kamin --------------Rajput Kamin -----------Total Kamin
Ajmeer ------------ x------------------------------3----------------------------3
Udaypur ------------x-----------------------------8-----------------------------8
Salan -----------------4----------------------------41-----------------------------45
Barasyun--------------2---------------------------18----------------------------20
Devalgarh-------------x---------------------------3------------------------------3
Painkhanda-----------x---------------------------2-------------------------------2
Kapiri ----------------1-----------------------------2-------------------------------3
Kuthli----------------x------------------------------1-------------------------------1
Nagpur-------------x------------------------------10------------------------------10
Chopdakot---------x-----------------------------5------------------------------5
Dhanpur-------------x--------------------------1--------------------------------1
Chandpur-------------1-------------------------5-------------------------------6
Badhan ---------------x-------------------------5------------------------------5
Dashauli--------------1------------------------3------------------------------4
Pinkandi--------------1---------------------------4---------------------------5
Lobha -----------------x---------------------------3---------------------------3
=================================================
Total 16----------------10----------------------113------------------------123
==================================================
It is obvious that in Salan, Brahmins Kamin were from Dhoundiyalsyun, Dhangu, Dabralsyun and a part of Khatli.
A couple of Kamins of Dhangu was Ghamdu Kalya Raut, Bhagdeu Bisht and Gablu Sobanu.
Dr Dabral offered the names of Sayana villages of of Dabralsyun in Gurkha rule in 1815-
Village ---------------Sayana
Galigaun-------------Gangu Sayano
Kuntanugau---------Heema Sayano
Davaligaun-----------Dheerju Sayano
Masogiganu-----------Jogi Sayano
Khamanigaun----------Beeju Sayano
Nadgaun-----------------Cheen Sing Sayano
Barring Nadgaun , in other villages, Dabral dominated the population and it is obvious that Dabral were Sayana or Village chiefs.
Rasam or Dastur or Custom
Kamin or Sayana used to collect tax for the Kingdom and one portion for him too. The tax for Kamin was called Rasm or Dastur in Garhwal Shah Regime. In Garhwal Shah King time, following was Rasam Tax (Dr Dabral) –
Pani –Pithai in daughter marriage- Cash rupees -2
Killing of Goat – One leg piece on each goat
Maize in Shravan Month –One Kandi or Basket
Delvery of calf or buffalo- One Mana (3/4th liter) Ghee
In Gurkha rule, Pani Pithai in daughter maarige was increased for rupees-5 and son marriage for rupees—3.
Kamin also used to levy tax for himself. His own land used to be tax free in Shah Period. Gurkha Bahadur Bhandari levied tax as per fertility or productivity of land.
Jimdar or Jimindar
Jimdari in Garhwali means farming. The farmers used to have all burdens of administration.
There were four types of Farmers in Garhwal in Shah period and Gurkha Perod-
Khaikar- Those were Khas and original Garhwal farmer who dug the land made the land for agriculture but from the beginning of Shah Dynasty, those became second grade citizen and their land ownership were given to Thatwan who were outsiders. King offered That or the ownership to them who did favor to Kingdom. Khairkar were also servants to Thatwan and his kins.
Khurni. Sirtan – Thatwan brought them in his land for agriculture or service purpose.
Chakdait

Chakdait or Bhalmanush used to spread or communicate the Kingdom messages to common people. The ordinance was sent to them and they used to communicate to people. Usually, one or two Bhalmansas used to be in a village.
There are 64 names of Bhalmansas from different’ Garkha’ (territory) of Garhwal in Gurkha inscription in Kmaleshwar Temple Shrinagar.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 30/3//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -598
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered

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