Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 534917 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #740 on:** May 01, 2015, 02:16:47 PM »

Bijlwan Community Story about Serving Tehri Prince King Sudarshan Shah in Exile
(Folk Tales from Garhwal series-109)
(Narrated by Dinesh Bijlwan, Andufi Village, Patti Kwili, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand)
Bhishma Kukreti
There are many community stories about Gurkha invasion and Gurkha rule in Garhwal. Bhishma Kukreti penned down such community stories in past.
Garhwali Playwright and Drama Activist Dinesh Bijlwan told this author one such community story.
When Garhwal King was running from Gurkha via Tehri, Dehradun towards Haridwar, Prince Sudarshan Shah was also running and Gurkha followed him.
Prince Sudarshan Shah had to spend many months in dense forest of Kansali (Bordering Haridwar, Dehradun and Saharanpur and perhaps Himachal too. Sudarshan Shah had with him a couple of Rajput body Guards, a couple of Harijan and a Brahmin Girijapati Bijlwan as Saryul (cook). Girijapati was not only cook but an astrologer, Mantrik for Sudarshan Shah in exile.
The descendents of Girijapati tell the stories of Sudarshan Shah spending life as anonymous. Girijapati Bijlwan and a couple of servants used to visit villages for grains and food articles. Girijapati Bijlwan used to cook food for Sudarshan Shah in bamboo pipes. First one holed Green Bamboo Pipe was filled with food grains and some water and then one hole was covered by Red Mud. Then grain filled pipe was put on burning wood. When food was cooked the pipe was cut and cooked food was offered to the Garhwal prince Sudarshan Shah on big leaves.
Later on, Prince Sudarshan Shah reached to Haridwar with the help of a Panda. Girijapati was with Sudarshan Shah in Haridwar too as trusted Saryul (Cook).
When Sudarshan Shah became Tehri Garhwal King, he offered Jagir of irrigated fields of Andufi village of Kwili Patti. However, there were conflicts between the family of Girijapati and Sudarshan Shah for a petty matter. Sudarshan Shah cancelled Jagir to family of Girijapati.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 1/5//15, Mumbai, India
References

1-Bhishma Kukreti, 1984, Garhwal Ki Lok Kathayen, Binsar Prakashan, Lodhi Colony, Delhi 110003,
2- Bhishma Kukreti 2003, Salan Biten Garhwali Lok Kathayen, Rant Raibar, Dehradun
Xx
South Asian Community Story from Garhwal; South Asian Bijlwan Community Story from Tehri Garhwal; South Asian Bijlwan Community Story from Kwili Patti , Garhwal; South Asian Community Story from village Andefi , Tehri Garhwal; South Asian Community Story from Garhwal about Prince Sudarshan Shah in Exile; South Asian Community Story from Garhwal about Prince King Sudarshan Shah in Haridwar Jungle ; South Asian Community Story from Garhwal about Prince Sudarshan Shah in Kansali Jungle ;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #741 on:** May 02, 2015, 10:56:15 AM »

History Crossing River Means in Himachal, Kumaon and Garhwal in Gurkha Period

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 43
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -106
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -627
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Garhwali King erected Iron wire bridges on a few Rivers at strategic places. Those iron wired bridges got destroyed before Gorkha/Gurkha invasion. There were Sanga (bridge made by Rope and wood plates) and Jhule (grass Rope Bridge) in Garhwal Kings Period for crossing rivers. Most of rope and wood plate bridges were also used in Gurkha/Gorkha Period.
In Shrinagar, for crossing Alaknanda River reaching to Ranihat, people used Jhula Bridge and Donga Boat (Round made by Bamboo or Bheemal Sticks). In Fulchatti (conference of Hinwal and Ganga) too, Donga were used for crossing Ganga between Pauri Garhwal and Tehri Garhwal. In Banghat (conference of Purvi Nayar and pashchmi Nayar Rivers), Donga were used for crossing in rainy season.
There was Sanga Bridge in Wangtoo, Himachal when Gurkha invaded Himachal region.
Gurkha also retained the system of contracting Thekedar for maintain Jhula and Donga. Those contractors used to get grains from prescribed villages and payment from river crossers. Contractors used to pay taxes to Gurkha government.

*** This chapter References –
Moorcroft, Travels in Hindustan Atkinson
Trail, Sketches of Kumaon
** Most of details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 2/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -628
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History Crossing Rivers in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon and Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Nainital Kumaon and Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Almora Kumaon and Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Champawat Kumaon and Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Bageshwar Kumaon and Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Pithoragarh Kumaon and Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha Period;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #742 on:** May 02, 2015, 11:59:20 AM »

Greece Bactria King Demetrius I in context History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur

हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में यवन नरेश दिमित्रस I
Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 114

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 114

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

दिमित्रस I [200 -180 ? 160 ? BC ] युथिदिम का पराक्रमी पुत्र था। वह सिकंदर के समान भारत पर अधिकार का आकांक्षी था। अनुमान किया जाता है कि राज्याम्भरम्भ अशोक की मृत्यु के तीस चालीस वर्ष पश्चात हुआ।

अपने पुत्र को बाख्तार व सॉग्द की रक्षा का भार सौंपकर दिमित्रस Iअपने भ्राता अपोलोदात व सेनापति मेनान्द्र के साथ भारत विजय अभियान पर निकल पड़ा। पश्चमी तक्षशिला और पश्चमी सिंधु क्षेत्र को जीतकर वह दक्षिण सिंधु पंहुचा और वहां अपने नाम दिमित्रस के नाम से की स्थापना की। दिमित्रस I की एक सेना मेनान्द्र नेतृत्व में गांधार के पूर्व की और बढ़ी और व्यास , सतलज को पार कर मथुरा तक पंहुच गयी।
दिमित्रस I की दूसरी सेना अपोलोदात के नेतृत्व पातळ नगरी को जीतकर सौराष्ट्र से होती हुयी भरुकच्छ तक पंहुच गयी। भरुकच्छ को राजधानी बनाई।
पश्चमी भारत के बड़े भूभाग पर अधिकार के बाद मगध विजय की योजना बनाई।
सेना ने वर्तमान चित्तौड़ के नजदीक माध्यमिका नगरी को जीतकर पाटलिपुत्र की और प्रस्थान किया
सेना ने मथुरा को जीतकर पूर्व की ओर पांचाल , साकेत व काशी को जीतकर पाटलिपुत्र पर आक्रमण कर दिया।
यवन आक्रमणों का वर्णन पतांजलि /पंतजलि महाभाष्य , हरिवंश , युग पुराण , मार्कण्डेय पुराण , गार्गी संहिता में भी उल्लेख है।
कुछ नरेशों ने प्रतिरोध किया कुछ नरेश प्रतिरोध ना कर सके। मगध का राजा भागकर जंगलों में छुप गया था।
यवन सेना संख्या में अधिक थी व युद्ध सामग्री व युद्ध परवहन तंत्र में विकसित थी। भारत में जैन व बौद्ध संस्कृति के कारण युद्ध विज्ञान में विकास लगभग बंद ही था तो यवन सेना को जीतना सरल था।
इसी दौरान यवन में अन्य यवन समान्तों ने दिमित्रस के राज्य पर अधिकार कर लिया। अपने साम्राज्य को बचाने में दिमित्रस की मृत्यु हुयी (160 या 180 BC )
भारत में भी यवन अधिकारी आपस में लड़ बैठे और पांचाल[उत्तर यमुना दोआब , सहारनपुर व कुछ भाग उत्तराखंड ] व अन्य मध्य देस के भाग से यवन अधिकार समाप्त हो गया।

** संदर्भ - ---
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल - मध्यएशिया का इतिहास
राजतरंगणी
कनिंघम , क्वेसन्स ऑफ एन्सिएंट इंडिया
*Polibius, The Histories, Book XI, Chapter 34, vol -1
Pantjali, Mahabhashya

Dr J.N.Benrarji
D. C Sarkar

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 2/5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I,Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I,Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I,Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I,Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Bijnor; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I,Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Saharanpur; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur;Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient Saharanpur History, Greece Bactria King Demetrius I, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #743 on:** May 03, 2015, 10:22:51 AM »

Gurkha/Gorkha Ignoring Commerce Development in Garhwal and Kumaon

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 44
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -107
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -628
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Commercial Food Grains of Garhwal and Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha period

Commonly, people used to take food grains as –different millets, and coarse grains. Dr Dabral mentions Maize too. However, this author’s opinion is that Maize and Amaranth would have not been so popular by that time. Besides food grains, people used to depend on forest produces as bark, roots, shoots and leaves, seeds buds etc. People used to boil the mentioned forest items with Chanch/Butter Milk or other curry materials.
People used to grow rice and wheat for paying tax. Taxes were taken in money and as well by grains.
People used to take wheat rice and other cash crops in Kandi/bamboo Baskets, on horses and used to travel more than forty fifty miles to sell such items. People used to sell those items in Wholesale Markets as-Bhabhr , Nazibabad, Chattis of pilgrim highways, fairs. People used to get one rupee for twenty five Ser Wheat (around 25 Kilos) in Haridwar.
In Ruhelkhand Mandi (Nazibabad), seller used to get one rupee for twenty Five Ser Wheat.
The rate of rice in Badrinath was one third rupee for two and half Ser rice and one rupee for Seven Ser Rice.
In Almora, the rate of 32 Ser Wheat was one Farukhabadi rupee. In interior of Garhwal, the rate of 100 Ser of Wheat was one rupee. The Gurkha administrators used to apply tactics not to increase rate for grains.
The Salan people used to visit Nazibabad, Bhabhar, Haridwar, and Dehradun to sell their grains. The farmers of Upper Garhwal used to sell grains to Bhotiya traders. Bhotiya Traders used to sell grains in Tibet and used bring salt to sell in Garhwal.

*** This chapter References –
Moorcroft, Travels in Hindustan Atkinson
Trail, Sketches of Kumaon
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal: John Company at war
English Pre Mutiny Records, Kumaon 1816
Garhwal Settlement Reports
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 3/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -629
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History Crossing Rivers in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon and Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Nainital Kumaon and Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Almora Kumaon and Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Champawat Kumaon and Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Bageshwar Kumaon and Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Pithoragarh Kumaon and Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha Period;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #744 on:** May 04, 2015, 08:07:31 AM »

History analysis of Cash Crops in Garhwal and Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
Gurkha/Gorkha Ignoring Commerce Development in Garhwal and Kumaon -2

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 45
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -108
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -629
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Kumaoni and Garhwali farmers needed cash crops for various purposes especially for salt, Gud, clothing, wage payment and tax payment. However, neither Garhwali King nor Gurkha paid attention on smooth trade facilities that cash crop is sold or exported.
Poppy was grown in Bhagirathi Valley of Tehri –Uttarkashi Garhwal. Farmers used to produce Opium by poppy seeds. The Opium of Bhatwadi region was called the Best Opium. Farmers also eat opium raw seeds and used as spice too.
Hemp was another cash crop that British Factory of Kahsipur used to buy and the hemp clothing was also bought by Sadhis in Pilgrim Raods.
Cotton was grown in Bhagirathi Valley and Salan Region. Cotton was used for local demand only. Cotton was always imported in Garhwal and Kumaon.
Forest produces was also sold for export but mainly wood.
Turmeric, Ginger was farmed for export or cash crop too.
Dr Dabral mentions that Red Chilies were also produced for cash crop. Vasco da-Gama is called who brought Red Chilly in India in 1598. No historical details are available how Chilies reached to Garhwal, Kumaon and when Chilies became household products. British did experimentations on growing such crops of American Origins as Amaranths, Groundnuts, Potato and Chilies etc.

*** This chapter References –
Moorcroft, Travels in Hindustan Atkinson
Trail, Sketches of Kumaon
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal: John Company at war
English Pre Mutiny Records, Kumaon 1816
Garhwal Settlement Reports
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 4/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -630
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History Crossing Rivers in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon and Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Nainital Kumaon and Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Almora Kumaon and Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Champawat Kumaon and Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Bageshwar Kumaon and Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Crossing Rivers in Pithoragarh Kumaon and Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha Period;
Xx
Cash Crops in Dehradun Garhwal and Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; Cash Crops in Pauri Garhwal and Nainital Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; Cash Crops in Chamoli Garhwal and Almora Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; Cash Crops in Rudraprayag Garhwal and Champawat Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; Cash Crops in Tehri Garhwal and Bageshwar Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period; Cash Crops in Uttarkashi Garhwal and Pithoragarh Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #745 on:** May 04, 2015, 09:20:44 AM »

Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King in context History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur
यवन राजा मेनान्द्र /मिलिंद और हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का इतिहास
Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 115

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 115

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

बाख़्तरी -यूनानी राजाओं में मेनान्द्र अथवा मिलिंद का नाम भारत में बहुत प्रसिद्ध है। बौद्ध धर्मी साहित्यकारों ने मेनान्द्र पर रोचक प्रकाश डाला है [मिलिंद पन्हा ).
विद्वानो का मत है कि मेनान्द्र अथवा मिलिंद की राजधानी सकाल में थी (सियालकोट ) दिमित्रस Iके पश्चमी भाग पर युक्रादित ने अधिकार कर लिया था।
मेनान्द्र का अफगानिस्तान , पंजाब , राजस्थान , काठियावाड़ , भरुच (भरुकच्छ ) था और पूर्व में हिमाचल प्रदेश, उत्तराखंड , रुहेलखण्ड , यमुना -गंगा दोआब , मथुरा आगरा तक फैला था।
मेनान्द्र के सिक्के शिमला जिले के सबाथु , रामपुर , मथुरा और आगरा के पास भूतेश्वर में मिले हैं।
स्त्रावो के अनुसार मेनान्द्र/Menander ने सिकंदर सी अधिक भारतीय भूभाग पर अधिकार किया। उसने अपने राज्य की सीमा व्यास नदी से इसमस नदी तक विस्तार किया था । इसमस नदी की पहचान कुमाऊं से रुहेलखण्ड-कन्नौज तक भने वाली तक काली नदी (इक्षुमती या इच्छुमति ) से की जाती है।

मेनान्द्र/Menander का राज्यविधि समय

विद्वानों ने मेनान्द्र/Menanderकी राज्यविधि समय 175 - 90 BC के मध्य निर्धारित किया है -
बौन गुटस्मिद -175 BC
लामोत - 163 -150 BC
स्मिथ - 160 -140 BC
रैप्सन - 160 BC
नारायण -155 -130 BC
डी सी सरकार - 115 -90 BC

अब तक पांचाल के 12 से अधिक राजाओं के सिक्के प्राप्त हो चुके हैं अतः मेनान्द्र/Menander का पांचाल पर अधिक दिनों तक अधिकार नही रहा होगा।
मेनान्द्र/Menander की मृत्यु व मृत्यु समय पर विद्वानो के अलग अलग विचार हैं। कुछ कहते हैं कि मेनान्द्र/Menander की मृत्यु बैक्ट्रिया सामंतो से युद्ध के समय हुयी। कुछ कहते हैं कि पाटलिपुत्र पुष्यमित्र ने जब साकल पर आक्रमण किया तब मेनान्द्र/Menander की मृत्यु हुयी। यूनानी लखकों के अनुसार मेनान्द्र/Menander की मृत्यु अपने साम्राज्य की रक्षा करते हुयी।

** संदर्भ - ---
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल - मध्यएशिया का इतिहास
राजतरंगणी
कनिंघम , क्वेसन्स ऑफ एन्सिएंट इंडिया
*Polibius, The Histories, Book XI, Chapter 34, vol -1
Pantjali, Mahabhashya

Dr J.N.Benarji
D. C Sarkar

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India /5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient Saharanpur History, Menander I or Milinda : An Indo- Greek King, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #746 on:** May 05, 2015, 10:19:40 AM »

History: Human Trafficking and Cattle Trades in Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

Gurkha/Gorkha Ignoring Commerce Development in Garhwal and Kumaon -3

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 46
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -109
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -630
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Human Trafficking in Gurkha Period
Human trafficking was common trade in Gurkha period. Gurkha administrators were cruel and used to sell the financial criminals in Haridwar and Dehradun. Fasure reported that Gurkha sold two lakhs unfortunate Garhwalis as slaves in Haridwar, Dehradun, Tibet (Dabral) and Ruhelkhand.

Cattle Trade and Cattle Produces in Gurkha/Gorkha Period
Garhwalis used to sell cattle as sheep, Goats, caws, bulls, and buffalos, horses in plains of Ruhelkhnad, Haridwar and Saharanpur. Haridwar was big market for domestic animals of Garhwal. The animals from Garhwal were valuable for transportation, milk production and meat. Forest animals of Garhwal were also sold in Mandis of Nazibabad, Haridwar.
People used to catch Elephant kind and used to sell in Nazibabad or Haridwar for approximately for rupees two hundred. Upper Garhwal was famous for selling Baj.
Honey business was also a cash generating business. People used to have honey bee hive in their own houses and also collected honey from jungles. Honey of Garhwal was famous from Asoka time and has premiums.

*** This chapter References –
Moorcroft, Travels in Hindustan Atkinson
Trail, Sketches of Kumaon
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal: John Company at war
English Pre Mutiny Records, Kumaon 1816
Garhwal Settlement Reports
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 5/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -631
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History Human Trafficking in Dehradun Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Human Trafficking in Haridwar Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Human Trafficking in Pauri Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Human Trafficking in Chamoli Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Human Trafficking in Rudraprayag Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Human Trafficking in Tehri Garhwal in Gurkha Period; History Human Trafficking in Uttarkashi Garhwal in Gurkha Period;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #747 on:** May 05, 2015, 11:22:47 AM »

Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda in context History Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur
हिन्द-यवन राजा मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंद का प्रशासन

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 116

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 116

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

बौद्ध साहित्य ''मिलिंद पन्हा' में यवन राजा मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंदकी प्रशसा की गयी है। 'मिलिंद पन्हा' व यूनानी साहित्य में मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंदको न्यायप्रिय व दार्शनिक शासक बताया गया है। मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंद नदार्शनिक प्रश्नो का उत्तर देने में कुशल था। एक बार वह प्रश्न उत्तर नही दे स्का तो वह बौद्ध विद्वान थेर नागसेन के पास गया और थेर नागसेन ने उन प्रश्नो का निवारण किया। मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंद बौद्ध धर्म स्वीकार किया। मिलिंद पन्हा में लिखा है की वृद्ध होने पर मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंदने अपना साम्राज्य पर को सौंपकर प्रवाजी बन गया व प्रवाजी के रूप में निर्वाण प्राप्त किया। उसे मृत्यु से पूर्व अर्हत पद प्राप्त हो गया था।
मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंदके परवर्ती यवन शासक
मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंदके उत्तराधिकारी उसके समान उदार न थे अपितु अति स्वार्थी थे व भारत के संस्कृति विरुद्ध व्यवहार करते थे। लूटमार , व्यभिचार , स्त्रियों -बच्चों पर अत्याचार , आपस में झगड़ा के आदि थे। सदा दूसरों की स्त्रियों को छीनने वाले , गोवध को सदा तयार रहते थे । इससे उनका कुछ समय पश्चात ही विनाश हो गया।
मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंद राज्य में समकालीन हरिद्वार , बिजनौर व सहारनपुर

87 -165 AD विद्यमान विद्वान ताल्मी (मोतीचन्द्र के अनुसार ) ने यवन नरेशों के बारे में जो सुचना दी हैं उनमे कुलिंदराइन याने कुलिंद जनपद का उल्लेख किया है। व्यास , सतलज , यमुना , गंगा की उपत्यका में कुलिंदराइन जाती बसी थी (खस ) .
बिजनौर , हरिद्वार , सहारनपुर का कितना भाग मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंदके राज्य में था अनुमान लगाना कठिन है।
कांगड़ा जिले में यवन नरेश अपोलदत्त II व कुलिंदनरेश अमोघभूति के सिक्के मिलने से अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है कि कुलिंदनरेश अमोघभूति ने कुलिंद क्षेत्र को यवन राज्य से मुक्त किया था।
मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंद का पश्चमी भारत के बंदरगाहों उत्तर पश्चिम की व्यापारिक मंडियों पर अधिकार होने से निर्यात -आयात व्यापर बढ़ा। अतः मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंदके राजयकाल में हरिद्वार , बिजनौर व सहारनपुर में अवश्य ही व्यापार वृद्धि हुयी होगी।
सियालकोट से साकेत तक के हाइवे के मध्य स्रुघ्न , कालकूट , भाभर , गोविषाण शहर आते थे अतः व्यापारिक विकास हुआ होगा।
राहुल व अल बरुनी जैसे इतिहासकार सहारनपुर , हरिद्वार का निकटवर क्षेत्र -जौनसार लोगों का संबंध यवनों से जोड़ते हैं जिसका अर्थ है कि मेनान्द्र/Menander/मिलिंदके समय यवनों का बिजनौर , हरिद्वार व सहारनपुर पर भी प्रभाव था।

** संदर्भ - ---
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल - मध्यएशिया का इतिहास
राजतरंगणी
कनिंघम , क्वेसन्स ऑफ एन्सिएंट इंडिया
*Polibius, The Histories, Book XI, Chapter 34, vol -1
Pantjali, Mahabhashya

Dr J.N.Benarji
D. C Sarkar

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 5/5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Bijnor; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Saharanpur; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient Saharanpur History, Administration of Greek Indian King Menander/Milinda & Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #748 on:** May 06, 2015, 09:47:09 AM »

Weakening of Bhotiya Trades, Huniya Trades in Garhwal in Gurkha/Gorkha Period

Gurkha/Gorkha Ignoring Commerce Development in Garhwal and Kumaon -4

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 47
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -110
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -631
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

The trade in North -West of Garhwal was normal. The important trade by Bhotiya with Tibet (Hun Des) was important for all including administration.
Neeti and Mana Valley Bhotiya traders used to bring various articles from Tibet for Garhwal citizens and they used to take goods from Garhwal for Tibetans.
Mana where Bhotiya lived was under Badrinath Temple land and Gorkha could not take tax from Bhotiya traders. Therefore the earning for Gurkha administration was from trade between Tibet and Garhwal in Neeti valley.
Import from Tibet to Garhwal
Bhotiya of Garhwal used to import articles from Tibet for Garhwal as-Salt, Boxite, Gold dust, Wool, Wollen Goods, Kasturi or musk dust, Chanvar, Sheep, Horses, Goats, Medicines and medicinal herbs and gems. They used to bring items in summer season from Tibet. Bhotiya Businessmen used to sell those items in whole of Garhwal till Nazibabad. Bhotiya Traders used to transport items on horses or sheep. Sheep was very essential mode of transport till 1962 in Garhwal and Tibet.
Export from Garhwal to Tibet
Bhotiya businessmen used to sell above produces and used to buy grains from Nagpur region for selling in Tibet. A few Bhotiya Businessmen used to tour Nazibabad for Gud , Sugar and other needful items for Tibet.
Gurkha administrators increased levy on Bhotiya Trade in Neeti valley and the business came down due to heavy taxation.
Huniya of Sutlej Valley
The traders of Extreme North Sutlej valley were called Huniya. They were intermediates of Tibet near Himachal and Garhwal. They used to bring items on sheep and goats to Shrinagar and used to buy grains in exchange. Huniya has dealers in Mana and Neeti for trade exchanges. Garhwal Kings did not levy tax on Huniya Businesses. However, Gurkha administrators started taking tax and Huniya of Himachal stopped coming to Shrinagar.
By 1808, the trade between Tibet and Garhwal became practically zero. (Asia Research Journal, vol -11 page 498)

*** This chapter References –
Moorcroft, Travels in Hindustan Atkinson
Trail, Sketches of Kumaon
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal: John Company at war
English Pre Mutiny Records, Kumaon 1816
Garhwal Settlement Reports
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 6/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -632
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #749 on:** May 06, 2015, 11:50:20 AM »

The Sungas in context Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में शुंग साम्राज्य
Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 117

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 117

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
शुंग साम्राज्य [185 -73 BC ]

शुंग साम्राज्य के उत्थान में कई सिद्धांत माने हैं। पाणिनि शुंग ब्राह्मण भारद्वाज का वंशज बताते हैं तो दिव्यावदन शुंग राजाओं को मौर्य परिवार का बताता है। कालिदास उन्हें बैम्बिका परिवार का बताते हैं।
पुष्यमित्र [185 -149 BC ]

बृहद्रथ की हत्या -यवन आक्रमण से मौर्य साम्राज्य नष्ट हो गयी थी। यवन सेना का गांधार से पाटलिपुत्र पंहुचने का अर्थ ही कि मौर्य साम्राज्य नाममात्र का साम्राज्य रह चुका है।
कालिदास साहित्य से मालूम होता है कि मौर्य राजधानी में दो दल थे।
एक दल प्रमुख मौर्य सेनापति पुष्यमित्र था जिसने अपने पुत्र को विदिशा का प्रमुख बना दिया था। दुसरा आमात्य जिसने अपने संबंधी यज्ञसेन को विदर्भ का सामंत या राजप्रतिनिधि बना डाला था।
पुराणो से विदित होता है कि मौर्य राजा वृहद्रथ को उसीके सेनापति पुष्यमित्र ने मार डाला और गद्दी हासिल की। मौर्य नरेशों धर्म [बौद्ध ] धर्म में अधिक थी और सैन्य रक्षा विकास में कम थी। अतः रूठे सैनिकों ने पुष्यमित्र का समर्थन किया।
विदर्भ विजय - पुष्यमित्र के मौर्य नरेश वृहद्रथ हत्या होते ही यज्ञसेन ने पाटलिपुत्र आमात्य के संकेत पर अपने को विदर्भ का स्वतंत्र राजा घोषित कर दिया था। मौर्य आमात्य भी विदर्भ की ओर चल पड़ा। पुष्यमित्र को यह आशंका पहले से थी।
पुष्यमित्र के पुत्र , विदिशा प्रतिनिधि अग्निमित्र ने मौर्य आमात्य को बंदी बना डाला।
अग्निमित्र ने यज्ञसेन चचेरे भाई माधवसेन साथ मिला लिया। माधवसेन ने अपनी बहिन का विवाह अग्निमित्र के साथ करने का निर्णय लिया। माधवसेन जब अपनी बहिन को विदिशा की ओर ला रहा था तो यज्ञसेन ने माधवसेन को बंदी बना डाला। यज्ञसेन ने शर्त रखी कि माधवसेन को तभी मुक्त किया जाएगा जब बदले में मौर्य आमात्य को छोड़ा जाएगा।
अग्निमित्र यज्ञसेन की शर्त न मानते हुए अपनी सेना विदर्भ भेज दी और विदर्भ पर अधिकार कर लिया। अग्निमित्र ने विदर्भ को विभाजित कर दो भागों में विभक्त कर दिया। यज्ञसेन व माधवसेन को अलग अलग प्रदेशों स्थानिक बना लिया।
पाटलिपुत्र अन्य उच्च पदासीन भी शासन को अपने हाथ में लेने को आतुर रहे होंगे अतः पुष्यमित्र को मगध , विदिशा , विदर्भ में अपनी सत्ता जमाने में कुछ समय लगा ही। होगा और इसके पश्चात यवन राज को भगाने , मध्य देस को जीतने की योजना बनी होगी।

** संदर्भ - ---
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल - मध्यएशिया का इतिहास
Harshacharit
Mahabhashya
Therivali of Merutunga a jain Writer
Mlavaikagnimitram of Kalidas
Ray Chaudhari, Political History of Ancient India

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 6/5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - Sungas & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas &Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas &Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas &Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; Sungas & History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sungas & Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Sungas & Ancient History of Saharanpur;Sungas & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Sungas & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Sungas & Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Sungas & Ancient Saharanpur History, Sungas & Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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