Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 534917 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #710 on:** April 14, 2015, 11:20:26 AM »

Emperor Ashoka and History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur
सम्राट अशोक व हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 100

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 100

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
सम्राट अशोक [273- 232 BC ] बिन्दुसार की मृत्यु [272 BC ] के कुछ समय बाद राजगद्दी पर बैठा। अभिषेक के आठ वर्ष बाद अशोक को कलिंग राज्य से भयंकर युद्ध करना पड़ा और इस महायुद्ध में एक लाख से अधिक मनुष्य मारे गए और इतने ही बंदी बनाये गए , युद्ध ने अशोक पर गहरा प्रभाव डाला और अशोक बुद्धगामी हो गया। यद्यपि अशोक बुद्धमत को मानने वाला था किन्तु उसने सनातन [हिन्दू ] और बौद्ध धर्म के उदार सिद्धांतों प्रचार किया।
हरिद्वार , बिजनौर व सहारनपुर पर अशोक का शासन

कालसी [चकरौता , देहरादून ] व मेरठ के शिलालेखों व बाद समय के मयूरध्वज [बिजनौर ] प्रागैतिहासिक खुदाई से सिद्ध है कि हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर पर अशोक का अधिकार tha va क्षेत्रीय क्षत्रप अलग अलग रहे होंगे।
अशोक ने अपने समस्त राज्य में जहां जहां घनी वस्ती थीं वहां धर्मोपदेश हेतु वहां उसने या तो लाटें स्थापित कीं या शिलालेख खुदवाये।
मेरठ के शिलालेख को मुस्लिम राजा दिल्ली ले गया था।
कालसी व मेरठ के अभिलेख मगधी भाषा में ब्राह्मी लिपि में हैं।

** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 14/4/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Emperor Ashoka & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Ashoka & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Ashoka & Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Ashoka & Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Emperor Ashoka & Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Ashoka & Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Emperor Ashoka & Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Ashoka & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Ashoka & Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Asoka & Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Asoka & Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Asoka & Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Emperor Asoka & Ancient History of Bijnor; Emperor Ashoka & Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Emperor Asoka & Ancient History of Saharanpur; Emperor Asoka & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Emperor Asoka & Ancient Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;Emperor Asoka & Ancient Saharanpur History, Emperor Asoka & Ancient Bijnor History;
Emperor Asoka
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #711 on:** April 15, 2015, 08:45:07 AM »

History Discussion on Forest Management in Uttarakhand in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 26
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -91
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -610
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
The forest resources were more than minerals in Garhwal and Kumaon in Garhwal King Period and in Gurkha Period too. However, Gurkha Administration did not pay attention for improving Forest Management. As Garhwal Kings, Gurkha also offered forests to Contractors. Those contractors used to cut all types of grass, fibers, tress, medicinal plants, roots and barks and used to sell in plains. There used to toll Posts at bordering place for taking taxes. The contractors and state servants used to have a conspiracy between them and State never got the real tax as state servants used to disclose less income to state and take major income for them. There was different levy on different products at Toll Post. Catechu taxes were collected as per number of extracting factories.
There were following Toll Posts in Garhwal –
Laldhang Bhabhar
Balli Kandai Bhabhar
Chandighat near Rishikesh Haridwar
There were following Toll Posts in Dehradun –
Mohan in Dehradun
Timli in Dehradun
The record state that following income was there from Forests of Dehradun –
1809-10 – Gorkhali Rs 16000
1810-11- Gorkhali Rs 15200

Contractors of Bhabhar Garhwal Forests

In Pradyuman Shah Time, Goldar Bhuri Singh was the Forest contractor for East Bhabhar. His duty was to protect the Balli Kandai Check Post. Goldar Bhuri Singh used to have soldiers with him and used to protect land of South Garhwal that is Bhabhar from Hedi, Mewati, Rohillas. Bhabhar was given him as Jagir. Bhuri Singh used to collect tax at Balli Kandai Check Post. Bhuri Singh called Boksa etc and established them for farming in Bhabhar. Bhuri Singh increased Farm Land in Bhabhar.
Bhuri Singh Negi was contractor (Goldar) of Balli Kandai Ceck Post for twenty years before Gorkha attack on Garhwal. Perhaps, Bhuri Singh Negi was defeated by Gorkha and he ran to plains or towards Bijnor.
From 1803-15 , Gorkha appointed Check Post In charge, Goldar or Contractor or responsibility of Bhabhar East Check Post to Sayans of Paino, Bungi and Bijlot for different time.
There is no record for income of forest from Bhabhar to Gorkha administration. However, the income from Bhabhar Forests would not be less than Dehradun.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 15/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -6110
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Upper Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in North Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Garhwal, Uttarakhand History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Dehradun, Uttarakhand ; History Discussion on Forest Management in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Discussion on Forest Management in Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #712 on:** April 16, 2015, 07:19:40 AM »

History Analysis of Water Resource Management Garhwal under Gurkha /Gorkha Rule

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 27
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -92
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -611
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Water Resource Management
Garhwal Shah Kingdom did not promote water resource Management as state duty. However, whenever time came; their Thokdar built or dig Khali or canal. Most of the water resource innovation or improvement was done by people themselves.
There is a folk story of Uttarkashi that a man had to marry his two daughters to Old man who was Himachal Watermill Owner for getting Water Mill Technology from Himachal Watermill Owner (Bhishma Kukreti, merapahad.com). That means people were conscious about natural resource management.
There were Khali constructions on top of hills for water conservation. There were ‘raw’ a small pond dug for water uses for fetching water to animals and irrigation too.
Canals were dug by people for irrigation and drinking water. The canals were dug by community.
Gurkha /Gorkha administration never paid attention on canal or Khali constructions in its rule in Garhwal, Kumaon or Himachal.
Kool or Gul a Water Resource Management
Water was diverted from source through small or big canals and dug by community. Whever, water flow was obstructed by Gadan, hard rock or a boulder the bana trunk, or wood log was used to channelize the water. (Dr Ajay S Rawat).
Naula a Water Resource Management
Naula is dug and constructed for collecting water from subterranean springs. Naulas were community properties and were called prestigious community properties.
Dhara a Water Resource Management
Dhara is Water fountain type of system. There were /are three types of Dhara (Ajay Rawat, 2006)
1-Sirpatiya Dhara- When individual can easily fetch water in normal standing position such Dhara is called Sirpatiya Dhara.
2-Mudpatiya Dhara- When individual has to bend for water fetching such Dhara is called Mudpatiya or Murpatiya Dhara.
3-Patveediya Dhara- Pattveed means made by leave or called ephemeral Dahra and is availavle only in rainy season.
Simar or Gajar
This source is due to marshy land and paddy is grown in such land.
Khali or Chhuptaula
These are smallest pond types on top of hills.
Tal
Those were natural ponds
Dhaam
Dhaam are natural or artificial lakes.
Raw
Raw are dug or constructed and stream water is collected on these pits or big ditches. Fibrous sticks are also submerged in Raw for getting fibers from Bheunl /Bheemal and hemp sticks.
Gorkha administrators did not do anything to improve water source or irrigation facilities etc. in Doti, Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 16/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -612
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Upper Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in North Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Garhwal, Uttarakhand History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Dehradun, Uttarakhand ; History Discussion on Forest Management in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Discussion on Forest Management in Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Analysis of water Resource Management and Crafts in Garhwal under Gurkha /Gorkha Rule

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #713 on:** April 17, 2015, 09:19:11 AM »

Downfall in Cotton and Dress Material Industries in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 28
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -93
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -612
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Before, Gurkha/Gorkha invaded Garhwal; there were hundreds of craft industries flourishing in Garhwal in Garhwali Shah Kings Period. However, Gurkha /Gorkha entry brought downfall in many village or rural industry drastically.
Gurkha/Gorkha rulers did not encourage crafts in Garhwal. On the contrary, Gurkha/Gorkha levied new taxes.
Harijan used to make utensils of various kind and Harijan and their works played important role in Garhwal societies. Gurkha/Gorkha levied new tax on Harijan works as ‘Majhari’ tax. Second another important craft of Garhwal was Dress making or dress making material production. Gurkha/Gorkha levied another tax on dress material makers and traders as ‘Tand ‘Tax.
Most or all famers used to pasture Sheep with other domestic animals. Farmers used to get wool from Sheep. The wool was used for making dress materials and blanket. ‘Koli’ people used to weave wool and make woolen dresses for families. Bhotiya were famous for wool dress making. They used to export Woolen Dress to plains of India.
Maniyar of Bhagirathi Valley was famous for long and wide Blanket production.
Dwarf Cotton was cultivated in Salan (South Garhwal) and Koli used to weave cotton for making dresses.
People of upper Bhagirathi Valley used to cultivate Cotton too.
However, Due to oppressive methods of Gurkha/Gorkha, farmers left villages and slowly cotton and woolen industry started falling drastically. Cotton industry became the matter of history after Gurkha invasion.
East India Company established a hemp fiber production factory in Kahsipur (Udhamsingh Nagar). Company used to pay advances to famers for hemp fibers. Farmers of South Kumaon and South Garhwal started cultivating Hemp in abundance. Hemp Fiber was used in making ropes, bags, bed sheets, dress materials etc.
Dr Dabral concluded that dress making industry and other craft industry fell drastically in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule.
** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 17/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -613
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Upper Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in North Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Garhwal, Uttarakhand History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Dehradun, Uttarakhand ; History Discussion on Forest Management in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Discussion on Forest Management in Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Analysis of water Resource Management and Crafts in Garhwal under Gurkha /Gorkha Rule; Downfall in Cotton and Dress Material Industries in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #714 on:** April 17, 2015, 10:26:13 AM »

Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire
हरिद्वार , बिजनौर व सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में अशोक के उत्तराकधिकारी और मौर्य साम्राज्य का अवसान

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 102

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -102

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

अशोक के उत्तराधिकारी
अशोक के एक पुत्र जलौक जो कश्मीर का प्रशासक था उसने पिता की मृत्यु के बाद कश्मीर पर अपना स्वतंत्र राज्य घोषित कर लिया था। जलौक ने कान्यकुब्ज तक अपना राज्य विस्तृत किया।
पाटलिपुत्र पर अशोक का नेत्रहीन पुत्र कुणाल का शाशन रहा और कुणाल का पुत्र सम्प्रति शासन चलाया करता था।
सम्प्रति का भाई दशरथ था।
इनके बाद पाटलिपुत्र का शासक शालिशूक हुया जिस पर यवन सम्राट दमिति /देमितीयम् ने आक्रमण किया और शालिशूक भाग गया था। देमिति के जाने के बाद शालिशूक वापस आया।
शालीशूक के बाद देववर्मन , शतध्वन्वन। वृहद्रथ ,मगध के शासक बने।
धीरे धीरे इनके राज्य में सीमाएं घटती गयीं। अंतिम मौर्य नरेश वृहद्रथ की हत्या कर उसके सेनापति पुष्पमित्र ने 184 BC में मगध राज हथिया लिया।

मौर्य राज्य बिघटन

अशोक के अंतकाल में ही बहुत से सामंत मनमानी करने लगे थे।
अशोक के अंतिम समय या मृत्यु के बाद वैक्त्रिया /वाह्लीक नरेश दियदत स्वतंत्र हो बैठा था।

हरिद्वार , बिजनौर व सहारनपुर नरेशों की स्वतंत्रता
कनिंघम की खोज में जिन बारह कुणिंद नरेशों की मुद्राएं मिलीं उनसे सिद्ध होता है कि उत्तर पांचाल के सामंतों ने याने उत्तराखंड , बिजनौर /रुहेलखण्ड , हरिद्वार , सहारनपुर के सामंतों ने अशोक मृत्यु बाद अपने को स्वतंत्र घोषित कर दिया था। [कनिंघम , क्वाइंस ऑफ एन्सिएंट इण्डिया ]
[सभी संदर्भ हेतु डा डबराल को पढ़े ]

** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 16/4/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & AncientHistory of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Saharanpur;Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur;Successors of Ashoka and Downfall of Maurya Empire & Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

With Kind Regards

Dhangu, Gangasalan Ka Kukreti

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #715 on:** April 18, 2015, 09:36:08 AM »

History: Downfall Metal Craft Works in Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 29
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -94
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -613
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Garhwal had been known for its copper and other metal mining and Metal Crafts (Iron Smith, Copper Smith, Brass Smith and Bronze Smith) had its importance in each Garhwal and Kumaon Village. Metal crafts were also source of export.
Harijan (Lwar and Tamta) were main Metal Craftsmen of Garhwal and Kumaon. They used to produce the following main appliances with indigenous technology in Garhwali Shah period-
1-Metal House Appliances- Pots, Plates, Vessels, Glass, Dishes, etc
2-Metalic Agriculture Appliances- Sickle, Hoe, Axes
3-Metalic Defense Ammunitions-Bow, Arrow, Swords, Spear etc
4-Misclenious Appliances- Nakchundi, Hukka, Locks and Lech etc
Gurkha were cruel in collecting taxes or financial penalties. Therefore, Garhwalis and Kumaunis were forced to sell their metal potteries etc to pay taxes etc. In case or of nonpayment, Gurkha soldiers used to snatch metal vessels and metal appliances from people.
Due to downfall in mining also resulted in downfall in metal production in villages as raw materials were not available and people were also afraid of taking metal from one place to other places.
There was drastic reduction in Metal works in villages. People and Metal Craft Producers were not sure about their life and hence the industry was in standstill situation.
People were using mud vessels or stone vessels or Bamboo, Bheemal vessels.
Downfall in Woodcrafts in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Garhwal, Kumaon
Since, people were not sure of staying in their villages; they stopped building stable houses and Tibari (Drawing Room on first Floor) and by those reasons and other reasons woodwork development and production became stand still situation
Downfall in Handcrafts in Garhwal and Kumaon in Gurkha Period

There was steep downfall in Major Handcraft industries used for indigenous uses and export Purposes.
** Moorcroft, Travels in the Himalayan provinces
** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -614
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Old Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Old Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Kumaun in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Uttarakhand in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Upper Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in North Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Garhwal, Uttarakhand History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Dehradun, Uttarakhand ; History Discussion on Forest Management in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Discussion on Forest Management in Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Analysis of water Resource Management and Crafts in Garhwal under Gurkha /Gorkha Rule; Downfall in Cotton and Dress Material Industries in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #716 on:** April 19, 2015, 10:01:36 AM »

Paper Industry in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Rule

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 30
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -95
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -614
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Garhwali used to use Satpura or Setbaduva Tree for making paper. The bark was used for paper making. The rice curry was pasted on the refined bark of above tree. The paper was sent to Shrinagar and Almora. The paper was exported to Wholesale Markets in Nepal, Tibet and Indian Plains.
Most of all records of Gorkha Administration are written on Garhwal paper. Tapovan was the centre of Paper Making. This paper was called Pahadi Kagaj.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 19/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -615
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Old Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Old Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Kumaun in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History : Downfall Metal Craft Works in Uttarakhand in Gurkha/Gorkha rule; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Upper Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in North Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in South Garhwal, Uttarakhand History Analysis of Exploitation of Natural Resources by Gurkha/Gorkha in Dehradun, Uttarakhand ; History Discussion on Forest Management in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Discussion on Forest Management in Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; History Analysis of water Resource Management and Crafts in Garhwal under Gurkha /Gorkha Rule; Downfall in Cotton and Dress Material Industries in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #717 on:** April 20, 2015, 09:54:31 AM »

Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 31
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -96
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -615
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
In Gurkha Period, Gurkha administration not only destroyed the local crafts and craftsmanship, indigenous innovative arts and artisans but also disregard the high caliber literature, astrologer scholars. Garhwal Kings used to shelter to poets, artists, painters, Sanskrit and other language Literature Creative, Musicians, Music artists, scholars etc. However, baring Maularam, Gurkha administration totally ignored Creative people in Garhwal.
Swami Shashidhar Kinkaleshwar Temple
Swami Shashidhar was attached to Kinkaleshwar Temple Pauri. It is said that (Dr Dabral) Swami Shashidhar established idol in Kinkaleshwar Temple. There is less known about Swami Shashidhar (Bhakta Drashan, Garhwal ki Divangat Vibhutiyan). Swami Shashidhar was apriest and having all the characteristics of a Priest. He expired in 1825. Shashidhar never aimed to please ruling administrators. That was the reason that Gorkha did not offer land to Kinkaleshwar Temple.
Swami Shashidhar was a Braj Poet and he wrote Braj poetries with Garhwali words. Swami Shashidhar wrote following Poetries-
Dohavali
Gyandeep
Sacchidanand Lahri
Yogpremavali
Dr Pitamber Datt Barthwal brought Shashidhar in lime light.
** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 20/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -616
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of aFive Years Residence at Nepaul Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History Gurkha Disregarding Scholars of Garhwal, Disregard for Braj Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Sanskrit Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Astrologers Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Creative Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Innovative Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period;

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #718 on:** April 20, 2015, 03:16:10 PM »

History of Culture and Civilization in Haridwar, Bijnor and Saharanpur during Maurya Period

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में मौर्य काल की सभ्यता व संस्कृति
Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 104

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 104

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

कौटिल्य के अर्थशास्त्र से व यूनानी साहित्य से पता चलता है कि भारत में या कहें कि मौर्य काल में हरिद्वार , बिजनौर व सहारनपुर की सभ्यता व संस्कृति निम्न प्रकार थी -
विभिन्न वर्ण /जातियां

यूनानी लेखक ने मौर्य कालीन भारत में निम्न जातियों का उल्लेख किया है -
दार्शनिक
कृषक
सैनिक
पशुपालक
कलाविद
न्यायिक विद्वान
सलाहकार व मंत्री
कौटिल्य ने निम्न पारम्परिक चार वर्णों का वर्णन किया है -
ब्राह्मण
क्षत्रिय
वैश्य
शूद्र -इनके पास व्रता [धन उत्पादन ] करुकर्मा [कला ] , कुशीलवकर्मा [शिल्प ] आदि होने बाद भी इनकी गिनती निम्न जाती में था।
स्त्रियां
उच्च जातीय स्त्रियां पढ़ी लिखीं होती थीं . स्त्रियां राजकाज व धार्मिक अनुष्ठानो में भाग लेतीं थीं। वे सेना व जासूसी का कर्म भी करती थीं। वहु पत्नीवाद प्रचलित था। सती प्रथा बिलकुल कम थी। गणिकाओं का स्थान गिरा नही था अपितु सभ्यता शिक्षण -प्रशिक्षण में गणिकाओं की सहायता ली जाती थी।
कपड़े
कपड़ा उद्यम अच्छी हालत में था। धनी वर्ग रेशमी कपड़ा पहनते थे। कपास के कपड़े प्रमुख थे व चमड़े , वृक्ष खाल के कपड़े भी प्रचुर मात्रा पयोग होते थे।
भोज्य पदार्थ
रोटी , चावल , दाल , सब्जी व मांश , दूध मुख्य भोजन था। वन पर निर्भरता अधिक थी।

** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 20/4/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; AncientHistory of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #719 on:** April 21, 2015, 09:15:18 AM »

Long Poetry Poet Vishnudas: A Prominent Braj Language Poet of Gurkha/Gorkha Period in Garhwal

Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -2

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 32
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -97
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -616
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Gurkha /Gorkha Administration disregarded the scholars of Garhwal and did not offer shelters any type of scholars.
However, creative scholars were busy in creating literature of different kinds by their own.
One of prominent scholars was Braj Long Poetry Poet Vishnudas. Barrister Mukandilal brought Braj Poet Vishnudas of Garhwal in lime light. The manuscript of Long Braj Poetry ‘Rukmani Mangal ‘ by Poet Vishnu Das was found with the manuscripts of Maularam with heirs of Maularam. The drawing artists as Maularam drew arts on the basis of poetries by Vishnudas in ‘Rukmani Mangal’. That is why historians as Dr S.P Dabral state that Braj Poet Vishnudas was contemporary to Maularam.
Vishnudas was great Braj poet but could not get fame as Gorkha Administrators were not interested at all for offering situation to Literature Creators and Scholars becoming Famous in Garhwal and out of Garhwal.
The emotions, the raptures, the style of Long Braj Poetry of ‘Rukmani Mangal’ are remarkable and prove that Vishnudas was one of great Braj Language Poets.
Mukandilal got the part of ‘Rukmani Mangal’ manuscript from cosine of Balakram (heir of Maularam) of Shrinagar. Barrister Mukandilal handed over the manuscript to Dr Joshi the director of Lucknow Museum. However, now, nobody knows whereabouts of that valuable manuscript.

*Dr Dabral had offered chronological accounts of various manuscripts of Maularam including Vishnudas in Memorial book on Mukandilal edited by Bhaktdarshan.
** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 21/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -617
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
Xx
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Pauri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Chamoli Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Tehri Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Dehradun Garhwal;
Xx
History Gurkha Disregarding Scholars of Garhwal, Disregard for Braj Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Sanskrit Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Astrologers Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Creative Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period; Disregard for Innovative Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha Period;
History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Garhwal; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History Aspects of Braj Language Literature and Poets of Haridwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand;

::: ====स्वच्छ भारत! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::

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