Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 534962 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #750 on:** May 07, 2015, 05:27:57 AM »

Traders in Shrinagar Garhwal in Gurkha Rule
Gurkha/Gorkha Ignoring Commerce Development in Garhwal and Kumaon -5

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 48
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -111
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -632
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Most of the trade of Garhwal, Kumaon was in done by small or big individual traders. The representatives of Traders from Nazibabad, and Doab (Plains of Yamuna-Ganga region) used to stay in Shrinagar Garhwal. Those representatives used to create markets for goods of plains and used to appoint traders in Garhwal. Those representatives also used to arrange export from Garhwal to their business houses in plains.
Those representatives used to come to Shrinagar after rainy season and used to return in plains just before rainy season start. In 1808, there were 60-70 small Muslim traders in Shrinagar (Asiatic Researches vol 11, 491). Those Muslim traders used to seel products as from onion to silk products in Shrinagar. Gurkha administrators used to harass those small traders and slowly small traders of plains stopped coming to Shrinagar. Many traders shifted from Shrinagar.

*** This chapter References –
Moorcroft, Travels in Hindustan Atkinson
Trail, Sketches of Kumaon
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal: John Company at war
English Pre Mutiny Records, Kumaon 1816
Garhwal Settlement Reports
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 7/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -633
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #751 on:** May 07, 2015, 07:02:31 AM »

First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra and Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में शुंग नरेश पुष्यमित्र का अश्वमेध यज्ञ

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 118

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 118

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
नन्द , चाण्यक्य व अशोक के प्रयासों से भारत एक देस बन गया था और एकता होने लगी थी। किन्तु कमजोर मौर्य नरेशों के कारण फिर से क्षत्रप उभर कर आये और यवन साम्राज्य की भी नींव पड़ी।
पुष्यमित्र ने राज संभालने के बाद अश्वमेध यज्ञ प्रारम्भ किया। इससे सेना व प्रजा में उत्साह आ गया। पुष्यमित्र सेना के साथ जगह जगह घूमने लगा और जन भावनाओं व जनता से परिचित होता गया। स्थानिक , सामंत , राजुक भी सचेत होने लगे और प्रशासन की ओर ध्यान देने लगे।
प्रजा का विश्वास पुष्यमित्र पर हो गया। धार्मिक पूजन में बंधन हट गया और सनातन धर्म [हिन्दू ] फिर से समाज में स्थान पाने लगा.
पुष्यमित्र के अश्वमेध युग का प्रारम्भ हुआ। पुष्यमित्र जिस भी देस में जाता उसका स्वागत किया जाता था।

** संदर्भ - ---
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल - मध्यएशिया का इतिहास
Harshacharit
Mahabhashya
Therivali of Merutunga a jain Writer
Mlavaikagnimitram of Kalidas
Ray Chaudhari, Political History of Ancient India

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 7/5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग - First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Bijnor; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Saharanpur; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; First Ashwamedha Yagya of Sunga King Pushyamitra Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #752 on:** May 08, 2015, 08:34:21 AM »

Export and Import in Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period

Gurkha/Gorkha Ignoring Commerce Development in Garhwal and Kumaon -6

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 49
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -112
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -633
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Exportable Items from Uttarakhand

Agro Products- Grains- Rice, Wheat, Millets, Pulses, soyabean (Bhatt), linen, muster, turmeric, ginger, garlic, Elephant ear yam, Keshar, Nagkeshar, Pomegranates, opium, Ghee, Honey, Oil, Horses, Dogs , domestic animals etc.
Forest Produces- Blue berries, Figs, Dalchini, Tejpatta, Herbs, Medicianl Plants, Forest Honey, Chanvar, Kasturi, Bhojpatra, Bamboo verities, Grass, wood articles and furniture wood, gums, lakhs, resins, coal, animals, wild animals skins, etc
Minerals- Lime stones, colored clay, chalks, sulfates, plumbs, copper, iiron, boxites, Tibet Salt, Gold dust, Shilajit
Finished goods- Woolen goods, blankets, hemp articles, rugs, wood vessels, bamboo vessels and articles, baskets, khukri, Handle of swords, knives, copper vessels and utensils, idosl, Hill paper, Hill inks, resin articles, Tarpine, Opium, Charas etc.
Human- All categories
Articles Imported in Garhwal, Kumaon
Edible Items- Mountain Salt, Oil, Sugar, jiggery, spices, beetle nuts, Coconuts, Dry fruits, tobacco leaves,
Dress Materials- cotton raw materials, silk, dresses, high quality woolen dresses, embroider dresses.
Music Instruments-
Color and resins- Indigo, Gulal, Abeer, soaps, Mirror
Metals and Metal articles- Metal products of Europe, Iron and copper items, Tin etc Currencies
Miscellaneous Imported items – Guns, Gun Powders, papers ink etc
Items from Tibet- Salt, Bauxites, Gold dust, wool and woolen products, Sheep and goats, Tibetan caws, horses, dogs, Chanvar, Musket, medicinal plants and medicines, gems etc

Dr Dabral mentioned Maize, Amaranth and Red Chili as export items from Garhwal. However, those items were not commonly grown in Garhwal in Gurkha Period.
*** This chapter References –
Moorcroft, Travels in Hindustan Atkinson
Trail, Sketches of Kumaon
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal: John Company at war
English Pre Mutiny Records, Kumaon 1816
Garhwal Settlement Reports
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 8/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -634
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History, Export and Import in Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period; History, Export and Import in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period; History, Export and Import in Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period; History, Export and Import in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period; History, Export and Import in Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period; History, Export and Import in Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #753 on:** May 08, 2015, 09:21:18 AM »

Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries in context Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में पुष्यमित्र का मध्यदेश व मध्यमिका पर अधिकार
Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 119

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 119

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
मध्यदेश , कुरु पंचाल , कोसल , काशी , दक्षिण -पश्चिम में सौराष्ट्र तक यवनों का अधिकार होने से पाटलिपुत्र की सुरक्षा असंभव थी। इसलिए अश्वमेध यज्ञ के अवसर पर पुष्यमित्र ने इन क्षेत्रों पर अधिकार प्रयत्न किये।
डा भंडारकर का मत है कि साकेत और मध्यमिका क्षेत्रों पर अधिकार के पश्चात ही अश्वमेध यज्ञ का आयोजन किया होगा। पश्चिम में जब युक्रादित से साम्राज्य रक्षा हेतु यवन नरेश दिमित्र की मृत्यु हो गयी तो मेनान्द्र के लिए भी पूर्वी ईरान -पश्चिम भारत , अफगानिस्तान की रक्षा आवश्यक हो गयी।
मेनान्द्र कुरु व पांचाल राज्यों को जीत सकता था किन्तु युक्रादित के पंचनद क्षेत्र पर अधिकार व युक्रादित की भारत विजय महत्वाकांक्षा के रहते मेनान्द्र भारत विजय का अभियान पूरा न कर स्का और पुष्यमित्र ने कोसल , कशी, कुरु -पंचाल , मध्यमिका क्षेत्र से यवन अधिकार को समाप्त कर दिया।
160 BC में युक्रादित को पश्चिम की और रक्षा हेतु भारत से वापस जाना पड़ा और मेनान्द्र की भी स्थिति ऐसी न थी कि वह पुष्यमित्र से भीड़ सके। अतः पुष्यमित्र को कुरु कशी , कुरु -पंचाल , मध्यमिका पर अधिकार संवारने, मजबूत करने का अवसर मिल

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 8/5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -

Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient Saharanpur History, Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas,
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #754 on:** May 13, 2015, 09:33:38 AM »

Income/ Revenue Generation by Gurkha Rulers in Garhwal and Kumaon

Economical Administration of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule -1
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 50
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -113
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -634
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Nepal government fixed the income source for paying salaries to its employees in Garhwal and Kumaon. Each employee was a solider or army man. Gurkha kept three battalions in Garhwal. Each battalion consisted of five Companies. Each company used to get Rs 8672 annual salary. The annual salary of company Commander was Rs. 5005.
Total Annual salaries of 15 companies- Rs 1,30,080
Total Annual Salaries of 3 Commanders – 15, 015
Total annual expenditure of armed force- Rs 145,095
Barring Gunth of Temples and other Sadabrat, the balance land was offered as Jadad (property) to the soldiers.
Gurkha administrators did not pay salaries to Kamin and Sayans. They used to collect tax from villagers. The soldiers and other employees used to collect tax for various expenses of Gurkha administration. The annual tax was around Rs 1,50,000

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 13/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -635
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #755 on:** May 13, 2015, 10:18:33 AM »

Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) by Pushyamitra and Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में पुष्यमित्र का द्वितीय अश्वमेध यज्ञ Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 120
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 120

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
पुष्यमित्र ने 36 राज्य किया। अंतिम वर्षों में उसे मेनान्द्र से भिड़ना पड़ा और शायद मेनान्द्र की मृत्यु भी इसी युद्ध में हुयी , उसकी विधवा अपने पुत्र को लेकर पश्चिम की और भाग गयी (उपाध्याय , प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास। )। संभवतः पुष्यमित्र ने मेनान्द्र समर्थक बौद्धों की भी हत्या की थी।
इस विजय के बाद पुष्यमित्र ने दूसरे अश्वमेध यज्ञ का आयोजन किया जिसमें उसका पौत्र वसुमित्र एक सौ राजकुमारों के साथ घोड़े की रक्षा करने गया था।
सिंधु तट पर यवन (Greek) सेना घोड़े को पकड़ लिया वसुमित्र ने युद्ध में यवन सेना को हराकर घोड़े को छुड़ा लिया। अश्व के सकुशल लौट आने पर अश्वमेध यज्ञ सम्पन हुआ और इस यज्ञ के मुख्य पुरोहित भाष्यकार पतंजलि थे (मालविकाग्निमित्रम् , अंक 5 ) .
अनुमान किया जाता है कि दूसरे अश्वमेध यज्ञ 149 BC में संपन हुआ ।
पुष्यमित्र का शासन नर्मदा क्षेत्र तक था। अशोक के पश्चात कलिंग व आंध्र स्वतंत्र और ताकतवर राज्य हो गए थे। पुष्यमित्र ने उनसे युद्ध करना लाजमी नही समजा होगा। अतः पुष्यमित्र मगध से सिंधु तक पश्चिम में सीमित रहा। इस तरह कहा जा सकता है कि उत्तराखंड , बिजनौर , हरिद्वार और सहारनपुर पर भी पुष्यमित्र का शासन था।

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India13 /5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -

Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Bijnor; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Saharanpur; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient Saharanpur History, Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #756 on:** May 14, 2015, 07:34:30 AM »

Pungadi Kar or Farm/ Land Tax in Garhwal in Gurkha Period
Economical Administration of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule -2
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 51
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -114
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -635
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Gurkha needed money for campaign for winning Himachal and west India. Gurkha administration increased taxation up to that extent that many families migrated to plains of India. Gurkha needed minimum of Rs three lakhs for maintaining the administration. Gurkha were cruel in collecting taxes.
Pungadi Kar or Land Tax
Pungadi means farm. At initial stage only, Gurkha increased land tax very high that there was no scope for further increase.
Bahadur Bhandari and Dashrath Khatri divided land according to fertility as-
Abal- Top class land
Dom- Second grade
Som – third grade land
Chahar – fourth grade
Sunkhbasi – infertile or dry land
Gurkha decided tax as per fertility for each village. Kamin or Sayana used to collect tax from farmers or Jamindar (jimdar). Central Gurkha administration did not have exact details of fertility but Kamin or Sayana and farmers knew exact fertility.
The regional head (Garkha) of Dhangu kept tax provision for Rs 703. 50 for Dabralsyun Patti (Thokdar Awtar Singh Rawat’s private collection shown to Dr Dabral). The tax provision for Two villages Kuntani and Gauli for year 1812 was as follows-
Shri Ram : 1
Sanvat 1869 ka sal Dhangu Garshya Dabrasyun ki
Asul Jama Rupya – 703.50
Galigaun 1 ghar rupya --------------------------------------Kuntani Gaun 1
Gangu Sayano Abal - 3------------------------------------Heema Sayano Abal –2.50
Sheema Sem ----------00.75------------------------------- Budhi Sem ------00.75 (III)
Sekar Sukvansi --- two anna -----------------------------Jatru Chahar ----- eight ana
Dhani Chahar ---------- eight ana --------------------------Banchu Auji Abal -----Eight ana
Nath ko Ghar abal------- one rupee and four ana ------Bhajda Sem – four ana
Chanu Chahar – four ana
Tulya Dom abal ---- four ana
Rs 6 and fifteen ana ------------------------------------------Rs four and eight ana
Most probably there was tax one rupee per Bee Nali (According to seed consumption pattern ). British kept same taxation till 1957.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 14/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -636
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #757 on:** May 14, 2015, 08:47:38 AM »

Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Haridwar History

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में पुष्यमित्र का बौद्ध श्रमणों पर अत्याचार

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 121
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 121

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
दिव्यावादन व तारानाथ के लेखों विदित होता है कि पुष्यमित्र ने बौद्धों पर अत्याचार किये। पाटलिपुत्र के निकट कुक्कटाराम में अशोक निर्मित बौद्ध विहार को तोड़ने का प्रयाश पुष्यमित्र ने किया था ( कैंब्रिज हिस्ट्री ऑफ इंडिया )। प्राचीन भारत के इतिहास लेखक भगवतशरण उपाध्याय के अनुसार पुष्यमित्र ने पाटलिपुत्र से लेकर जालंधर तक सभी बौद्ध विहार जला डाले। पुष्यमित्र ने बौद्ध श्रमणों की हत्या का प्रयास ही नही किया अपितु अन्य को बौद्ध भिक्षुओं को मारने की भी प्रेरणा दी।
यद्यपि तारानाथ व दिव्यावदान के लेखों पर विद्वानों में एक मत नही है। कई इतिहासकार नही मानते कि पुष्यमित्र बौद्ध धर्म का इतना घोर विरोधी था क्योंकि भारहुत में महान बौद्ध स्तूप का निर्माण पुष्यमित्र काल में ही हुआ ।
पंजाब के बौद्धों ने यवनों का साथ दिया था तो हो सकता कि पुष्यमित्र को कठोर उपाय अपनाने पड़े हों।
महाभाष्य से पता चलता है कि अशोक के समय से ही सनातनी ब्राह्मणों और बौद्धों के बीच विरोध अधिक था। श्रमण अवैदिक थे और सनातनी ब्राह्मण वैदिक अतः सैद्धांतिक रूप से बौद्धों व ब्राह्मणों के मध्य बैर लाजमी रहा होगा। पुष्यमित्र ब्राह्मण राजा था।

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 14/5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -

Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra &Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Bijnor; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Saharanpur; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient Saharanpur History, Suppression on Shraman Bauddhist by Sunga King Pushyamitra & Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #758 on:** May 15, 2015, 09:28:17 AM »

History: State Income from Different Taxes in Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule

History: Economical Administration of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule -3
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 52
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -115
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -636
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Pungadi Kar (land Tax) collected in Gurkha Rule
According to report in Garhwal Settlement report, B. D. Pande, Tehri Records, and Williams; the tax in Garhwal was as under-
Region------------------------------------------------Income in Gurkha rupees
Gangawar (Pauri, Chamoli, Rudraprayag) - 82409
Gangapar (Tehri, Uttarkashi) ------------------------- 60750
Doon (Barring Jaunsar –Babar, present Dehradun -----11472
Total------------------------------------------------------------154628
The other tax as Najrana, tand, Ghikar, Addhanni daftari , Mijhari etc was 10 percent of total tax.
Salami or Salamya Tax
Salami or Salamya tax was Najrana tax and the rate was not defined as –
Region --------------Pungadi Tax -------------------Salami-Najrana Tax-------------%
Kumaon ---------------85525---------------------------- 27525----------------------------30.08 (Pande)
Gangawar -------------82406------------------------------1147-----------------------------1.04(Trail)
Pande points out that ‘Salami’ tax was that was offered to officers as ‘Najrana’. There is no mention of Salami or Salqmya tax in the records of Dhangu Kamin (Thakur Awatar Singh Rawat ‘s personal library). There is a tax- ‘Teeka Bhent’ in Dhangu Kamin record and Dhangu Kamin paid that tax to Gurkha officer (Dhangu Garshya) in 1805, 1807 and 1809). Most of the records of Dhangu Kamin were destroyed and don’t had details of other years.
There was freedom for Gurkha regional officers to get ‘Najrana’ tax and officers levied many tax under the umbrella of Najrana-
A Faujdar ki Timasi- Faujdar or Gurkah officers used to collect Timasi (one third of rupee) from villages. In 1808, Gurkha officer collected Faujdar ki Timasi from 30 villages of Dabralsyun as 54 Timasi (Gurkha Rs 13.50) (Thokdar Awatar Singh Rawat’s personal library)
B Subedar ki Doni (Duanni)- Doni means two anas. Dabralsyu’s Dhangu Kamin collected Doni from above villages and paid to Gurkha officer.
In 1811, Bhandari and Dashrath Khatri fixed Doni tax as follows
Class of village ---------Dastur for high ranked Officer ----Dastur for Faujdar
First class------------------ 1 rupee------------------------------------------ eight ana
Second class----------------twelve ana-------------------------------------- four ana
Third class ------------------- eight ana---------------------------------------two ana
Fourth class---------------------four ana--------------------------------------one ana
However, officers used to take Timasi too for getting more income for them. There was no record kept for Timasi in Gurkha officer record.

**One rupee means sixteen anas
*(Dastur means Gift )

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 15/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -637
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History: State Income from different Taxes in Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon in Gurkha Rule;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #759 on:** May 15, 2015, 10:09:29 AM »

Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में पुष्यमित्र का व्यक्तित्व

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 122
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -122

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
पुष्यमित्र साहसी व वीर पुरुष था। उसने सेना का व जनता का विश्वास जीत लिया था। उत्तर भारत के अधिकाँश राज्य जीतने के बाद भी उसने अपनी उपाधि सेनापति ही रखी।
मालविकाग्निमित्र व धनदेव शिलालेख में उसे सेनापति ही कहा गया है।
पुष्यमित्र ने अपने पुत्र व सेनापतियों को विशेष अधिकार दिए थे (महाभाष्य )
उसका शाशन अनुशासनबद्ध व जनविश्वास के लाय था तभी यवन उसके राज्यों पर छापा नही दाल सके थे।
पुष्यमित्र चतुर राजनीतिज्ञ भी था।
पुष्यमित्र विद्वान था व विद्वानो का सत्कार करता था। उसकी सभा में पंतजलि सरीखे विद्वान भाग लेते थे। वह निरंकुश शासक नही था अपितु मंत्रियों व विद्वानो की मंत्रणा से शासन चलाता था। मंत्रिपरिषद को महत्व देता था।

उसके राज में नई शैली के भवन निर्मित हुए जो बताते हैं कि पुष्यमित्र के काल में कला को महत्व दिया जाता था। कहा जाता है कि सुमति भार्गव ने इसी काल में मनुस्मृति का सम्पादन किया था।

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 15/5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -

Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra &Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Saharanpur; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient Saharanpur History, Characteristics, Personality of Pushyamitra & Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
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