Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)  (Read 534917 times)

Bhishma Kukreti

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                   History  Slavery , Economic Condition ,  in Haridwar , Bijnor and Saharanpur in Maurya Period

        हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास     संदर्भ में मौर्य काल में दास प्रथा और आर्थिक स्थिति
                   Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur  Part  - 105     
                         
                     हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -  105                   


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
                    हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में मौर्य काल में दास प्रथा
   मौर्य काल में दास प्रथा पर इतिहासकारों के मध्य घोर मतैक्य है। यूनानी लेखक मेगस्थनिनस लिखता है कि दास प्रथा नही थी।  कौटिल्य का अर्थशास्त्र दास [अहिताकास ] संबंधी नियमों की पूरी तरह से व्याख्या करते हैं। कौटिल्य ने दासों के प्रति किस तरह व्यवहार करना चाहिए पर विस्तार से लिखा है।
         दो प्रकार के दास
१- आजीवन या पारिवारिक दास - जो पीढ़ी दर पीढ़ी दासता में रहते थे।
२- सामयिक दासता
अधिकतर निम्न वर्ग के ही दास होते थे पर समय आने पर उच्च वर्ग के भी दास बनते थे।
दासों से तरह तरह के श्रमसाध्य कार्य लिया जाता था जैसे कृषि , परिवहन संबंधी।  मठ -मंदिर संबंधी कार्य।
                   हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में मौर्य काल में आर्थिक स्थिति
  इस काल में लौह संस्कृति ने अधिक विकास किया और नई आर्थिक क्रान्ति। आई   राजनीतिक स्थिरता से कृषि , ,  कुटीर उद्यमों , आयुर्वेद , व्यापार आदि में विकास हुआ जिसने भारत को नई आर्थिक दिशा ही नही दी अपितु भारत को जोड़ने का भी कार्य किया।  कौटिल्य ने निम्न कार्यों को मुख्य विज्ञान  बतलाया -
कृषि शिक्षा
पशुपालन शिक्षा
व्यापार
अर्थ शास्त्र की शिक्षा       



 ** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड  इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ  , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 21/4/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -      Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &   Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &    Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &   Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period & Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &   Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period & Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &    Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &     Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &     History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &   Ancient History of Bijnor; Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &    Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &    Ancient History of Saharanpur;  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period &    Ancient Saharanpur History,  Culture, Civilization in Mauryan Period & Ancient Bijnor History; कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास                      :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:


Bhishma Kukreti

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Garhwali Folk Tale about Bhuwaneshwari Siddhpeeth Sanguda (Bilkhet), Maniyarsyun
Garhwali Folk Tales, Fables, Traditional Stories, Community Narratives -103 
(Garhwali religious Folk Tale Literature, Garhwali Traditional Religious Story Literature)
  Compiled and Edited by: Bhishma Kukreti (Management Training Expert)

          (Based on Narration by Hema Uniyal, Kedarkhand, pages 126-127)

        It is said that when Muslim Attackers attacked on Indian land and also destroyed Hindu Temple here. The Five Devi -Goddesses and Bhairav took a decision to migrate from Indraprastha to Himalayan region, Garhwal.  Those Goddesses or Devi were Adishakti Bhuwaneshwari, Jwalpadevi, man Balkunwari , Man Balsundari and Rajrajeshwari. They were migrating to Garhwal though Nazibabad (Bijnor). Nazibabad was  gateway to Garhwal and wholesale Market where Garhwalis sued to come to sell their products and used to by Salt, gur and other household materials. The traveler of coming to whole sale market is called Dhakri in Garhwali language. One day, Adishakti Bhuwaneshwari, Jwalpadevi, man Balkunwari , Man Balsundari and Rajrajeshwari were staying Nazibabad for entering to Garhwal. On the same day, Negi brothers of Sainar village, Maniyarsyun, Pauri Garhwal came to Nazibabad for Dhakar (buying materials) to Nazibabad. Negi bought salt and put into a big bag. Adi Shakti Bhuwaneshwari was feeling tired and she entered into salt Bag of Bhawan Singh Negi for a rest. Negi brothers reached to Sanguda place (in Bilkhet village area) while coming back from Nazibabad via Kotdwara, Dogadda, Langurgarh. In Sanguda, Bhawan Singh Negi found a round metal inside the salt bag. Bhawan Singh Negi thought that metal as waste and threw out. In Night, Bhawan Singh Negi saw Mother Bhuwaneshwari   in his dream and Bhuwaneshwari ordered him to establish Metal idol in Sanguda.
   Sanguda or Bilkhet was part of Naithana village (Naithana is original village of Naithani cast.).  Netramani Naithani also saw same dream on the same night and in dream Adi Shakti Bhuwaneshwari ordered Netramani Naithani to establish that Metal Object as an Idol and build  temple in Sanguda.
  Another day, Bhawan Singh Negi and Netramani Naithani searched the Metal Object in Sanguda and built a small temple by establishing that Metal Object inside temple with Chanting Shlokas and rituals.
      Bhuwaneshwari Temple Sanguda (Bilkhet) is very famous Temple of Patti Maniyarsyun, Pauri Garhwal.  Sanguda (Bilkhet) is near to Banghat and Satpuli. Bhuwaneshwari Temple Sanguda (Bilkhet) is also nearer to Vyaschatti.
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 21/4//2015 for review and interpretation

                                 References

1-Bhishma Kukreti, 1984, Garhwal Ki Lok Kathayen, Binsar Prakashan, Lodhi Colony, Delhi 110003, 
2- Bhishma Kukreti 2003, Salan Biten Garhwali Lok Kathayen, Rant Raibar, Dehradun
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Garhwali Folk Tale about Bhuwaneshwari Siddhpeeth Temple, Sanguda (Bilkhet), Maniyarsyun;  Garhwali Folk Tale about Bhuwaneshwari Siddhpeeth Temple, Sanguda (Bilkhet) , Maniyarsyun, Pauri Garhwal;  Garhwali Folk Tale about Bhuwaneshwari Siddhpeeth Temple, Sanguda (Bilkhet) , Maniyarsyun, Uttarakhand; Garhwali Folk Tale about Bhuwaneshwari Siddhpeeth Temple, Sanguda (Bilkhet) , Maniyarsyun, North India;  Garhwali Folk Tale about Bhuwaneshwari Siddhpeeth Sanguda (Bilkhet) , Maniyarsyun, South Asia;  Garhwali Folk Tale about Bhuwaneshwari Siddhpeeth Sanguda (Bilkhet), Maniyarsyun, near Banghat;  Garhwali Folk Tale about Bhuwaneshwari Siddhpeeth Sanguda (Bilkhet), Maniyarsyun, Near Satpuli; Garhwali Folk Tale about Bhuwaneshwari Siddhpeeth Sanguda (Bilkhet), Maniyarsyun, Near Vyaschatti 

Bhishma Kukreti

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Vasvanand Bahuguna: The Great Astrologer of Garhwal of Gurkha Period
Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -3

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 33
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -98   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -617
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
              Gurkha administration never supported scholars of Garhwal in their regime. However, individually, tens of scholars were famous scholars at that time too.
 Vasvanand /Vasva Nand Bahuguna was one of such Astrologers of Garhwal in Gurkha Period who was also famous in Punjab of Ran Singh.
    Himalaye Swargsamanbhumau prakhyat bahugun-viprashyh
Tapodhanh suryasmanteja shrivasvanand dwijo babhuv
             (In collection of Shridharanand Bahuguna, Reference; Prem Datt Chamoli, Sanskrit ko Garhwal ki Den, page 239-241)
               There is no knowledge of birth place of Astrologer Vasvanand Bahuguna) (Dr Dabral wrote Bhardwaj instead of Bahuguna).   Dr Dabral stated that Ramdatt Jyotirvid of Kumaon brought ‘Prashnasindhu’ by great astrologer Vasvanand in lime light. Dr Prem Datt Chamoli states that Nirnay Sagar Press published ‘Prashnasindhu’ in 1896. Venkateshwar Press Mumbai published ‘Prashnasindhu’ in 1905.
 In ‘Prashnasindhu’, Vasvanand offered his introduction that his grandfather was Guna Nand and father name was Lilanand. Vasvanand mention that while living in prosperous western country, at Sujanpur, he completed ‘Prashnasindhu’ on Sanvat Shake 1739, (29th January 1818) Friday. His father Lilanand was Court Astrologer of Garhwal King. Vasvanand was also Court Astrologer for Garhwali Shah King. That means that he was born before 1790 and expired around 1830 (Bhakta Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangat Vibhutiyan).
 Vasvanand travelled Mayakoti, Kimaota, Saudi, Matargaon etc.
 When British rule started he ran away from Shrinagar or his native place (Kuthar or Pokhri) and travelled to Dhangu, Udaipur Garhwal, Nazibabad, Punjab and Indore. King Ranjit Singh was impressed by knowledge of Vasvanand.
               Prashnasindhu an Astrology Book   
        Vasvanand Bahuguna wrote more than three books but ‘Prashnasindhu’ is available now (Dr. Prem Datt Chamoli).  in the introduction of 
In the introduction of ‘Singh Makarsth Guru Meemansa’, Pundit Vasvanand Khanduri mentions a book ‘Muhart Sar’ by Vasvanand Bahuguna
           Prashna Sindhu starts for  prayers of Shripati, Ganesh, Shiva, and Parvati. There are solutions for various problems and questions through various Signs (Chinh).
  Vasvanand Bahuguna divided ‘Prashnasindhu’ into ‘Taranga’ and not Adhyaya or Chapters. There are following Tarangas in ‘Prashnasindhu’ by Astrologer Vasvanand –
1-Shubhashubhnamk
2-Gamagmashya
3-Jayajayashya
4-Chaurvidhanashya
5-Mishrakashya
6-Doshabhidhan:
7-Jalabhidhan
8-Vanshobhidhan
   Great Astrologer Vasvanand explained and describes the signs of auspicious and non auspicious signs and their respective results.  As the sound of Shanka, Mridang, Veena, Hathi , Hans, gau, Ghoda are auspicious signs and Gadha , Bhains are non auspicious Signs.
 In Gamagmanshya, Great Astrologer Vasvanand discusses about travel, arrivals reaching etc.
                    Mishrakashya Taranga
   Mishrakashya Tarang is largest one having 25 Poems.
In Mishrakashya Taranga, Great Astrologer Vasvanand talks about miscellaneous subjects as –
Colors of Navgrahas and Akar (form descriptions)
Mansi Chitta Vichar (Psychological questions and conclusions for astrology)
Paraspar Prem Prashna (Love Dialogues between questioners)
Santati me Kanya-Putra Labh (Astrological conclusions about daughter and Son birth)
Vivah (Marriages)
Dhanlabh( Profits)
Stricharitra (Characteristics of Women)
Saras aur Neeras( Pleasure and Non Pleasure Aspects)
Bhojanprapti (Aspects of Food)
Swapna (Dreams and their meanings)
Sidhi (Accomplishments)
               Doshabhidhan Taranga
 Doshabhidhan Taranga is also important. There are importances of following aspects in recovering a patient –
Gram devta or village deity
Kul devta (Family Deity)
Narsingh deity
Pitar (forefathers)
Pretbhaya (Fear from deceased Souls)
Vat, Pit and Kaf descriptions their effects and curing
 Same way, Astrologer offers various aspects of Astrology in other Taranga of ‘Prashnasindhu’. 
 The language and style of ‘Prashnasindhu’ is simple and easy to follow too. Vasvanand mentions his name at the end of each Taranga.
 
 
** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 22/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -618
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand;कुमाऊं , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; गढ़वाल , उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ; डोटी , पूर्व उत्तराखंड का इतिहास ;गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का कुमाऊं पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का गढ़वाल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का हिमाचल पर अधिकार इतिहास ; गोरखाओं /गुर्खाओं का  इतिहास ; नेपाल इतिहास
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History Astrology and Astrologers in Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Pauri Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Chamoli Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Rudraprayag Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Tehri Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Uttarkashi Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Dehradun Garhwal; History Astrology and Astrologers in Haridwar Garhwal; Sanskrit Scholars of Garhwal; Sanskrit Scholars of Garhwal, Uttarakhand ; Sanskrit Scholars of Garhwal, Himalaya ; Sanskrit Scholars of Garhwal, North India; Sanskrit Scholars of Garhwal, South Asia;
                  ::: ====स्वच्छ भारत!  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत====:::



Bhishma Kukreti

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         Growth in cities in Mauryan Period with context Ancient  History of Haridwar,  Bijnor,  Saharanpur

            हरिद्वार  ,  बिजनौर  , सहारनपुर   इतिहास    संदर्भ में  मौर्य काल में शहरों का विकास

              हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास     संदर्भ में मौर्य काल की सभ्यता व संस्कृति     -3
                   Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur  Part  - 106 
                         
                     हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -  106                   


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
                                      शहरीकरण का विकास

मौर्य काल में लौह संस्कृति विकास के कारण जंगलों को कृषि योग्य बनाया गया।  कृषि विकास से निर्यात बढ़ा और निर्यात हेतु मंडियों में वृद्धि हुयी।  इससे मौर्य काल में शहरीकरण को भी बढ़ावा मिला। अशोक काल में कालसी (जौनसार देहरादून ) के शिलालेख से पता चलता कि यंहा से कई व्यापारिक कार्य सम्पन होते थे।  बिजनौर के मयूरध्वज का विकास बुद्ध के समय हो चुका था।  कालसी का मंडी बनने से बिजनौर , हरिद्वार व सहारनपुर का भी विकास हुआ होगा और अवश्य ही इन स्थानो की कई वस्तुएं बिक्री हेतु कालसी आती होंगीं।
बौद्ध और जैन भिक्षु हरिद्वार , बिजनौर में आश्रमों में बहुतायत से रहते थे।  इसका अर्थ है कि इस क्षेत्र में नागरिकरण विकास हुआ या नगरीकरण से प्रभावित हुए होंगे।
 

** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड  इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ  , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 22/4/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -      Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;      History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Bijnor;    Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;    Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;   Ancient Saharanpur History,     Ancient Bijnor History; कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास                      :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

Bhishma Kukreti

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Chaitu and Manku: Who Painted ‘Rape of the Yadav Women ‘and ‘Krishna Tax from a Gopi’
Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -4

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 34
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -99   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -618
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

 ( Barrister Mukandi Lal is credited for popularizing the history of Garhwali ChitrKala or Garhwali art all over the globe. Dr Bhakt Darshan, Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral and dr Yashvant Singh Katoch, Dr shiv Prasad Naithani, Mohan Lal Babulkar, Dr Shiv Bahadur singh, Shri Budhi Ballabh Dyundi and Shrimati Durgavati Dyundi are praised for researches and popularizing Garhwali art and its history)
Chaitu and Manku brothers or contemporary artists were famous artists of Garhwal, Himalaya. Though, there is no agreement among the historian for the village of Chaitu and Manku and their life span, most of the historians and artists claim that Chaitu and Manku were contemporary artists of famous poet and artist Maularam (1743-1833)
Chaitu and Manku were born in village Rampur of Chalansyun Patti, Pauri Garhwal. Dr Katoch says that Chitram or Chaitu and Manak Ram or Manku were the last of Phadi Kala (Garhwali art) generation.
Both lived in Shrinagar then the capital of Garhwal.
N C Mehta, Chakravatrti, Carl Khandlwala and Randhava did researches on Chaitu amnd Mankram .
The paintings named ‘ Yadviyon ka Haran or Rapes on Yadav Women’ and ‘krishn Dwara Kar Vasuli or Tax by Krishna’ are famous paintings of Chaitu and there are signatures of Chaitram on both the paintings.
There is signature of ‘Chetaye te gher de‘ (From the house of Chaitu) ‘ on a painting ‘Rukmani Haran’ painting (is in Bharat Kala Sangrah)
According to N C Mehta, Manku is famous for ‘ Geet Govind’ paintings
There is distinct effects of Kangada style on all the paintings of Chaitu and Manku.. Krishna is in the dress of Mogul style.
 Ashoka Jeratha ( Dogra Art and Legend, page 127-28) offered many arguments to proof that Manku and Chaitu  were not Garhwali but belonged to Kangra. Ashoka tried to proof that Chaitu was from the family of Sue.
** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 22/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -618
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand
Xx



Bhishma Kukreti

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 Maularam /Moularam: Distinguished Artist and Poet of Garhwal of Gorkha period
Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -5

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 35
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -100   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -619
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

                Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram (1743-1833) was the father of Garhwal Painting. Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram witnessed Garhwal Shah Kingdom, Gurkha Period and British rule too. Before Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram, Garhwal King did not patronize Painters.
             Two painters of Mughal School Sham Das and Kehar das came to Garhwal with Mughal Prince Suleman Sikoh (Son of Dara Sikhoh).  Mogul Prince was sent back to Delhi with force of Aurangzeb.  Sham das and Kehar Das remained in Shrinagar Garhwal. Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram was descendent of Sham das and Kehar Das. He created historical poetries about Garhwal Kingdom, Nepal Kingdom and then he wrote about British Period too. Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram was also painter.
  Pradyumn Shah took back some part of Jagir of Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram thinking that Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram was faithful to Jaikirti Shah. Pradyumn Shah also took the Ganika (dancer or Keep) of Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram.
 When Gurkha took over Shrinagar, Amar Singh Thapa and Hastidal Chautariya assured him for returning his Jagir and daily allowance.  However, Gurkha did not return the Jagir or retained Jagir etc.
  Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram reached to Nepal and met Nepal King Ranbahadur. Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram created poetry in praise of Ranbahadur awarded by precious gifts and ordered for retention of Jagir for Mola Ram. However, local Gurkha administrators of Shrinagar did not return Jagir and daily allowances of  Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram.
Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram wrote poetries in praise of Nepal King Geervarnvikramshah and King Geervarnvikram Shah retained Jagir of Maularam (1808). Even then Gurkha administrators again stopped Jagir and other allowances of Moularam. Maularam went again Nepal and requested Bhim Sen Thapa for retaining his Jagir and allowances. Nepal Court retained third time the Jagir of Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram. The order was sent with Kunwar Beerbhadra.
 When Ranjor Thapa and Kunwar Beerbhadra won the Mornai Fort of Sirmour, Maularam reached to Sirmaur and he praised both the warriors. Ranjor awarded Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram a horse and a Jagir of Panwatagaon. However, Maularam/Moularam / Mola Ram / Maula Ram /Moula Ram did not get benefits from Panwatgaon.
 In 1811, Kaji Bahadur Bhandari and Dashrath Khatri stopped Jagir and reduced allowances of Mola Ram to half.
 However, Maularam continued his poetic creation and painting
 . Dr S.P Dabral and his son Dr Vinay Dabral also did research on and edited his book Garhrajvanshkavya and published in 1977. Learned History scholar Dr Ajay Rawat published Ganika Natika or Garh Gita in 1975.
In a note on Internet (Third Inning) , Dr Tolia mentioned that Dr Dwarika Prasad met  Dr Dwarika Prasad Tomar descendent of Mola Ram/Maula Ram and had an opportunity  see the following  texts–
Mola Ram /Maula Ram Granthvali
Chaturmas Shringar Varnan
Uttarakhand Teerth Mahatamaya
Samudrik Bhasha Gyan
Baramasi Varnan
Manmanth Panth
Manmanth Panth Nirman
Manmanth sagar
Gyanmrit Kavya
IShwar Mahima
 His book Garhrajvanshkavya and Ranbahadurchandrika m, Shamsherjangchandrika offer many insights about Garhwal History.
                   However, Dr Dabral informed that a few or six manuscripts of Mola Ram /Maula Ram are missing. Dr Dabral visited a scholar Budhi Vallabh Thapliyal for Mola Ram /Maula Ram manuscripts. Budhi Vallabh Thapliya got seven poetic Moa Ram /Maula Ram manuscripts including Manmantha Sagar from Baijnath Tomar, Shrinagar the grandson of Mola Ram /Maula Ram in1947. In 1948, Thaplaiyal exhibited those manuscripts in Pauri City. The poetries were written on Pahadi Kagaj (Hill Paper) and black ink. On 7th May 1972, Thapliyal informed Dr Dabral that since, there were some mistakes (spelling point of view) in manuscripts, Thapliyal handed over the manuscript to Gairola an Archeological Chemist of Archeological Department. Thapliyal wanted to check the authenticity of age of ink and paper. Gairola informed to Thapliyal that a person took those manuscripts. When Dr Dabral published Gurkhyani (Uttarakhand ka Itihas -5) , Gairola shifted to Bangkok. 
 There was historical account of Garhwal in Manmanthsagar.
Dr Dabral again offer another important information that When Gurkha/Gorkha commander Kaji Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat reached to Shrinagar in 1810, he met Mola Ram /Maula Ram. Basnyat heard the un- bias historic accounts in poetic form from Mola Ram/ Maula Ram. Basnyat was pleased and he offered gifts to Maula Ram / Mola Ram. Dr Dabral mentioned that Mola Ram /Maula Ram created a long poetry as ‘Bakhtawar –Yes-Chandrika’ and there were accounts about Gorkha Rule history in Garhwal.


 

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -620
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand
Xx


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    Trade in Mauryan Period and Ancient  History of Haridwar, Bijnor,   Saharanpur


                               हरिद्वार  ,  बिजनौर  , सहारनपुर   इतिहास संदर्भ में मौर्य काल में  व्यापार

                   Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur  Part  - 108     

                         
                     हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -108                     


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

कृषि , शिल्प व जंगलों के दोहन से व्यापार में अतिशय विकास हुआ।  हरिद्वार , बिजनौर व सहारनपुर भी व्यापार में विकसित हुए ही होंगे।  हिमालय की तलहटी हाई वे का काम करता ही रहा होगा।  गंगाद्वार , गोविषाण , अहोगंग , कालसी धार्मिक केंद्र भी थे और धार्मिक केन्द्रों  व्यापरिक मंडी बनना स्वाभाविक है।
मौर्य काल में व्यापारिक सड़कों का जाल बिछा था। (महाजन , ऐन्सियन्ट इण्डिया , पृष्ठ ३३६ )
एक सड़क थी जो चम्पा से नाव द्वारा बनारस से जुड़ती थी और फिर गंगा के द्वारा सहजाति , जम्मू तक जोड़ सड़कें थीं।  आगे सिंधु क्षेत्र को भी जोड़ने वाली सड़क थी
दूसरा  महत्वपूर्ण मार्ग था जो उत्तर को दक्षिण से जोड़ता था -श्रावस्ती - उज्जैनिका , विदिशी , कौसम्बी और गोदावरी क्षेत्र
तीसरा महामार्ग उत्तर से दक्षिण पूर्व का था - श्रावस्ती -से राजगिरि तक और मार्ग में -कपिलवस्तु , वैशाली , पाटलिपुत्र  नालंदा।
चौथा महामार्ग पंजाब से मध्य व पश्चिम एशिया को जोड़ता था।
इसी तरह सड़कों का जाल विछा था।
किन्तु व्यापार सरल न था क्योंकि उन्नति के साथ ठगी भी साथ साथ विकसित होती थी।  रास्तों पर डाकू आदि का बोलबाला। था  डा डबराल ने भाभर (बिजनौर , हरिद्वार व सहारनपुर आदि )  डाकुओं की कार्यशैली पर भी प्रकाश डाला है। व्यापारी अपनी सेना लेकर चलते थे।
नदियों को पुल से  नही अपितु नावों द्वारा पार किया जाता था।
आंतरिक व्यापार के अतिरिक्त निर्यात में विकास हुआ और भारत का माल , चीन, दक्षिण पूर्व एशिया , पश्चिम एशिया व यूरोप की मंडियों में पंहुचता था
 भाभर से सुरमा , जंगल का  उत्पाद, और्वेदिक जड़ी बूटियां , खालें , उन आदि निर्यात  होता था।  उत्तराखंड का माल भी भाभर के रास्ते व मंडियों द्वारा निर्यात होता था।  अशोक के लिए दांतुन भी उत्तराखंड से जाता था।       


 ** संदर्भ - ---
वैदिक इंडेक्स
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड  इतिहास - भाग -२
राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य
मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ  , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 24/4/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --

 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -
      Trade in Mauryan Period  & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Trade in Mauryan Period  & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Trade in Mauryan Period  &  Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Trade in Mauryan Period  & Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Trade in Mauryan Period  &  Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Trade in Mauryan Period  & Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Trade in Mauryan Period  &Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Trade in Mauryan Period  &Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Trade in Mauryan Period  & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Trade in Mauryan Period  &   Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Trade in Mauryan Period  &  Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Trade in Mauryan Period  &Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;    Trade in Mauryan Period  &  History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Trade in Mauryan Period  & Ancient History of Bijnor;   Trade in Mauryan Period  & Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;  Trade in Mauryan Period  &  Ancient History of Saharanpur;  Trade in Mauryan Period  & Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;  Trade in Mauryan Period  &  Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;   Trade in Mauryan Period  &  Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Trade in Mauryan Period  &  Ancient Saharanpur History,  Trade in Mauryan Period  &   Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास
                     :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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        Official Language of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Rule over Uttarakhand

Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -6

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 36
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -101   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -620
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

              Before, Gurkha/Gorkha invaded Kumaon and then Garhwal, the official language of Chand Kingdom was Almodya Kumaon and Shrinagrya Garhwali was official Language of Garhwal Kingdom.
              After invasion of Gurkha/ Gorkha, Gurkha or Nepali Language became the official language of Uttarakhand and Gurkha territory of Himachal.
            Since, there is least differences among these three languages –Nepali, Kumaoni and Garhwali, there was no big problems of language interpretation among rulers and subjects.
              Administrators, Nepal court used to write orders or letters in Nepali language only. Court or Administrators used to start letter or copper inscription etc by Sanskrit. First line was used to be a Sanskrit language line of each order or inscription.
            At the end of government order or letter ‘Swadattam Pardattaam … ‘Sanskrit Shloka was mentioned compulsorily.
        There is no record of any book written in Garhwali, Kumaoni or Nepali in Uttarakhand in Gurkha Period. 
           Kumaoni, Garhwali or Himachalis used to use their own local dialectal languages for personal uses.

** History, Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal...Remaining part, read in next chapter

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 25/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -621
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal and Official Language ; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal and Official Language ; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal and Official Language; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Himachal and Official Language;   
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ks kumson psr Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal, Uttarakhand
Xx


Bhishma Kukreti

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   Guild System in Mauryan Period and Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur
                            हरिद्वार  ,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर   इतिहास संदर्भ में मौर्य काल  में  संघ , श्रेणी  याने ट्रेड गिल्ड

           Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,  History Saharanpur  Part  -   109   
                         
                     हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 109                 


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
 मौर्य काल की एक प्रमुख विशेषता है कि इस युग में गिल्ड /सहकारिता याने संघ /श्रेणी प्रणाली के विस्तार व विकास से आर्थिक स्थिति में विकास हुआ।
व्यापरी व शिल्पकारों ने सहकारिता के तहत संघ बनाये।  संघ अपने सदस्यों के व्यापार वृद्धि हेतु संगठित रूप से कार्य करते थे।
संघ का प्रधान श्रेणीमुखिया या जेष्ट श्रेणी कहलाया जाता था।  यह पदवी खानदानी पदवी थी। श्रेणीप्रमुख के पास न्याय व कार्यकारी अधिकार थे और वह सदस्यों को नियंत्रित करता था।
राज्य का न्याय विभाग भी व्यापारी या शिल्पकार संघ के न्याय को मान्यता देता था।
संघ का काम राज्य को कर भी चुकाना होता था। कौटिल्य ने संघ से लाभ का पूरा व्यौरा दिया है।  कौटिल्य के अनुसार समय आने पर राजा संघ के धन को लूटकर राज्य का काम चला सकता था।
कभी कभी श्रेणी इतना ताकतवर हो जाता था कि राजा व सामंत भी उसके सामने झुकते थे।
किरणकुमार थपलियाल ने व्यापारियों व शिल्पकारों के संघों का अध्यन पूर्व वैदिक , बुद्ध काल , जैन काल व मौर्य काल में  किया है। (Kiran Kumar Thapliyal, 2001, Guilds in Ancient India, In Life Thoughts and Culture in  India Delhi)
 जहां तक हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का प्रश्न है तो यह कहा जा सकता है कि कालसी में बड़ी मंडी होने और उत्तराखंड की पहाड़ियों से निर्यात की प्रचुरता के कारण इन क्षेत्रों में स्थानीय संघ अवश्य रहे होंगे।
       


 ** संदर्भ - ---वैदिक इंडेक्स डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड  इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल -ऋग्वेदिक आर्य मजूमदार , पुसलकर , वैदिक एज
घोषाल , स्टडीज इन इंडियन हिस्ट्री ऐंड कल्चर
आर के पुर्थि , द एपिक सिवलीजिसन
अग्रवाल , पाणिनि कालीन भारत
अग्निहोत्री , पंतजलि कालीन भारत
अष्टाध्यायी
दत्त व बाजपेइ  , उत्तर प्रदेश में बौद्ध धर्म का विकास
महाभारत
विभिन्न बौद्ध साहित्य
जोशी , खस फेमिली लौ
भरत सिंह उपाध्याय , बुद्धकालीन भारतीय भूगोल
रेज डेविड्स , बुद्धिष्ट इंडिया

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 25 /4/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -    Guild System in Mauryan Period   Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period   Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Guild System in Mauryan Period    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;   Guild System in Mauryan Period    History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Bijnor;    Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;  Guild System in Mauryan Period   Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Guild System in Mauryan Period    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;  Guild System in Mauryan Period Ancient Saharanpur History,   Guild System in Mauryan Period   Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास                      :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

Bhishma Kukreti

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                 Gurkha /Gorkha Ignoring Social Welfare Works
Disregard for Garhwali Scholars in Garhwal in Gurkha /Gorkha Period -7

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 37
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -102   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -621
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

           Gurkha/Gorkha totally ignored social welfare in Garhwal and Kumaon in their rule.  There is no mention about Gurkha /Gorkha helping hospitals, schools or irrigation system in Kumaon, Garhwal. There was no state sponsored hospital or doctors for offering assistance to patients.
                  Common Diseases of Garhwal, Kumaon Gurkha Period
             There were no remedies for physical injuries and societies had to depend on local Ayurvedic Doctors, Tantrik, and Mantrik, Jagris etc for each disease remedy.
Goiter was common in Bhagirathi valley, Badhan regions.
         Epidemics as cholera, small pox, pox, etc were common diseases all over Kumaon, Garhwal.
               Different types of Fevers were common across Uttarakhand.
Bhotiya were ill famous for dirty clothing and many diseases.
 There were cattle diseases common too.
                  Jadun Bharin Thupri , Rudi ma Khali Thupri
 There was a proverb commonly used ‘Jadun Bharin Thupri , Rudi ma Khali Thupri’  that spoke about diseases of River valleys people and those staying in river bank region. The literary meaning of proverb ‘Jadun Bharin Thupri, Rudi ma Khali Thupri’ is that ‘In Winter the basket is Full but in Summer, the Basket is Empty. The real meaning is that there are newly born children in winter but due to disease all children die in summer near River Bank Valleys.
                       Miscellaneous Diseases of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Period
 Due to cholera and other epidemics villagers used to run from their houses. Other diseases were –
Toothache (Ghunad)
Ear diseases (bayalu)
Khaj –Khujli
Dag (Skin Disease)
Leucorrhea (Pramey)
Dyspepsia
Liver diseases
Jaundice
Conjunctivitis (Ankh An)
Cateress (Motiyabind)
Haematuri
Cough
Throat Souring
Asthma
Different Types of Body ache
 Bronchitis
Inflammation
Diseases of Blood and Bones
Menstrual Disorders
Arthritis
Mental Disorders
Migraine
Burn Wounds
Urinary Disorders
Flatulence 
Gangrene
Leprosy 
Plague (epidemic)

Some diseases were not named as Heart Attack (Chati fatan)  or Caner.
 
 



** Most of aspects were taken from Asiatic Researches volume- 11 and Dr Dabral
* History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal in next chapter …   

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 26/4//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -622
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Common Diseases of Garhwal and Kumaon & History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx



 

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