Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 534866 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #700 on:** April 07, 2015, 10:53:24 AM »

History of Alexander & Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur -2

सिकंदर का भारत पर आक्रमण और हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part -95

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -95

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

आयुधजीवियों की आहुति

पोरस नरेश की सहायता से सिकंदर ने चिनावपूर्वी प्रदेशो को जीता।
जब सिकंदर पूर्व की और बढ़ने लगा तो अरट्ट अथवा अराष्ट्रगण ने आधीनता स्वीकार कर ली। किन्तु कठगण ने अपने दुर्ग संगल (जंडियाला ) में शरण ले सिकंदर से लोहा लिया और सत्रह हजार कठ सैनिकों को शहीद होना पड़ा और इतने ही को कैद होना पड़ा। पोरसंरेश ने सिकदंर को सहायता दी।
इसके बाद पड़ोसी देस सोफ़ेतेस (सौभूति ) व फेगेलस (भगला ) नरेशों को भी अधीनता स्वीकार करनी पड़ी।
इसके बाद सिकंदर ने अपने सैनिकों को व्यास नदी को पर कर नन्द नरेश पर आक्रमण की आज्ञा दी किन्तु सैनिकों ने डर कर आक्रमण से सर्वथा विद्रोह कर ही दिया था तो सिकंदर को 326 BC को वापस लौटने का आदेश देना पड़ा।
वापस जाते हुए उसने कई नए क्षेत्रों को दबाने की चेष्टा की जिसमे हजारों ब्राह्मणो , क्षत्रियों व हरिजनों को युद्ध में आहुति देनी पड़ी
सिकंदर गंगाघाटी तक ?
यूनानी लेखकों के लेखों पर आधरित कुछ इतिहासकार मानते हैं की सिकंदर गंगाघाटी या हिमाचल तक पंहुचा। किन्तु अधिकतर इतिहासकार मानते हैं कि वर्तमान गुरदासपुर से आगे सिकंदर नही बढ़ सका।
सिकंदर की मृत्यु 323 BC में हुयी। भारत से लौटते वक्त सिकंदर यूनानी प्रतिनिधि रख छोड़े थे।

यूनानी शासन का अंत

सिकंदर के समय पंजाब के ब्राह्मणो ने यूनानी विरोध किया था। यूनानी सेना के जाने के बाद ब्राह्मणो को यूनानी शासन के प्रतिनिधियों को भगाने हेतु हथियार उठाने को प्रेरित किया। 321 BC सिकंदर के प्रान्त प्रतिनिधि फिलिप्स की हत्या की सूचना से पुरे क्षेत्र से यूनानी सेना भागने लगी। चन्द्रगुप्त चाणक्य ने स्थिति से लाभ उठाया और इस संघर्ष के नायक बन बैठे। 317 BC में पोरसंरेश की दी गयी। दो तीन वर्षों में ही चन्द्रगुप्त और चाणक्य यूनानी सत्ता को उखाड़ने में सफल हो गए थे।

** संदर्भ - ---
वैदिक इंडेक्स
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२
राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य
मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India /4/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --

हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -
History of Alexander & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander &Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander &Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander &Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Alexander & History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Saharanpur; Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; History of Alexander & Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; History of Alexander & Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #701 on:** April 08, 2015, 10:52:00 AM »

History of Barahat or Uttarkashi Temples in context Gurkha /Gorkha Rule
History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period -3
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 20
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -85
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -604

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

The old name of Uttarkashi was Barahat or Badahat. ‘Bada Hat’ means the Big Market. That means once, the place was prosperous and was whole sale market.
There was severing earthquake in 1803 in Himalayan reason. The earthquake on early morning 1st September 1803 was felt from Punjab to Kolkata. Earthquake at Barahat or Badahat (30.72degree N: 78.48degree E) took the maximum ruins (Dasgupta et all, 2014, Indian Journal of History Science). The earthquake killed 200-300 inhabitants and kettles. F.V. Raper provided the details of dreadful earthquake in Asiatic Researches (Vol 11, 1812). Raper wrote about his visit of 1808 that the Town of Barahat (Uttarkashi) by no means fulfilled our expectations. The houses are destroyed by earthquake. A couple of houses are now built by those who were saved from earthquake. There were ruins, bushes and trees around whole old town. Near the village, a Trishul or Trident was found that was of a temple before the earthquake. The pillar was saved but temple was demolished. There were ruins of temples and Dharamshalas. Parshuram Temple was now a barren place and its land was given to somebody.
.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 8/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -605
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dhangu, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Lansdowne Tehsil Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Haridwar, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Uttarkashi Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple in Yamuna –Tones Rivers Valley Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Uttarakhand, History of Yamunotri Temple Himalaya, History Gangotri Temple; History of Barahat or Uttarkashi Temples in context Gurkha /Gorkha Rule;

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #702 on:** April 08, 2015, 12:55:41 PM »

Chandragupta and Chanakya Consolidating Armed Forces

हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में चन्द्रगुप्त -चाणक्य का सैन्यसंग्रह व मगध विजय

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 96

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 96

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
गुरु शिष्य की ख्याति में फैलाव
यूनानी सेना को भगाने से पंजाब आदि क्षेत्र में चाणक्य व चन्द्रगुप्त की गुर शिष्य में ख्याति फ़ैल गयी। युवक उनके संकेत पर कार्य करने को तत्पर थे। नन्द वंश से घृणा का लाभ उठाकर दोनों ने नन्द राज्य को जितनी की योजना बनाई।
चन्द्रगुप्त -चाणक्य द्वारा सैन्य संग्रह

नन्द सेना से जीतना टेढ़ी खीर थी अतः चाणक्य ने एक सुरक्षित व शिक्षित सेना तैयार करने की योजना बनाई।
पर्वताश्रयी आयुधजीवी सैनिक
मुद्राराक्षस नाटक से पता चलता है कि चाणक्य -चन्द्रगुप्त ने पर्वताश्रयी सैनिकों को अपनी सेना में भर्ती किया और पश्चिम हिमालय के म्लेच्छ , किरात , दस्युदल , आटविक पुरुषों से सेना को सुसज्जित किया और फिर खश , शक , हूण , कौलूत , चेदि व मगध के सैनिक भी इनकी सेना में लिए गए।
मगध विजय
सेना संग्रह के बाद चन्द्रगुप्त -चाणक्य ने छै लाख सैनिकों को लेकर विभिन्न क्षेत्रों को मिलते हुए पाटलिपुत्र पर आक्रमण किया और फिर मगध को जीतकर नन्द वंश का खात्मा किया जिसमे मगध के राजद्रोहियों ने भी चाणक्य का साथ दिया।
साम्राज्य विस्तार
चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य का साम्राज्य उत्तराखंड , पांचाल [रुहेलखण्ड ], कौशल , मगध, शूरसेन , रुहेलखण्ड आदि से लेकर पूर्वी सागर से लेकर पश्चमी सागर , सिंधुस्तान , कंधार तक फैला था।
इसका अर्थ है कि उत्तराखंड , हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर के स्थानीय क्षत्रपों ने चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य की आधीनता स्वीकार कर ली थी। उस समय क्षत्रप आधीनता स्वीकार थे और वास्तविक राज्याधिकार क्षत्रपों के पास रहता था ।
मौर्य साम्राज्य का व्यापारिक मार्गों पर भी अधिकार हो गया था। याने गोविषाण (काशीपुर ) बिजनौर , हरिद्वार -कालसी , मथुरा व्यापारिक मार्ग पर मौर्य साम्राज्य का अधिकार था।

** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 8/4/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; AncientHistory of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #703 on:** April 10, 2015, 08:51:56 AM »

History of Shrinagar Garhwal, Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule on Garhwal
History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period -5
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 22
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -87
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -604

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Shrinagar was destroyed in 1803 Earthquake. Half of Shrinagar was in ruined condition. Maularam wrote praiseworthy Sanskrit Shlokas for following diety Temples of Shrinagar (Dr Dabral from Maularam manuscripts)-
Utfalesh Deity Temple of Shrinagar Garhwal
Vridhkedar Deity Temple of Shrinagar Garhwal
Kshetrapal Deity Temple of Shrinagar Garhwal
Kamleshwar Deity Temple of Shrinagar Garhwal
Kilkileshwar Deity Temple of Gangapar
Badrinath Deity Temple of Gangapar
Chandreshwar Deity Temple of Gangapar
Vishwanath Deity Temple of Gangapar
Koteshwar Deity Temple of Gangapar
Jogeshwar Deity Temple of Gangapar
Neelkanth Deity Temple of Gangapar
Bhuvneshwari Deity Temple of Gangapar
Ratrinath Deity Temple of Gangapar
Deepnath Deity Temple of Gangapar
Bhimsen Deity Temple of Gangapar
In 1812, Gorkha/Gurkha administration sanctioned Gurkha Rs 1003. 50 or Farukhabadi 999 and ten ana for 66 Temples of Shringar and surrounding area and major temples were-
Badrinath Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Kansmardani Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Hanuman (Talla) Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Hnauman (Uprala) Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Keshoray (Talla) Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Keshoray (Uprala) Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Kamleshwar Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Vridhkedar Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Juntur Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Nagasur Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Dakshinakali Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Mahishmardani Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Gorakhnath Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Nandadevi Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Shitaladevi Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Vishweshar Temple in Shrinagar or surrounding area
Gurkha/gorkha administrators provided many villages for many temples as Kamleshwar.
Top Gurkha /Gorkha Administrators Kaji Bahadur Bhandari and Dashrath Khatri recorded the boundaries (mendbandi) of villages and villages offered to temple in 1912.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 10/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -607
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dhangu, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Lansdowne Tehsil Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Haridwar, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Uttarkashi Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple in Yamuna –Tones Rivers Valley Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Uttarakhand, History of Yamunotri Temple Himalaya, History Gangotri Temple; History of Barahat or Uttarkashi Temples in context Gurkha /Gorkha Rule; History of Devprayag Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha rule on Garhwal; History Raghunath Ji temple in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal; History of Shrinagar Garhwal, Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule on Garhwal

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #704 on:** April 10, 2015, 10:02:33 AM »

Chandragupta Maurya Administration in context History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में चन्द्रगुप्त प्रशासन
Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 97

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 97

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
चाणक्य व कौटिल्य

ऐसा कहा जाता है कि चाणक्य ने मौर्य प्रशासन सुव्यवस्थित करने हेतु चन्द्रगुप्त का आमात्य बनना स्वीकार किया था। चाणक्य ने चन्द्रगुप्त व अन्य शाशकों की शिक्षा हेतु 'अर्थशास्त्र ' की रचना की। कौटिल्य रचित 'अर्थशास्त्र ' चाणक्य की रचना है या नही इस पर इतिहासकारों म ेमतभेद है। किन्तु अधिकतर माना गया है कि 'अर्थशास्त्र ' का रचनाकाल चन्द्रगुप्त के शासनकाल का है।
मौर्य शासन प्रबंध
यूनानी राजदूत मेगस्थनीज के लेखों व 'अर्थशास्त्र' से मौर्य शासन प्रणाली का वर्णन है।
चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य का शाशन संभवतया चार या पांच प्रांतों में विभाजित था और उनका केंद्र थे -
तक्षशिला
उज्जैन
सुवर्णगिरि
तोसली
पाटलिपुत्र
यमुना का पूर्वी प्रदेश का शासन पाटलिपुत्र से होता रहा होगा।
उपराजा या महामात्र स्थानीय राजा होते थे।
स्वायता का बोलबाला था। विभिन्न जनपदों में स्थानीय परम्पराओं , धार्मिक व सामाजिक जीवन बिताने की स्वतंत्रता थी।

कुलिंद जनपद के विभागीय महामात्र

अंदाज लगाया जा सकता है कि कुलिंद जनपद में निम्न उपराजा या महामात्र थे -
तामस
कालकूट
तंगण
भारद्वाज
रंकु
आत्रेय
बिजनौर संभवतया पांचाल या कुलिंद के भारद्वाज का भाग रहा होगा।

पाखंड पर प्रतिबंध

चननकय ने पाखंड पर प्रतिबंध लगवाया था।

पर्वतवासी आयुधजीवी
पर्वतवासी आयुधजीवियों की विश्सनीयता पर कोई शंका नही होती थी इससे अंदाज लगाया जा सकता कि चन्द्रगुप्त के राज में उत्तराखंड , हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर के सैनिकों का महत्व था।

** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 10/4/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; AncientHistory of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Chandragupta Maurya AdministrationAncient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Saharanpur; Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Chandragupta Maurya Administration Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #705 on:** April 11, 2015, 10:49:20 AM »

History of Ranihat (Tehri Garhwal) Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule over Garhwal
History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period -6
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 23
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -88
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -607
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Ranihat was an ancient settlement just opposite of Shrinagar (present day Pauri Garhwal) at Alaknanda River in present day Tehri Garhwal (K.P Nautiyal, 1977, The Himalayas). Asiatic researches and Tehri Museum offered glimpses of Temple of Ranihat in Gurkha Rule over Garhwal.
In Gurkha/Gorkha period too, there was sizable population in Ranihat. There were small and big temples in numbers. People used to cross Alaknanda by Jhula Bridge (plant fiber rope way) or by boats.
Rajrajeshwari Temple Ranihat
The biggest temple was Rajrajeshwari and that temple still exists. Garhwal Kings donated Ranihat village and nearby villages to Rajrajeshwari temple and Gurkha retained land as same.
The Bammargi or Tantrik were there governing the temple and they used to perform scared and enigmatic rituals in the temple. Those Bammargi used to have researches too on Tantra and Mantra.
Tantra is a system of extorted practices involving Yoga, Meditation, Hypnosis, Autosuggestion, asana, Exercise, Self Control for the fulfillment of worldly desires as well as the spiritual experience.
The Devdasi (devoted to temple) had major population there and they used to dance, sing and had life of prostitutes.
When a girl used to come to become a Devdasi (definitely by force from parents or society) the priest used to paste the Oil from the Lamp of Temple on her hair. From that day (Deeksha) those girls were called Devdasi. In reality they were religious prostitutes.
Das ka Math in Ranihat

Das ka Math was again a Nath ritual place. Garhwal Kings had donated land for das ka Math. Later on Tehri King Sudarshan Shah also retained the Gunth (land to temple) to the temple.
Sureshwari Devi temple Ranihat
Here too, Tantrik used to use the goddess temple Sureshwari Temple for Tantrik studies. Common people were interested in normal goddess worshipping. Land was donated for temple from Garhwal King and Gurkha Administration too.
Ransi Temple Ranihat
The temple was related to goddess Rati the wife of God Kamdev. The temple was connected to education of Kamkrida or Love Making perhaps in past.
Garhwal Kings donated land for the Rati temple and Gurkha and Tehri kings retained the land for the temple.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 11/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -608
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dhangu, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Lansdowne Tehsil Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Haridwar, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Uttarkashi Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple in Yamuna –Tones Rivers Valley Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Uttarakhand, History of Yamunotri Temple Himalaya, History Gangotri Temple; History of Barahat or Uttarkashi Temples in context Gurkha /Gorkha Rule; History of Devprayag Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha rule on Garhwal; History Raghunath Ji temple in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal; History of Shrinagar Garhwal, Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule on Garhwal ; History of Ranihat (Tehri Garhwal) Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule on Garhwal;

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #706 on:** April 11, 2015, 11:29:54 AM »

Forest Produces of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur in Chandragupta Maurya Period
मौर्यकालीन हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में वन्य उत्पादन

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 98

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -98

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

कौटिल्य ने निम्न वन उत्पादनों का विवरण दिया है जो अवश्य ही हरिद्वार, बिजनौर व सहारनपुर के वनों में प्रचुर मात्रा में उपलब्ध थे।
दारु /फर्नीचर काष्ठ - शाल , शीशम , भवन निर्माण हेतु
वेणु - बांस व अन्य बांस की प्रजातियां
बल्ली - बेंट आदि से टोकरियाँ आदि बनतीं थीं
छाल - विभिन वनस्पतियों की छालें कई प्रकार के उपकरण निर्माण हेतु व दवाइयों में भी। जैसे सेमल , भांग आदि
रेशे - बाबड़ , मालू आदि
पत्तियां - ढाक , मालू , बेडू , तिम्लु के पत्तों से बर्तन व मकान बनाने हेतु
फूल - कई प्रकार के फूल जो औषधि व रंग निर्माण हेतु
कंद मूल - भोजन व औषधि हेतु
विष - कई वनस्पति विष बनाने हेतु प्रयोग होते थे
विविध - अन्य कार्य हेतुं
भाभर में मंडी
पहाड़ों से वनस्पति उत्पाद को मैदानों में बेचने व मैदानी उत्पाद को पहाड़ों में बेचने के लिए हरिद्वार , बिना , सहरनपुर में मदनियाँ थीं या व्यपारी थे।

** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया
मुखर्जी चन्द्रगुप्त ऐंड हिज टाइम्स Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 11/4/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; AncientHistory of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #707 on:** April 13, 2015, 09:48:52 AM »

History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period -7
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 24
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -89
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -608
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

History: Temples in Devalgarh, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
There were three major temples in Devalgarh near Shrinagar.
Rajrajeshwari Temple in Devalgarh –Uniyal caste Pundit was priest
Gaurja Temple in Devalgarh –Bahuguna caste Pundit used to be Priest of Gaurja Temple
Satyanath or Satpir Math in Devalgarh - The Math had importance in the society and administration. The priests and people of Shrinagar and nearby used to visit Math and temples in Navratra.
Gurkha administration kept those temples under ‘Sadavrat’ that is land was provided to temple. All used to offer gifts .

History: Temples in Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
There was a small Math in Rudraprayag. Asiatic Researches (Vol. 11, page 503) reported that there were a few houses in Rudraprayag occupied by Brahmins.

History: Temples in Karnaprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
There was a small Math in Karnaprayag. It was said that there was an idol of King Karna inside the Math or temple in Karnaprayag. There were seven eight houses in Karnaprayag. Gurkha Administration built a rope way bridge on Pindar River in Karnaprayag.
History: Temples in Nandprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
Nandprayag was a barren village in 1808. The temples were ruined by 1808 due to earthquake of 1803. Two or three shopkeepers used to sell necessary materials in Nandprayag. There was a very small stone temple and a couple of deity idols were kept there. A Brahmin used to be there for necessary rituals.
History: Temples in Joshimath Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
Most of temples of Joshimath were destroyed in 1803 Earthquake. However, following deity temples were still safe in 1808-
Vishnu Temple of Joshimath
Ganesh temple of Joshimath
Surya Temple of Joshimath
Navdurga Temple of Joshimath
People used to paste butter on idol of Navdurga and butter was used in such quantity that idol was never seen by the pilgrims.

History: Temples Pandukeshwar in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

There were two ancient temples in Pandukeshwar in 1808. There were 20-30 Houses in Pandukeshwar in 1808.

History: Temples in Vishnuprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

There was a fife feet broad wooden bridge on Dhauli Ganga River in Vishnu Prayag. There were 2 or 3 houses in Vishnuprayag.
The land (Goonth) was donated for all the above temples.
Badrinath or Rajbadri Temple in Mana Village
Badrinath region had importance from Mahabharata time. Badrinath temple was in very bad condition due to 1803 Earthquake. When Daulat Rav Scindia repaired Badrinath temple its ancient style was lost.
In 1808, There ws Katyuri Shikhar on temple and a copper was covering Katyri Shikhar. On top of Shikhar there was Gold Pot (Kalas). The height of temple was 40-50 Feet.
Taptakund was 20-30 square feet. The roof of Taptakund was of wood.
Garbhgrih and Idol in Badrinath temple in Gurkha Period
There was three feet black marble Idol inside the temple. Pujari used to dress Idol by gem clothing and gem crown. On crown, there was a small mirror. There was adiamond on crown. There was no any source of light in Garbhgrig beside door. There used to be two lamp lighted for24x7. There was aChauki (squares low height table) before the idol covered by clothing.
The temple door used to open in morning. The Bhog used to complete at one Pm and then door were closed. In evening, the door used to open and those were open till night till bedding for God was prepared and in night the door were closed. Main ritual was performed by Rawal or Priest. There were Dharmadhikari and other officers and servants for the Temple. There were Devdasi too in Badrinath Temple.
In winter the temple was closed and people used to shift to Pandukeshwar and Joshimath.
Rawal or Main Priest of Badrinath Temple
The main priest was called Rawal who used to be a Kerlaite Nambudiparad Brahmin. He used to enter into Garbhgrih and light the place. In 1808, Narayan was Rawal of Badrinath.
There used to be three four Chobdar before and behind Rawal whene he used to come for ritual performance in the temple. A servant with Chanvar of peacock wing used to be with Rawal. Brahmins for other rituals used to be with Rawal. Rawal used to put green silk with cotton filled Choga. The waist tag used to be of white ‘Shaul’. He used to put a red Turban and half colored shocks on foot. He used to put big ear rings those having a Mani too on each ring.Rawal used to put Mani garland. He had a multi gemmed Bajuband on each upper hand. Rawal used to put rings on fingers.
When Rawal used to shift to Joshimath in winter he used to spend lustful life.
Pilgrims of Badrinath
It was estimated that around 40-50000 pilgrims visited Badrinath Temple in 1807 (Asiatic Researches) . Sadhus were more in numbers. Two or three hundred pilgrims died on that year. Pilgrims had to offer gifts or Chadhava in many places of Badrinath Temple as in Kund, Door, etc. The last offer used to be inside Badrinath Temple. It was not cheap to visit Badrinath. Though, the food was free from the temple management.
Distribution of Chadhava in Badrinath Temple
The offerings from Pilgrims was distributed as follows-
1-Bhent – or Idol offering
2-Bhog – for Temple food and clothing etc
3-Dakshina – for Rawal and other priests
Raper reported that there was a ledger on which the record was kept for income and expenses of Badrinath temple. Outsiders were not shown the ledger.
Opening and Closing of High Altitude Temples
The temples of Yamunotri, Gangotri, Badrinath, Kedarnath and Tungnath were opened in May and closed around or before Deepawali.
The people of Kedarnath used to shift to Ukhimath in winter and Joshimath from Badrinath.
Gurkha used to offer offering on behalf of Gurkha King to Badrinath. In 1813, Gurkha administrators offered worth Gurkha Rs 280 (Farukhabadi Rupees 210) to Badrinath temple.

Guru Ram Rai Durbar Dehradun Temple in Gurkha Rule

Guru Ram Rai Temple was built on the style of Jahangir Makbara.
In Gurkha Time, Mahant Hari Sewak was Mahant of Shri Guru Ram Rai Durbar. Mahnat used to have a specific dress on the occasion of rituals in Guru Durbar. Mahant used to put a red silk cap on his head. The cap used to be round and erected above. There were embroideries on cap.
Mahant Hari Sewak did his best to improve the farming situation in Dehradun.
Every year, three to four thousand pilgrims used pay tribute to Guru Ram Rai durbar. On Kumbh time, the numbers used to increase dramatically.
Income of Guru Ram Rai Durbar
Garhwal King donated seven villages of Dehradun and six villages of Tehri Garhwal to Guru Ram Rai Durbar. Initially, Gorkha got back villages but later on returned the villages to durbar. William wrote on his Memoir of Dehradun that the annual income from Dehradun villages was for Rs 1600 and income from Tehri Garhwal villages was British Rs 35. There used to be Tribute from pilgrims around 3 to 4000 British rupee. I tmeans in Gurkha period the annual income of Guru Ram Rai Durbar was around

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 12/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -609
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History: Major Temples of Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dhangu, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Lansdowne Tehsil Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History: Major Temples of Haridwar, Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Uttarkashi Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple in Yamuna –Tones Rivers Valley Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temples in Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Garhwal, History of Yamunotri Temple Uttarakhand, History of Yamunotri Temple Himalaya, History Gangotri Temple; History of Barahat or Uttarkashi Temples in context Gurkha /Gorkha Rule; History of Devprayag Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha rule on Garhwal; History Raghunath Ji temple in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal; History of Shrinagar Garhwal, Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule on Garhwal ; History of Ranihat (Tehri Garhwal) Temples in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule on Garhwal; History Badrinath temple, History Guru Ram Rai Durbar

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #708 on:** April 13, 2015, 10:20:52 AM »

Emperor Bindusara and History of Haridwar, Bijnor and Saharanpur

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में सम्राट बिन्दुसार मौर्य

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 99

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -99

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
बिन्दुसार मौर्य (320 -272 BC ) चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य का पुत्र था। जब या तो चन्द्रगुप्त ने शरीर त्याग दिया था या जैन धर्म अपना लिया ठान तो 297 /298 BC में बिन्दुसार मौर्य सिंघासन पर बैठा। बिन्दुसार ने दक्षिण के कुछ राज्य जीते थे [मुखर्जी , चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य ऐंड हिज टाइम्स ] । बिन्दुसार के दक्षिण में रुच देख या आमोद प्रमोद में होने से दूरस्थ राजाओं ने मौर्य साम्राज्य विरुद्ध विरोध किया। ऐसा लगता है कि उत्तराखंड , हरिद्वार , बिजनौर व सहारनपुर के क्षत्रपों ने भी विरोध बिगुल बजाया था। यही कारण है कि अशोक को तकक्षिला विरोध दमन के बाद मंदाकिनी के श्वस् या खस राजा विद्रोह शांत करने आना पड़ा था [अग्रवाल , मार्कण्डेय पुराण का सांस्कृतिक अध्ययन ] ।

** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 12/4/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; Emperor Bindusara & History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Saharanpur;Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Emperor Bindusara & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;Emperor Bindusara & Ancient Saharanpur History, Emperor Bindusara & Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #709 on:** April 14, 2015, 10:03:46 AM »

History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkhas/Gorkhas in Uttarakhand

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 25
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -90
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -609
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Exploitation of Minerals and Mines by Gurkha/Gorkha in Uttarakhand
Minerals in Garhwal
Garhwal had been fortunate for having important and exportable minerals. There have been perceptions that Garhwal was rich in gold and other metallic mines from Mahabharata period till British period.
Captain Hearsay reported to East India Company in 1814, that Garhwal is prosperous for copper mines. He wrote about iron mines in Garhwal. Captain Hearsay informed the Company about availability of Pine Resin, Kanman Resin and Hemp in Garhwal. Hearsay wrote that there were so many pines in Garhwal that those would be sufficient to make ships for whole of England.
Gurkha retained the mining as was in Garhwal King Period and did not try for improving mineralogy in Garhwal. Gurkha/Gorkha never had faith on miners, contractors. Gurkha on the contrary, exploited contractors and miners by levying heavy duties. Therefore, many miners stopped mining works and mud was filled in many profitable mines too.
Copper Mines in Garhwal
Garhwali King used to get annual income from copper mines for Rs 5000. There was income from Coining Coinage Factory and the annual income was about Rs 500.
In 18o8, Gurkha/Gorkha administrators got only Rs 4000 from Dhanpur Mines of copper and lead from Pooki Sunar contractor (Asiatic Researches). There were two –three hundred mining workers busy whole year in mining.
In north of Dhampur, in Nagpur, there was no taker for mining in 1808. It was needed huge investment to clear off the mud from mines of Nagpur and Gorkha were not conducive for business.
There was only annual income for Gurkah rs 4000 in 1812 from mines of Kumaon and Garhwal. It was lesser than an annual income from Nagpur mines in 1803.
There were no drastic changes in Iron mining as Iron was required for local utensil uses. Iron and copper of Garhwal was sold in Nazibabad Wholesale Market in 1812.
Gold Dust Collection
The Rivers of Garhwal were rich in Gold Dust. The Gold dust collectors used to be from Nahan Himachal. They used to collect Gold dust from bank of Alaknanda, Pindar, Vishnuganga Son etc. Those dust collectors used to wash bank sand and used to extract Gold dust from sand. Average person used to get Gold dust worth of Rs 4 per month. In 1819, there were fiteen people busy in Gold Dust collection and their average income was a quarter Tola of gold.
Atkinson reported that there were following number of mines in Garhwal in Gurkha Period-
Iron Mines- 57
Copper Mines-44
Lead Mines- 5
There were mines for Gypsum, Khadiya, Selkhadiya Soapstone, limestone etc.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 14/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -610
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Upper Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in North Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Garhwal, Uttarakhand History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Dehradun, Uttarakhand ;

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