Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 534961 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #770 on:** June 20, 2015, 01:15:37 PM »

Kuninda /Kulinda Kingdom reference to Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में कुणिंद /कुलिंद भूमि
Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 125 हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 125

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
काद की मुद्राएं अशोककालीन लिपि में हैं। इतिहासकार एलन ने इस जनपद का काल 225 से 175 BC माना है। महाभारत में कुलिंद /कुणिंद जनपद का कई बार उल्लेख आया है आयने मौर्य शासन के बाद भी कुलिंद /कुणिंद जनपद एक महत्वपूर्ण जनपद था। इतिहासकार अन्य सहित्य की विवेचना कर मानते हैं कि काद कुणिंद जनपद महत्वपूर्ण उपजनपद /रजवाड़ा रहा होगा और उसके आस पास के निकटवर्ती राज्यों ने उसके सिककनों को अपनाया होगा। आगे की यौधेय मुद्राओं में द्वि , वि , त्रि अंकन भी यही इंगित करता है।
आगे जाकर इन मुद्राओं में 'कुणिंद ' भी अंकित किया गया है।
कुलिंद /कुणिंद भूमि
ताल्मी (87 -165 AD ) ने व्यास , सतलज , यमुना और गंगा जी के स्रोत्र प्रदेशों की ढालों कुलिन्द्जनो के प्रचार प्रसार का उल्लेख किया है। याने कि 200 BC के करीब भी कुलिंद जनपद एक महत्वपूर्ण जनपद था। कुलीन मुद्राओं का वर्णन है वे मुद्राएं यमुना के पूर्वी और पश्चिम तक मिले हैं। दक्षिण में सहारनपुर के बेहट में मिले हैं। अन्य कुलिंद मुद्राएं जो अम्बाला , सहारनपुर , देहरादून और गढ़वाल में मिलीं हैं उनमे अमोघभूति की मूर्तियां अंकित हैं। याने इस तरह कहा जा सकता है कि यौधेय नरेशों की मूर्तियां हैं। संभवतया कालसी कुलिंद /कुणिंद जनपद का मुख्यालय था हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर व हिमाचल की ढालों में कुलिंद /कुणिंद जनपद विद्यमान था। कुणिंद /कुलिंद याने काद की मुद्राएं ब्राह्मी में हैं तो अमोध्भूति की मुद्राएं खरोष्ठी व ब्राह्मी दोनों में मिलती हैं। यमुना पश्चिम में ब्राह्मी का प्रचार कम था व खरोष्ठी का अधिक।
समकालीन कुलिंद की आर्थिकदशा
कृषि -पशुपालन मुख्य व्यवसाय थे और अदला बदली ही मुख्य एक्सचेंज का साधन था ताम्बे की मुद्राओं की क्या आवश्यकता पड़ी ? इसका अर्ह है कि अवश्य ही निर्यात -आयात होता था कुलिंद एक साधन सम्पन जनपद था। कुलिंद की कोई चांदी की मुद्राएं नही मिली है और इसका अर्थ लगाया जाता है कि छोटे जनपदों के लिए चांदी की मुद्राएं ढालना संभव नही था। छोटे जनपद मौर्य -शुंग नरेशों की चांदी सिक्कों से काम चलाते थे।
धार्मिक मान्यताएं
उस समय धार्मिक मान्यताओं पर विशेस जोर दिया जाता था। वृक्ष शिलाओं को देव रूप माना जाता था। वौद्धमतीय वोधिवृक्ष , स्तूप , त्रिरत्न , की पूजा की जाती थी। साथ साथ सूर्य कार्तिकेय की पूजा भी की जाती थी। कार्तिकेय का अंकन कुलिंद व बाद में यौधेय मुद्राओं में मिलने का अर्थ है कि कार्तिकेय विशेष देव थे व कुलिंद वंशियों के राजवंशीय आराध्य देव भी थे।
स्वास्तिक चिन्ह को भी शुभ माना जाता था।
राजनैतिक दशा
कुलिंद मुद्राएं साक्षी हैं कि कुलिंद राज्य किसी अन्य के अधीन जनपद नही था।
चतुर्वर्ग अर्थ , धर्म , काम व मोक्ष को मान्यता मिल चुकी थी।
मुद्रा ढालने की तकनीक विकसित हो ही रही थी। तोल व अंकन में विविधता थी।
अवधि
इसके पश्चात की मुद्राओं में अगरजस अंकित हैं और इस राजा के शिलालेख भी मिले हैं। संभवतया अशोक के बाद आधी शति तक इन मुद्राओं का प्रचार था।

** संदर्भ - ---
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल - मध्यएशिया का इतिहास
Harshacharit
Mahabhashya
Therivali of Merutunga a jain Writer
Mlavaikagnimitram of Kalidas
Ray Chaudhari, Political History of Ancient India
Cunningham Coins of Ancient India

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 20/6/2105

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -126

Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History; कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:
--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #771 on:** June 22, 2015, 09:41:15 AM »

East India Company starting Commercial Fairs in Haridwar and Kumaon

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand -3
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -124
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -645
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Fairs and Festivals of Haridwar
For centuries, Haridwar was famous for commercial and religious fairs and festivals. It was immaterial who was governing Haridwar Indians from all over subcontinent used to visit Haridwar for religious and commercial purposes. British were commercially very intelligent and they took care of Haridwar. Governor General Lord Marquees Wellesley built Ghat at Ganga bank and built Saray and a couple of houses as felicities for traders. On 18th August 1802, East India Company secretary informed to Kolkata Head quarter that there would be two fairs in Haridwar in April and November every year. The secretary suggested that Company should lavvy nominal tax on Traders in Haridwar. The secretary also suggested facilities of boats for Rohilkhand Traders. Company arranged facilities for Traders in those fairs. Slowly, trading community and other communities started establishing houses in Haridwar.
The company officials used to visit Haridwar for facilitation of different facilities for people and commercial organizations in fairs of Haridwar (English Permuting Records). Due to sales of slaves and domestic and wild animals, Haridwar was attractive commercial place. People of Garhwal and Punjab used to come there to sell animals. In other parts, there were heavy demands for animals for transportation.
Company had prohibition for slave trade but there was no restriction to keep slaves. People from various regions of India used to come near Haridwar at Gurkha Chauki for purchasing slaves from Gurkha officers. People used to buy child and used to make them Hijda (eunuch) for long life slave. People also used to come to purchase young women from Gurkha for having keeps and maids.
East India company officials were more interested for knowing the trade secrets and trade roads from to Garhwal -Tibet. In 1789, an artist Denial with his nephew and other officials reached to Shrinagar for knowing about roads, crops, commercial produces and trade with Tibet from Garhwal. In 1796, Hardwick travelled from Kotdwara to Shrinagar and informed about poor conditions of Garhwal people.
From 1802, after capturing Haridwar, east India company officials used to reach Haridwar for getting information about Gurkha army administration.
Due to Gurkha ignoring commerce in Garhwal, East India Company was not able to establish commercial relations with traders of Garhwal. However, Company officials were positive that Garhwal and Kumaon are important regions for getting trade benefits in Himalayan Terrain.
East India Company started Commercial fairs in Haridwar.
Starting Commercial fairs in Tarai Kumaon
East India Company started two commercial fairs in Tarai of Kumaon and on 10th September 1802, informed traders that Company would provide sufficient protection to traders in British region. The following commercial fairs were started to have trade with Garhwal and Kumaon-
Chikliyaghat, Kashipur- The fair was established from ninth November to eighth December.
Bilharighat Pilibhit- The fair used to run from Seventh January to fifth February.
Company was trying to have trade relation with Tibet through those commercial Fairs. However, scanty business transaction happened with Tibet through those fairs.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 22/6/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -646
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History of Commercial Fairs in Haridwar; History of Commercial Fairs in Kashipur; Kumaon; History of Commercial Fairs in Pilibhit
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Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #772 on:** June 22, 2015, 12:09:51 PM »

Srughna the Buddhist Kingdom and Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur
हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में बौद्ध राजवंश स्रुघ्न

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 125
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 125

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

स्रुघ्न की पहचान

पाणिनि के समय से लेकर अशोक तक पांचवीं -तीसरी ईश्वी पूर्व तक कुणिंद /कुलिंद का मुख्यालय कालकूट (कालसी , देहरादून ) रहा है। शायद अशोक की मृत्यु के बाद कभी कलसी से दक्षिण की ओर 38 मील दूर स्रुघ्न में स्थापित हुयी थी।
कनिंघम ने स्रुघ्न की पहचान अम्बाला जिले के सुघगाँव से की है। सुघगाँव त्रिभुजाकार टीला है और तीन ओर यमुना से घिरा है (कनिंघम )। अशोक के समय भी स्रुघ्न एक महत्वपूर्ण स्थान था और कहा जाता कि बुद्ध ने यहां किसी ब्राह्मण के अभिमान को चूर किया था। चीनी यात्री युवानचांग ने इस जनश्रुति का उल्लेख किया है।
बील के अनुसार अशोक ने यहां एक स्तूप बनाया था। पास भी स्तूप निर्मित हुए थे जिन्हे चीनी यात्री ने हर्षवर्धन के राज्य मे देखा था।
स्रुघ्न राज्य मुद्राएं

स्रुघ्न नगर से कुलिंद जनपद पर शासन करने वाले राजाओं मुद्राएं केवल अगरज , वलभूति और अमोधभूति की मुद्राएं प्राप्त हुयी हैं। इनमे से अमोधभूति की मुद्राओं में उसे 'कुणिंद नरेश अमोधभूति महाराज 'उल्लेख हुआ है।
इनके अतिरिक्त सात अन्य कुणिंद मुद्राएं मिली हैं। जिनसे पता लगता है कि कुलिंद /कुणिंद जनपद का मुख्यालय स्रुघ्न से पूर्व बेहट मे था। इनमे म -ग - भ - त , शिवदत्त , शिवपालित , हरिदत्त शायद अमोधभूति के उत्तराधिकारी थे। तीन अन्य नरेश छत्रेश्वर , भानु व रावण कुषाण साम्राज्य के अंतिम दिनों के राजा थे। कुणिंद सिक्के टिहरी के थापली से भी मिले हैं।

छत्रेश्वर की पांच मुद्राए यमुना के पश्चिम में मिलीं थीं और शिवदत्त , शिवपालित व हरिदत्त की मुद्राएं अल्मोड़ा से मिली हैं।
इसका अर्थ है कि कुणिंद राज्य संभवतया अम्बाला से सहारनपुर , हिमाचल , गढ़वाल व अलोमड़ा तक था याने हरिद्वार व बिजनौर (सारा भूभाग या कुछ भाग ) भी कुणिंद राज्य के अंग थे।

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 22/6/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -

** संदर्भ - ---
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल - मध्यएशिया का इतिहास
कनिंघम , एन्सिएंट जिओग्राफी
वाटर्स , ऑन युवान चांग्स ट्रैवल इन इण्डिया
बील , सी यु की बुद्धिस्ट रिकॉर्ड्स ऑफ दि वेस्टर्न वर्ल्ड

Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Bijnor; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Saharanpur; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Srughna Kingdom & Ancient Saharanpur History, Srughna Kingdom & Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #773 on:** June 23, 2015, 11:32:54 AM »

East India Company Policies for Relationship with Nepal

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand -4
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -125
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -646
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Policies of Wellesley for Nepal Relationship
The Company officials were of opinion that East India Company should capture Garhwal, Kumaon and Himachal for starting trade with Tibet and China. However, in time of Lord Wellesley as Governor General East India Company was involved with Maratha, Ranjit Singh for taking charge of Central and Western India. British were also involved with Napoleon. Therefore, it was not wise decision to attack on Nepal.
There was dispute between Nabab of Awadh and Nepal government for Tarai of Kumaon. In 1794, the war was inevitable between Nepal and Awdh. However, Company Resident Cherry intervened and stopped the war. Governor General was anxious to have cordial relationship with Nepal that many battle fronts were not opened. Cherry forced both the aprties to accept each other.
Archibald the surveyor surveyed Kashipur, Rudrapur, Jaspur etc and built cordial relationship with Subba Rudravir Saha and called him as King of Kumaon in a letter (Henry Wellesley Correspondences).
Policies of Minto for Nepal Relationship
Lord Minto was Governor General from 187-1813. Minto was also anxious to have cordial relationship with Nepal. In 1809, Minto requested the Nepal King for allowing Ruderfor for getting pines tree jungles from Kumaon and Garhwal for manufacturing resin in Kahsipur factory. In another letter Minto requested Nepal for Ruderford to train Kumaon and Garhwal people for getting resins from Pine trees. Minto was anxious to have trade relation with Tibet. When Moorcroft visited Tibet and came with Shawl wool and goats, Minto did not welcome Moorcroft. Nepal was unhappy with Moorcroft for visiting Garhwal the Nepal territory without permission. Nepal soldiers put Moorcroft in prison too and harassed him. Minto lambasted Moorcroft for visiting Tibet through Garhwal. No doubt in his last years of office, Minto warned Nepal government for attack from company. The warning was not for Tibet trade benefits but due to border disputes with Nepal.
Policies of Lord Hastings for Nepal Relationship
Many historians state that Hastings attacked Nepal for having trade with China and Tibet. He heard stories about minerals in Himalayan regions of Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal. Hastings also came to know that Central Himalaya is better region for reaching to Tibet. Hastings wanted minerals from Kumaon and Garhwal and ways to reach Tibet and China. Hastings wrote a note on his daily diary of 2nd December. On that day, Hastings was in Moradabad and rain was stopped after long time and sky was clear. Hastings watched Kumaon Himalaya and wrote -
“I was thrilled to watch that scene. No man did put his feet on that land nor would be able to do so. That natural wall compelled Indians to put all deeds there only. However, I am thinking about that trade which would be achieved capturing Kumaon from Nepal. By capturing Kumaon Hills we could reach to those shrines (Tibet border Himalayan shrines). There are passes in Kumaon through which reaching to Tibet is simple. There are people’s movement through these roads between Tibet and Kumaon. By capturing Kumaon we will have monopoly over Shawl Wool and we shall pay for those by exporting grains and agriculture utensils.(Pilimore, Hastings Journals).
In past too, every Company officials had same emotion about using nature for increasing trade of East India Company. Hastings diary is proof that British loved anything just for doing business.
However, many historians s argued that just for trade roads, Hastings was not ready for war with Nepal. The aim would be expansion of British ruled territory.
In June 1814, Hastings decided to have war with Nepal. However, in rainy season it was not possible to have campaign. Hastings completed all his planning and execution tools to attack on Nepal after rainy season. In between in rainy season Hastings was attracted to trade with Tibet through Kumaon and Garhwal.
Letter of Hearsay
There were many people to inform East India Company about potentiality of Garhwal and Kumaon for East India Company. Captain Hearsay travelled Garhwal with Reaper in 1808 and in 1812 with Moorcroft. He reported to Company about Neeti and Mana pass for reaching Tibet and mines of minerals. East India was attracted to Tibet and Garhwal-Kumaon. He also discussed in his letter about pine trees for ship buildings.
After a little survey, Company found that Kumaon is simpler way to reach Tibet and was decided to capture Kumaon in east India Company territory. Lord Hastings did not attack just for Trade benefits but there was more compelling phenomenon of border disputes between Nepal and the Company. Dehradun and Garhwal-Kumaon were also strategic defense territories.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 23/6/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -647
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx
East India Company Policies for Relationship with Nepal reference History Pauri Garhwal and Trai Kumaon; East India Company Policies for Relationship with Nepal reference History Chamoli Garhwal and Nainital Kumaon; East India Company Policies for Relationship with Nepal reference History Rudraprayag Garhwal and Almora Kumaon; East India Company Policies for Relationship with Nepal reference History Tehri Garhwal and Champawat Kumaon; East India Company Policies for Relationship with Nepal reference History Uttarkashi Garhwal and Bageshwar Kumaon; East India Company Policies for Relationship with Nepal reference History Dehradun Garhwal and Pithoragarh Kumaon;

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #774 on:** June 24, 2015, 09:36:16 AM »

Disputes for Kumaon Tarai between Nepal and East India Company

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand -5
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -126
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -647
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Nepal captured Kumaon in 1790. After capturing Kumaon Hills, the Nepal government tried for capturing Kumaon Tarai regions as Kilpuri, Rudrapur, Kashipur, Nanakmatta, Subbara and Belari.
The Nepali resident (Subba) argued that Tarai was under Kumaon Kingdom. Nepalese government wanted capturing Tarai but was afraid of East India Caompany Force near Tarai. Nepal King always reminded East India for handing over Tarai to Nepal. However, East India argued that since Awadh captured Kumaon Tarai before Nepal capturing Kumaon, Nepal did not have any right in Kumaon Tarai. The representative of Governor General clearly told to Subba of Kumaon not to show any right on Kumaon Tarai.
Right on Laldhang Garhwal
Laldhang was under Garhwal Kingdom. Aurangzeb wrote an order about Laldhang and Dehradun to Garhwal King Fateshah. Nazibbudaula capture Laldhang. Later on Awadh captured Laldhang. Awadh Nabab handed over Laldhang to East India Company. There did not have any disputes for Garhwal border between Gurkha and East India Company.
Situation in West of Yamuna River
In Himachal region, the situation was simpler. East India Company declared that in case Nepal captured Hills of Himachal Chieftains the Nepal government did not have right on plains of those Kingdoms. Company decided that in case any Himachal Chieftain asked help for his plain region the Company would offer help to Himachal Chieftain.
In 1810, Amar Singh Thapa informed to David Ochterloni ( Akhtarloni )that Pinjor , Narayangarh and Lakhanpur were under Sirmaur (Nahan) Chieftain. Same way Budhiya and Pulasi were under Hindur Kingdom. Amar Singh Thapa argued that since, Nepal captured Sirmaur and Hindur Kingdom, automatically Nepal had right on Pinjor , Narayangarh and Lakhanpur of Sirmaur and Budhiya and Pulasi of Hindur. Akhatar Ali wrote clearly that the plains of those Kingdoms were now under guardianship of East India Company (Snawal, Nepal and the East Indai company). Amar Singh Thapa was aware of weakness of Nepal army and strength of East India Company. Therefore Thapa did not insist the right on Plains of Himachal Kingdoms.
General David Ochterloni (Akhatarloni) used to hate Gurkha/Gorkha. He was ready to have head on with Gurkha/Gorkha. He wrote letter to east India Company that Company should ask Gurkah to vacate Dehradun too. Company refused the suggestion by Ochterloni.
In 1814, Amar Singh Thapa captured a few villages of Patiyala and Hindur. Those villages had protection from East India Company. Thapa had argument that those villages were part of Sirmaur and Kyunthal Kingdom Nepal had right on those villages. Ochterloni showed opposition for Thapa capturing those villages. Thapa asked time for consulting Nepal court in Kathmandu. Ochterloni accepted time as there was no proper time for attacking on hill Nepalese armies. However, David Ochterloni started preparation for future war with Nepal. At that juncture Ochterloni met An Anglo Indian Haider Hearsay who also ahted Nepalese. Hearsay and Harsh Dev Joshi had planned to win over Gurkha in west of Kalinadi.
Harsh Dev Joshi wanted to take revenge with Nepal and Haider Hearsay got promise from Sudarshan Shah for Jagir.
Nepal court suggested Thapa that not to leave right on won territories.
Ochterloni wanted war with Nepal and Governor General wanted peace with Nepal.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 24/6/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -648
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #775 on:** June 24, 2015, 10:26:40 AM »

Kunind Inscriptions reference Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur
हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में कुलिंद /कुणिंद राजवंश के अभिलेख

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 126
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 126

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

कुणिंद /कुलिंद राजवंश के निम्न अभिलेख प्राप्त हुए हैं -
१- भारहूत स्तूप के पूर्वी तोरण स्तंभ अभिलेख -इस तोरण का निर्माण शुंगों के राज में वात्सी तनय राजा धनभूति ने किया था जो गार्गी तनय विश्वदेव का पौत्र था और कौत्सी तनय अग्रराज का पुत्र था ।
२- भारहूत का वतनमार द्वार में खंडित अभिलेख - जिसके अनुसार द्वार का निर्माण शुंगों के राज्य में अग्रराज ने किया था।
३-भारहूत स्तंभ में दानसूचक अभिलेख - नागरक्षिता को राजा धनभूति की भार्या बतलाया गया है।
४- एक अन्य भारहूत के स्तंभ में कुमार वाधपाल (ब्रिधपाल ) को राजा धनभूति का पुत्र बताया गया है।
५- मथुरा स्तूप में दानसूचक लेख अनुसार वेदिका , तोरण व रत्नगृह निर्माण धनभूति द्वितीय ने किया जो राजा धनभूति प्रथम का पौत्र वत्सीपुत्र (वाधपाल ) का पुत्र था।

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 24/6/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -
** संदर्भ - ---
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल - मध्यएशिया का इतिहास
कनिंघम , एन्सिएंट जिओग्राफी
वाटर्स , ऑन युवान चांग्स ट्रैवल इन इण्डिया
बील , सी यु की बुद्धिस्ट रिकॉर्ड्स ऑफ दि वेस्टर्न वर्ल्ड
राजवळी पाण्डेय हिस्टोरिकल ऐंड लिटररी इन्सक्रिप्सन
बरुवा और सिंह , भारहुत इंस्क्रिप्सन

Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; Kunind Inscriptions History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Bijnor; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Saharanpur; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Kunind Inscriptions Ancient Saharanpur History, Kunind Inscriptions Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #776 on:** June 25, 2015, 09:18:13 AM »

Situation in Nepal Tarai with reference Anglo Nepalese War

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -6
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -127
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -648
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

In west of Kalinadi (plains of Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal), Nepalese Force was weaker than East India Company. However, in east of Kalinadi, in Nepal Tarai, strategically Nepalese force was stronger than East India Company.
Gurkha reached to Nepal Tarai before East India could reach and capture the territory. Tarai was also affected by Malaria from April to October and Company officials would not accommodate such seasonal diseases. However, East India Company appointed Jamindar for collecting tax from farmers. Company was not interested for looking after the citizen interests. There was also not clear demarcation of border of Nepal and Company in Tarai region.
In 1811, Barely Magistrate came to know that Gurkah built a fort at Kheri. Kheri and nearby region was understood under Awadh Nabab. Barely Magistrate was aware that by 1809, there was no Gurkha right on Kheri. In Nepal Tarai there used to take place such many dispute incidents between Gurkha and East India Company.
Nepal Tarai was important for Gurkha and East India Company. The Sal forests were gold mines for Gurkha. There were wild animals too in those forests and were commercially important. Sal was exported all over North and East India. Animals and their body parts were exported. The agriculture was also beneficial in this part.
Due to various disputes factors in North, Central and West India, Governor General Wellesley and other Governor Generals made policies to be neutral with Gurkha for the time being. Therefore, Bhim Sen Thapa got chance to expand its territory in Tarai.
Bhim Sen Thapa was aware of strength of East India Company. Even then Thapa continued to capture the Territory of East India Company. The Tirhut Magistrate informed that from 1712 -1812, Gurkha captured more than 200 villages of East India Company. Gurkha captured five eight Pargnas of Khairigar; Gurkha used to show rights on many villages of Moradabad. Gurkha captured many villages of Gorakhpur and Saran regions. Company officials were aware of Gurkha acts but were involved in settling other territories and were not to take head on with Gurkha. East India Company only used to wrote letters about border disputes.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 25/6/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -649
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #777 on:** June 25, 2015, 10:40:55 AM »

Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings in context Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur

हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में कुणिंद राजाओं के नाम

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 127
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 127

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
उपरोक्त अभिलेखों व मुद्राओं से कुणिंद /कुलिंद -स्रुघ्न -अल्मोड़ा के निम्न नरेशों की पहिचान होती है -
---------------------------शिललेखहों प्राप्त नाम ----------------------मुद्राओं के नाम ---------------पूर्ववर्ती नरेश से संंबंध
क्रम संख्या --राजा ------------रानी ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
१-----------------?-------------गार्गी ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
२- विसदेव (विश्वदेव)-------गोती (कौत्सी , गोप्ती ------------------------------------------------------पुत्र
३-आगरजु (अग्रराज ) वाछी (वात्सी )------------------------------अगरज ------------------------------पुत्र
४-धनभूति (I ) वाछी , नागरखिता (नगरक्षिता )----------------------------------------------------------पुत्र
वाधपाल (वृद्धपाल ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------पुत्र
धनभूति II -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------पुत्र
७ ------------------------------------------------------------------------वलभूति -------------------------------?
८- ------------------------------------------------------------------- अमोधभूति ------------------------------?
९------------------------------------------------------------------म-ग-भ-त - ---------------------------------?
१०---------------------------------------------------------------शिवदत्त ----- -------------------------------?
११-------------------------------------------------------------- हारी - त -------------------------------?
१२- ---------------------------------------------------------------शिवपालि (शिवपालित )-------------------?

कुणिंद नरेशों का वंशानुगत संबंध

स्रुघ्न के इस राजवंश का जिसका संस्थापक का पता शिलालेखों से मालूम नही होता है।
कोई वंशनुगत चिन्ह भी पापत नही हुए हैं।
शायद इनका संबंध काद से रहा होगा।
अग्रराज , वलभूति और अमोधभूति की मुद्राएं स्रुघ्न से प्राप्त हुयी हैं। कनिंघम वलभूति और अमोधभूति को धनभूति द्वितीय का वंशज मानता है।
वलभूति अमोधभूति से पहले का शासक था। अमोधभूति की मुद्राओं में उसे कुणिंदराज महाराज बताया गया है।
अमोधभूति के बाद की मुद्राएं भद्दी हैं जो इस बात की द्योत्तक हैं कि राजवंश पर विप्पत्ति के बदल मंडराने लग गए थे।

स्रुघ्न से संबंध
भारहूत अभिलेखों में घनभूति I पहले 'सुगनं रजे ' लिखा है जिसका अर्थ कनिंघम ने 'स्रुघ्न राज्ये ' लगाया और राजेंद्रलाल मित्र ने भी समर्थन किया। भारहूत के दूसरे अभिलेख में 'सगान रज ' शब्द उल्लेखित है जिसका अर्थ 'शुङ्गाना राज्य ' भी हो सकता है।
चूँकि इन अभिलेखों में अंकित राज्यों अग्रराज , वलभूति और अमोघभूति के सिक्के स्रुघ्न में मिले हैं तो यह निश्चित हो जाता है कि कुणिंद राज्य /जनपद का मुख्यालय स्रुघ्न में था। स्रुघ्न विक्रमी संवत के सातवीं सदी तक भी प्रसिद्ध था। इसलिए इन राजाओं को स्रुघ्न राजा माना गया है।

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India25 /6/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -

* संदर्भ - ---
डा शिव प्रसाद डबराल , उत्तराखंड इतिहास - भाग -२ राहुल - मध्यएशिया का इतिहास
कनिंघम , एन्सिएंट जिओग्राफी
वाटर्स , ऑन युवान चांग्स ट्रैवल इन इण्डिया
बील , सी यु की बुद्धिस्ट रिकॉर्ड्स ऑफ दि वेस्टर्न वर्ल्ड
राजवळी पाण्डेय हिस्टोरिकल ऐंड लिटररी इन्सक्रिप्सन
बरुवा और सिंह , भारहुत इंस्क्रिप्सन

Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Bijnor; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Saharanpur; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient Saharanpur History, Names of Kunind/Kulind Kings Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #778 on:** June 26, 2015, 09:12:59 AM »

Saran Massacre and Anglo Nepalese War

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -7
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -128
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -649
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
In 1811, Nepal King complained to the Governor General that on 27 January 1811, at nine Am, the Jamindar of Betiya (District Saran) Birkishor Singh sent 1600 soldiers with arms to Rautihat (Nepal) and killed Nepalese Subba Lochangiri, Jmeedar- Bhaktram, Bechu Singh and other nine Nepalese. Nepal King wrote that Nepal was capable for punishing Jamindar Beerkishor Singh (under East India Company) but did not punish due to relationship with the Company. Nepal King expected punishment to Beerkishor Singh. In between there was another conflict in the same region. The Saran magistrate informed to the Company that Nepalese were responsible for both the conflicts. Governor General wrote that they both should resolve the disputes amicably. Governor General requested Nepal King to depute two representatives to the place of incident those were aware the incidents (Cahudhari).
The Saran magistrate reported that Nepalese Subba and other representatives attack on villages under Company and they instigate citizens to come under Nepal court. Magistrate also informed that due to bad behaviors the people of Betiya might have reacted in defence but Nepalese are responsible for the situation. Magistrate requested for pardoning Birkishor Singh.
Nepal sent two representatives Randip Singh, Sardar Parushuram Thapa and Raghunath Pandit at incident place . Company sent Young as its representative. Before the inquiry was completed, Nepalese capture few more nearby villages from East India Company. This way, Nepal captured total twenty two villages from East India Company. There was no conclusion by discussion between Young and Nepalese representatives.
There was disputes between Nepal and Company for twenty two villages and border of Syuraj and Butbal. Nepal court and East India agreed to resolve those disputes.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 26/6/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -650
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #779 on:** June 26, 2015, 12:41:42 PM »

Life of Kuninda Kings & Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur
हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर संदर्भ में कुणिंद शासकों का जीवन चरित्र

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part -128 हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 128

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
कुणिंद राज्य संस्थापक

स्रुघ्न राज्य के प्रथम संस्थापक नरेश का नाम किसी अभिलेख या मुद्रा में नही मिलता है। संस्थापक नरेश की पत्नी का नाम गार्गी था व द्वितीय नरेश विश्वदेव था।
विश्वदेव (Vishwdev a Kuninda King )

अभिलेख में विश्वदेव की माता का नाम दिया है किन्तु पिता का नाम नही दिया गया है। संभवतया विश्वदेव ने संगठित कर गणराज्य को सुदृढ़ किया हो।
उन दिनों राजा या पुरुषों में बहुपत्नीवाद प्रचलित था और इसलिए माता के नाम से पहचानना सामन्य बात थी। महाभारत में भी कुंती पुत्र, माद्री पुत्र , गांधारी पुत्र आदि वाक्य जोड़े जाते थे।
विश्वदेव की माता का नाम गोती (कौत्सी ) था।

अग्रराज ( Agraraj a Kuninda King )
विश्वदेव और कौत्सी पुत्र अग्रराज की पत्नीबाछी (वात्सी ) थी। अग्रराज की मुद्राएं स्रुघ्न व कौशंबी में मिले हैं। अग्र्राज के मुद्राओं के प्रसार से लगता हैं कि उसने राज्य विस्तार किया होगा। अग्रराज का युग उथल -पुथल का समय था।
यवन आक्रमण
वृहद्रथ के शासन काल में दिमित्र व उसके सेनानयक मेनान्द्र ने मथुरा व साकेत पर अधिकार कर लिया था और पश्चिम में फंसे होने के कारण उनका पूर्व में राज्य हथियाओ आंदोलन रुक गया था। 167 के करीब दिमित्र युद्ध में मारा गया था। मानेंद्र का अधिकार मथुरा , कुरु और यमुना से पश्चिम में बना रहा।
संभवतया पुष्यमित्र (184 BC ) ने मेनान्द्र का शासन पांचाल , कुरु , मथुरा और पंचनद को समाप्त किया होगा।

कुलिन्द्राइन
ताल्मी ने उल्लेख किया है कि यवनसाम्राज्य अंतर्गत पाताल , सौराष्ट्र , आभीर गंधार , कस्पीरिया (कश्मीर ) व कुलिन्द्राइन जनपद थे। कुलिन्द्राइन की पहचान कुलिंद जनपद से की जाती है। (अग्रवाल , पाणनि कालीन भारत ).
इससे अर्थ निकलता है कि कुणिंद पर कुछ समय तक यवन अधिकार था।
पुष्यमित्र ने ही कुरु , पांचाल , मथुरा और स्रुघ्न को यवनों की दासता से स्वतंत्र किया।

ऐसा लगता है कि कुणिंद राजाओं ने कुछ समय तक शुंग की अधीनता भी स्वीकार की होगी।
देहरादून से एक शुंग कर्मचारी भद्रमित्र की मुद्रा मिली है जिसमे शुंगकालीन लिपि में 'भद्रमित्रस्य द्रोणघाटे ' उल्लेख है (चन्द्रगुप्त विद्यालंकार ) . इसका अर्थ है कि शुंग राजा कुणिंद प्रांत में चुंगी आदि एकत्रतित किया करते थे।
अनुमान लगाया जाता है कि अगराराज राज्य के प्रारम्भिक वर्षों में यवन शासन शुरू हुआ और अंतिम वर्षों में समाप्त भी हो गया था।

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 26/6/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -

Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Life of Kunind Kings Ancient Saharanpur History, Life of Kunind Kings Ancient Bijnor History; कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
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Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 534961 times)

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