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Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)  (Read 534987 times)

Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #790 on: July 02, 2015, 10:25:49 AM »
                 British Strategies for Destroying Trio Hindu Powers -1

           Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -13
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -134   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -655

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student) 

     When in early 1814, Governor General Hastings and others came to know about Butwal massacre by Nepalese it was obvious that British had to go for war to retain the territory and lost prestige. However, the common people and many Company officials and supporters had perception that Nepal would calm down after a couple of altercations.
           Nugent the Ex Army Chief of East India Company had an opinion that the war would not be bigger and Company had been winner in small disputes with Nepal. Hastings had already sent the reports of altercations with Nepal to the Company Directors. In February 1814, Company Directors sent order to Hastings for using arms against Nepalese encroachments. Directors were of opinion that the action would be small time battle. However, Hastings had another strategy. Hastings planned long term war with Nepal from various fronts and Directors were unaware about Hastings opinion.
                    Has Directors would be aware of Hastings strategies they would have never given permission to Hastings for starting war with Nepal (Premble).
              Hastings was of opinion that Nepalese small altercations were not small ones but they were indication of danger for Company’s existence. Hastings had large army experiences and had support from Court and prince. Hastings had plan to capture all Indian Kingdoms for East India Company. His aim was expanding British Rule.
      Hastings studied and analyzed that Three Hindu Powers were eager to take place of Mogul Empire- Maratha, Sikh and Gurkha. Those Three Hindi Powers had surrounded the Company Territory from North, South and West.  Hastings had opinion that there must be secret treaty among those Three Hindu Powers.
               Nepalese Ambassadors in Maratha and Sikh Kingdoms
  There was no doubt that Nepal Court and its members were always eager for deputing its ambassadors to other Kingdoms especially Maratha and Sikh courts.  In April 1813, the Nepalese diplomat Padmapani reached to the camp of Daulatrav Scindia at Gwalior. In August 1814, he sent a letter to Bhim Sen Thapa that Daulat Rao Scindia had assured that Daulat Rao would help Nepal in Nepal-British war.
   In February 1815, the Nepalese Diplomat Prithvivilas took letter from Amar Singh Thapa to Ranjit Singh Court. Amar Singh Thapa suggested a long strategy against British. A letter from Amar Singh Thapa to Nepal court suggests that there was a secret treaty between Thapa and Ranjit Singh (Chaudhari, Indo-Nepalese Relations). The treaty was that if Amar Singh Thapa became successful against British, Ranjit Singh would also attack on East India Company.
  When after Sigauli treaty, the East India Company ambassador Edward Gardner reached to Nepal Court he also informed that there was secret Treaty among Nepal, Scindia and Ranjit Singh against British. Historian Chaudhari also vouched that there was secret accord among Nepal, Scindia and Ranjit Singh before Anglo-Nepalese war. After war, it came out that Pune Peshva also encouraged having war with British. Peshva was hopeful that in case Company was engaged with war in hills  he would take advantage against British.
  Nepalese Historian Chitranjan Nepali (General Bhim Sen Thapa ar Tatkalin Nepal) writes that Nepal was not only having interested to have treaty with Indian Kings but with the rulers of China, Burma, Tibet and Persia to go against British. When Anglo Nepalese war started in 1814,  BhimSen Thapa asked help from various Indian Kings and rulers of China and Tibet. Maratha, Sikh, Rohila were dissatisfied with British polices of expansion and Nepal Prime minster sent his emissaries to various parts of India and other countries.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 2/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -656
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx



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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #791 on: July 02, 2015, 11:29:05 AM »

                                        Maharaja Title of Srughna King Amodhbhuti

                                         स्रुघ्न नरेश अमोधभूति की  महराज उपाधि

                          Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,   Saharanpur History  Part  - 134                                                                       हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -    134                 


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

       
            अमोध्भूति के पारंभिक राज्य काल में यमुना से पश्चिम की ओर एवं नरेश मेनान्द्र वंशजों का शाशन था। इन प्रदेशों में यवन नरेश अपनी मुद्राओं में खरोष्ठी का प्रयोग करते थे।  जब अमोध्भूति ने यह प्रदेश मेनान्द्र के उत्तराधिकारियों से छीना तो अमोघभूति ने भी अपने सिक्कों में खरोष्ठी का प्रयोग शुरू किया।  रणनीति के हिसाब से यह उचित था।
 मौर्य कला से ही भरत में चांदी की कमी होने लगी थी और छड़ी के लिए ईरान प्रदेश पर निर्भरता बढ़ती गयी थी। ईरान के साथ संबंध बिगड़ने से चांदी के आयात  पर फर्क पद गया। कुछ नरेश ताम्र मुद्राओं पर चरजत पानी चढ़ाने लगे व बाकी ताम्र मुद्राओं का प्रयोग करने लगे।
                स्रुघ्न नरेश अमोघभूति ने ताम्बे व चांदी के सिक्के चलाये व रजतमुद्राएं यवननरेश हेमीद्रक्य की नकल की।  अमोघभूति ने ब्राह्मी व खरोष्ठी लिपियों का प्रयोग मुद्राओं में किया याने उसका प्रभाव पश्चिम में बढ़ गया था।
                  उसने यवननरेशों की तरह महाराज की उपाधि धारण कर ली थी और मुद्राओं में खूब प्रचारित भी किया।
  अमोघभूति की मुद्राओं में ब्राह्मी के सभी लेख परिधि के समानांतर हैं किन्तु खरोष्ठी लेखों में रंज कुणिंदस अमोघभूतिस तो परिधि के समानांतर खुदा है किन्तु महाराजस बीच में मुद्रित है।  ऐसा महाराज शब्द के महत्व को उजागर करने हेतु किया गया था।

                                              मुद्राओं से व्यापारिक लाभ
 रजत व ताम्र  मुद्राओं व यवन शैली में मुद्रा ढलवाने से अमोघभूति राज्य को व्यापारिक लाभ मिले क्योंकि ये मुद्राएं यवनमुद्राओं से टक्कर लेने में सक्षम थीं।  अमोघभूति की मुद्राएं बेखटक सांकल , मथुरा , अहिछत्रा , स्थानेश्वर तामस, तंगण , रंकु आदि की मंडियों में प्रचलित हो गयीं थीं। 

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 2/7/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --135
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -135

      Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;   Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;   Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;      History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Bijnor;    Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;    Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;   Ancient Saharanpur History,     Ancient Bijnor History; कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
                     :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:


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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #792 on: July 03, 2015, 10:42:02 AM »

       False Historical Concepts of Nepal uniting other Hindu Kings 

           Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -14
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -135   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -656

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student) 

                    Most of the historians depend on English Historians for Anglo Nepalese relation. English historians cooked various historical events for their benefits. For example, English historians believed that Nepal had conspiracy against East India Company by uniting Hindu Kings and Chinese supports. However, historical evidences do not support the same. When Anglo Nepalese war started no Hindu Power as Scindia or Ranjit Singh supported Nepal by any means. Nor China supported Nepal against East India Company.
              Since, Nepalese were more cruel and rude administrators than East India, No Hindu Kingdom supported Nepal. Definitely, East India Company was selfish and exploiter but from Citizen point of view East India Company was far better than Nepalese.
  Amar Singh Thapa sent Bhakti Thapa to Akhatar Loni the Company representative and promised that Nepal Court was set to free Kangra Fort from Ranjit Singh and Nepal requested the Company not to intervene (Sanwal). 
             Nepal Court deputing Chandrashekhar Upadhyaya to Company
  Nepal Court deputed Chandrashekhar Upadhyaya to East India Company Governor General with a proposal that if Company and Nepalese would unite and capture west of Sutlej both would be beneficiary    for commercial gains from the territory.  Gurkha were ready for one fourth territory from the planned won territory.  Governor General did not agree the proposal but Governor General came to know that Nepal was ready for destroying one of the Strong Hindu Powers –Ranjit Singh. 
            The contemporary historical facts show that Maratha and Sikh would have taken advantages after Nepal crushed East India Company.
                 Hastings came to know that there was no stability in Nepalese new territory won by Nepalese as the citizens were totally dissatisfied by Nepalese cruel methods of administration.  Maratha were not ready for immediate conflicts with the Company. Ranjit Singh was eager to dispatch Gurkha from his territory.
            Hastings conceptualized that if the Company attacked on Nepal with full force and from various strategic places the Company would break the strength of Nepal.
  Hastings was aware that Nepal was not anxious for cordial relationship.
          Hastings wrote following note (Home Miscellaneous Series, India Office Records, vol 648, page 246) – (summery by author).
      Instead of regretting for cruel methods by Nepalese they are ready for war with us. We could ignore that challenge. However Nepal was thinking that Nepal was supreme power. Nepal assumed that Company was a small power before Nepal. The Nepal representative said once that there was no chance for treaty unless British accept natural mark as boundary mark (Ganga).
             No doubt Hastings was not only ready for taking back British territory from Nepal but was more eager to smash the power of Nepal. Hastings was worried for British prestige before citizens as Nepal captured that British territory and British were keeping quite Ramakant, Indo Nepalese Relations).



** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 3/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -657
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx




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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #793 on: July 03, 2015, 11:44:25 AM »

                         Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura & Haridwar,  Bijnor,   Saharanpur History
                          हरिद्वार  ,  बिजनौर   , सहारनपुर   इतिहास संदर्भ में शक आक्रमण

                          Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,   Saharanpur History  Part  -  135                     
                                                हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -135                     


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

                            शक आक्रमण
 
                 इतिहासकारों (राहुल ) का अनुमान है कि 60 BC के करीब शक आक्रान्ताओं ने मथुरा क्षेत्र पर अधिकार कर लिया।  मथुरा से स्रुघ्न सरल रास्ता था।  सुंगकाल से ही मथुआ से स्रुघ्न सड़क में  रोज व्यापारिक चहल पहल रहती थी।  ऐसे में शकों को स्रुघ्न हथियाने में कोई विशेष देरी नही होगी।
              डा डबराल लिखते हैं कि संभवतया अमोधभूति के राजयसमय के अंतिम काल या मृत्यु के एकदम बाद शकों ने मथुरा व स्रुघ्न को हथिया लिया होगा।  इन विश्लेषणों से कहा जा सकता है कि स्रुघ्न कुणिंद नरेश का राजयकाल 100 BC से 60 BC तक था।
               अमोघभूति का राज्य त्रिगर्त (कांगड़ा ) तक भी फैला था।  60 BC के त्रिगर्त जनपद मुद्राएं कांगड़ा के आस पास मिलने से लगता है कि 60 BC तक अमोघभूति का राज्य कांगड़ा पास भी समाप्त हो गया था .                    अमोघभूति बाद उसके उत्तराधिकारियों को राजधानी पूर्व की ओर ले जानी पड़ी थी ।
          अमोघभूति का इतिहास उसकी मुद्राओं समान थी।  अमोघभूति ने यवन मुद्राओं को हठकर अपनी मुद्राएं प्रसारित की और पाना स्थान सुनिश्चित किया तो शक शासकों ने अमोघभूति की मुद्राओं को हटाकर अपनी मुद्राएं प्रसारित किया ।
                            अमोघभूति का व्यक्तित्व
            संभवतया अमोधभूति ने रंकु (उतरी द्घवल, ) भारद्वाज , गोविषाण , तंगण , तामस , स्रुघ्न क्षेत्र को एकछत्र के अधीन किया था और सहारनपुर , अम्बाला के उत्तरी भाग के आलावा कांगड़ा के आस पास को भी जीता था।  यमुना व व्यास के मध्यभाग को यवनों से मुक्त करने का श्रेय भी मोधाभूति को जाता है। अमोध्भूति का प्रभाव  शक्तियों पर रहा था तभी तो आने वाली शक्तियों ने अमोधनभूति की मुद्राओं की नकल कर अपनी मुद्राएं चलायीं।



Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 3 /7/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --136
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -136

     Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &  Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &  Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &  Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &  Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;   Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura & Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura & Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;  Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura & Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;   Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &  Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &  Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;      History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Ancient History of Bijnor;   Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &  Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;   Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &  Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;  Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &   Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;   Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &   Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;   Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura & Ancient Saharanpur History,   Scythian (Saka, Shaka) attacking Mathura &   Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
                     :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #794 on: July 04, 2015, 09:48:04 AM »

                         Hastings’s Preparation for War with Nepal

           Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -15
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -136   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -657

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student) 

                  Fundamental Problems in Tarai for East India Company Soldiers

                  Warren Hastings had already decided that the Company would not destroy Nepal but would weaken drastically. Hastings wanted breaking Nepal backbone. The Company soldiers were experienced of battles in plains. There was long Tarai region between East India Company territory and Nepal Hill region. Tarai region had fundamental problems for human beings. Malaria was very common disease in summer and rainy season.  The dense forests and marsh land of Tarai and Bhabhar in rainy season were hurdles in transporting arms, ammunition and armed forces. It was compulsion that attack on hill regions of Nepal was possible from October only.  Hastings was aware that he had to prepare for war within five months from April. It was essential that the Company Army had to be nearest places of Nepal borders.
                           Major Gurkha Army Centers /Terrains 

                      The Nepal border with India was more than eight hundred miles. It was not easy to suppress such enemy where border was so long.  Nepal had following major Army centers –
Kathmandu – There used to be five to six hundred soldiers as it was in centre place.
Palapa- There were around twelve hundred soldiers under Ambar Singh Thapa.
Doti or East of Kali River- In various forts (Gadhi) there were more than thirty five hundred soldiers.
 West of Kali River- There were more than thirty five hundred soldiers in various places of Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal. Out of those 3500 soldiers, Amar Singh Thapa had two third soldiers of those numbers.
          Hastings made plan that in any case, the Nepalese soldiers would not gather at one place and they would also not make riots in company territories. Hastings decided to attack at various strategic places to Nepal Army.
                   War Strategies of Hastings
               Hastings decided to have two major portions for making strategy.
1-East of Kali River- Gurkha captured various Nepalese territories from small Kings. Gurkha were more organized here in Nepal Territory.
2- West of Kali River- Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal were in that territory. The citizens and local administers were totally dissatisfied from Nepalese suppression. The People of Garhwal and Himachal were ready to help those powers who could free them from Gurkha oppression.
   Hastings made war strategy as follows to attack on Major Nepalese Army centers simultaneously
1-Makwanpur Territory- Major General Marley was in charge of First Davison of Dinapur. Major general Marley was to seize the Gandak and Bagmati pas, the key to Nepal and push to Kathmandu.  Major General Marley was commander for 6500 soldiers.
2- Major General Wood the in charge of Banaras was shifted to Gorakhpur army station and he had 4000 soldiers and he was supposed to go forward towards Kathmandu  and try to capture first Tansen and then Palpa. Wood had to break the supply, communication  and transportation line between Doti and Kathmandu and Kumaon-Garhwal to Kathmandu.
            West of Kali River Army Strategy
1-There were permanent 4500 soldiers in Saharanpur with Major General Gillespie and he was supposed to reach to Dehradun and Kiyardoon. Major General had to capture ports of Yamuna and Ganga and should be ready for any help required here and there.
2- Brigadier General Ochterlony (alias Akhtar Loni ) was stationed in Ropar and was having 6000 soldiers. Ochterlony was asked to head on with Amar Singh Thapa in Himachal Hills.
Additional battalion- Major Latter stationed at Titliya south of Darziling  was having 2000 army men. He was supposed to look after Koshi eastwards.
Reserve Army- 1550 Rohilla Pathan were appointed by Haider Hearsay and trained. 
The army commanders at Rangpur were supposed to defend East territory as Purniya and Rangpur.




** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 4/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -658
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx





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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #795 on: July 06, 2015, 10:01:38 AM »
                       War Preparation by Hastings -2

 Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -16
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -137   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -658

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student) 

                   Deputing European Officers at Strategic Places
                Besides, Hastings appointing additional companies of soldiers, he recruited or deputed European Officers in Nepal Border. Indian soldiers were influenced by the courageous and strategic actions of European Officers.
            There was need of more solders for Hill areas. Many soldiers unaware of reality of Hills were also afraid from folklores or stories heard about hills. Such soldiers heard about powers of local deities in Hills. In plains, chariot army was effective for assisting artilleries but in hills horse riding was difficult. Therefore, Hastings sent additional battalion to each battalion led by Marley, Wood, and Gillespie respectively. Brigadier Ochterlony (alias Akhtar Loni) did not need additional force as Gillespie’s battalion was supposed to meet Ochterlony (alias Akhtar Loni) battalion.
                   Heavy Storing Guns and Gun Powders
            Hastings dispatched Guns and gun powder in sufficient quantity for Hill attack operation. Hastings ordered his officers to use gun with vigor. Hastings asked officers not to worry for quantity.
 Hastings manufactured new types of Gun cart for carrying smaller guns (toaps) (Premle).
                       East India Company Army Dress

            On that time, Company army had a red color dress with full sleeve coat and a Half pant. The soldiers used to put a Big Cap on their head. Soldiers used to put Pump shoes. Soldier used to have a gun in hand. In Hill region, the half pant and coat was not sufficient for protection from cold. Hastings arranged cotton Waistcoat and Full Trouser for soldiers. Special types of shoes were also provided to soldiers (Premble).
                         Food Supply Management
 
              It was not expected that Hill citizens would provide food to Company soldiers. Therefore, Hastings arranged food stock at border places. In food each store, there was food supply for six months. Food was available at low cost. Four Stores were there in each army station.  Horses, Mules, Elephant, Camels, and Bulls were made available for food and other material supply. However, for difficult terrain, the Collies were appointed. In past, sixteen European officers used to stay in an army camp.  Now, forty officers were asked to stay in one army camp.  Indian soldiers were not given any facilities for camp.  Small canned food – beef, wine cans were provided for easy transportation (Premble).
                       Loan from Nabab

             East India Company did not have such huge war preparation in past. Company required huge money for preparation. Hastings crookedly, forcibly got One Crore rupees (25 Lakh Starlings) as gift and one Crore rupees as Loan from Awadh Nabab in a special conference on 18th October 1814. Nabab Wazir of Oudh was handed over Forest of Khairagrh.


** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 6/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -659
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #796 on: July 06, 2015, 11:49:25 AM »


   Deer and Shakuntala on Amodhbhuti Coins &  Ancient  History of Haridwar,  Bijnor,   Saharanpur
                   अमोधभूति रजतमुद्राओं में शकुंतला और हिरन

                  Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,   Saharanpur History  Part  -  136                     
                                                हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 136                     


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

                 अमोघभूति की मुद्राएं प्राचीन मुद्राओं के मुकाबले व सामयिक मुद्राओं के मुकाबले में अधिक आकर्षक, रुचिपूर्ण , कलायुक्त  हैं।
कनिंघम के अनुसार अमोघभूति की मुद्राओं में सामने वाले भाग के दाहिनी ओर एक हिरन और सींगों के बीच खली जगह में बौद्ध चिंन्ह है। पैरों के बीच चैत्य चिन्ह है।  पिछले हिस्से में एक हिरण , कमल पुष्प लिए एक नारी है।
      ऐलन अनुसार मुद्रा के सामने वाले भाग में दाहिनी ओर हिरण है। उसकी ओर कमल लिए लक्ष्मी खड़ी है।  उसका कमल युक्त दाहिना हाथ उठा हुआ है।  हिरन के सींगों  बीच नाग संकेत है तथा हिरण की पीठ पर रिक्त स्थान पर चतुर्भुज बना है जिसे विद्वान  चतुरबर्ग मानते हैं
                      हिन्दू मिथकों में हिरन की कोई अहमियत नही है। लक्ष्मी का हठी व कमल से है।  अतः लगता है कि यह नारी शकुंतला है।  कण्वाश्रम स्रुघ्न से केवल ११२ किलोमीटर है और उस समय शकुंतला की कथा भी लोकप्रिय हो रही थी। अतः  मुद्राओं से अनुमान लगता है कि कण्वाश्रम , हरिद्वार , बिजनौर भी कुणिंद /स्रुघ्न राज्य के अंतर्गत थे।
   सहजाति से प्राप्त एक मृण्मूर्ति में जो चित्र प्राप्त हुआ है उसे विद्वान कण्वाश्रम में दुष्यंत का प्रवेश मानते हैं।  (डबराल ) जो द्योतक है शकुंतला की कथा लोगों में प्रसिद्ध हो चुकी थी।
  अमोघभूति की मुद्राओं में हिरन के चित्र में विवधताएं है।
                      अमोधभूति की कलाप्रियता
मुद्राओं से साग लगता है कि अमोघभूति बारीकी प्रबंधन में ध्यान देता  कलाप्रिय था।  उसने अपनी मुद्राओं में वेदी , बोधिवृक्ष , चैत्य , स्तूप , नन्दिपाद , त्रिरत्न , नाग , स्वास्तिक अंकित किये हैं।  ये सभी चिन्ह सामायिक है किन्तु क्लानिष्ट मुद्राएं प्रचलित कराने से अमोघभूति की मुद्राएं समकालीन मुद्राओं में से अलग से पहचाने जा सकती हैं।
                          अमोघभूति का महत्व

उसने यवन शासन के अंत के लिए कार्य किया।
अमोघभूति ने अन्य क्षत्रपों को भी यवनों से लड़ने में सहायता प्रदान की।
 . मुद्राओं में यवन छाप उसकी मजबूरी थी किन्तु अमोघभूति ने उन मुद्राओं का भारतीयकरण कर मुद्राओं  विशेषता प्रदान की। (डबराल )


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 6/7/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --137
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -137

      Deer and Woman on Amodhbhuti Coins & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Deer and Woman on Amodhbhuti Coins &   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Deer and Woman on Amodhbhuti Coins &   Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Deer and Woman on Amodhbhuti Coins &  Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;  Deer and Woman on Amodhbhuti Coins &   Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Deer and Woman on Amodhbhuti Coins &  Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;  Deer and Shakuntala  on Amodhbhuti Coins &  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ; Deer and Shakuntala  o  Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Deer and Shakuntala  on Amodhbhuti Coins &      Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Deer and Shakuntala  o   Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Deer and Shakuntala    on Amodhbhuti Coins &  Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Deer and Shakuntala  o  Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;   Deer and Shakuntala  Deer and Shakuntala  on Amodhbhuti Coins &      History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;    Deer and Shakuntala  on Amodhbhuti Coins &  Ancient History of Bijnor;   Deer and Shakuntala  on Amodhbhuti Coins &  Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ;  Deer and Shakuntala  Deer and Shakuntala  on Amodhbhuti Coins &    Ancient History of Saharanpur;   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;    Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;     Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur;  Deer and Shakuntala  on Amodhbhuti Coins &  Ancient Saharanpur History,  Deer and Shakuntala  on Amodhbhuti Coins &    Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
                     :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--




With Kind Regards


Dhangu, Gangasalan Ka Kukreti
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #797 on: July 07, 2015, 12:22:21 PM »

                 Commotion in Nepal due to British Army Activities

Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -17
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -138   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -659

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student) 

                      Warning Letter to Nepal by Hastings

                Before, rainy season ends, there could not be war. Warren Hastings used that period for consolidating the armed forces at strategic places and arranging necessary war supply.  Along with planning, preparation for future war, Governor General Hastings sent a warning letter to Nepal Court on 14th June 1814 (John Premble).
            Hastings wrote that “Nepal King should compare the aggression of British Officials with the ruthless, non caring methods, deceptive methods of Nepal officials. Nepal should look into attack of Gurkha army on British territory, the killings, suppression of Nepal army on the subjects of British occupied territories. If Nepal government declared that Nepal Government did not hand on these cruel methodologies then Nepal Court should punish the culprits. If Nepal wanted war with the East India Company then there would be more trouble for Nepal. Nepal would be responsible for war. Nepal should remember that whoever tried in India that King lost the war with the Company”.
             In July –August 1814, Commander Bradshaw captured those twenty two villages taken by Nepalese army in past.  Gurkha soldiers put poison into well of those villages to dispatch Company soldiers. In August end, Bradshaw captured Kachhurava Police Station from Gurkha army.
            On 12th August 1814, Nepal King sent a letter to Governor General to free the captured land of Nepal and put ultimatum that in case Company did not free the captured territory Nepal would take necessary step for its defense.
 Governor General stopped reacting and communicating with Nepal.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 7/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -660
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,


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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #798 on: July 08, 2015, 09:11:48 AM »

                 British Stopping Nepalese Emissary/Advocate for coming to Kolkata
 
Anglo Nepalese War with   Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -18
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -139   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -660

                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)   

               After receiving letter from Hastings, Nepal court became alert and wanted to know whether East India Company was really ready for the war or not. Nepal worked out a strategy for knowing the intentions of the Company. Nepal Court ordered its Advocate (Vakil ) to meet Hastings. He was provided gifts for Governor General too.
                Nepal Court instructed Advocate Chandrasekhar Upadhyaya to meet Governor General and pretend for war proposal, he was asked to know the internal and strange matters. Upadhyaya was supposed to write those details in secret language.
  However, Bradshaw did not permit Chandrasekhar to enter into Company territory that he goes to Kolkata.
 Chandrasekhar waited at border for getting opportunity for meeting governor General as he was on tour of that region.
                  Nepalese Preparation for conflicts in Palpa
              Ambar Singh the Father of Bhim Sen Thapa was busy in war preparation in Palpa. He was bent for war with Company. However, he died in October before war started. Nepal Court appointed Parushram Thapa in place of Ambar Singh.


** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 8/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -661
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #799 on: July 08, 2015, 10:33:44 AM »

                                      Post Amodhabhuti Kuninda Kings   & Haridwar, Bijnor,   Saharanpur History  (Almora Coins )
                         अमोधभूति परवर्ती कुणिंद नरेश (अल्मोड़ा नरेश)

                       Ancient  History of Haridwar, History Bijnor,   Saharanpur History  Part  -  137                     
                                                हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -   137                   


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

       
                   अल्मोड़ा से उपलब्ध मुद्राएं

अमोघभूति के पश्चात कुणिंद नरेशों के चार मुद्राएं प्राप्त हुयी हैं (डबराल ). अल्मोड़ा में मिलने से इन्हे अल्मोड़ा मुद्राएं खा जाता है।
चारों मुद्राएं आकर में समान है। इन मुद्राओं में साम्यता न होने के बाद भी विशेषतायें लिए हुए हैं -

                          मृगभूति अथवा मार्गभूति

      इन मुद्राओं में मात्राओं की अशुद्धि है जो उस काल की विशेषता थी।  इस मुद्रा में लेख है - म - ग - भ त स।  यह मुद्रा शिवदत्त की मुद्रा के समान आकार की है।  नामन्त में शायद धनभूति , बलभूति और अमोघभूति के समान भूतिस (भूतस्य ) है।  यदि पहले अक्षर मिग (मृग ) या मग्ग (मार्ग ) हैं तो नरेश का नाम मृगभूति या मार्गभूति हो सकता है।


                       शिवदत्त

 मुद्रा के आगे वाले भाग में बड़े बड़े अक्षरों में ब्राह्मी में  सिवदतस लेख हैं।  लेख मुद्रा की परिधि के समानांतर है।  लेख से पूर्व वेष्ठिनी से घिरी स्वेदी वृक्ष के सम्मुख नंदी खड़ा है।  मध्य में संभवतया नाग है (ऐलन ). रेप्सन इस पशु को हिरन मानता है।
                 मुद्रा के पीछे भाग में नन्दिपाद के उप्र इन्द्रयष्टि बड़ी बड़ी रेखाओं द्वारा बनाया गया है।  इसी मुद्रा की अंकन समानता अयोध्या से प्राप्त कुमुदासेन व अजवर्म मुद्राओं में भी मिलता है (ऐलन ) .


                           हरिदत

    मुद्रा का निर्माण अस्वधानी व कम परीक्षित व शिक्षित शिल्पकारों द्वारा हुआ है।  अंकन में अशुद्धियाँ हैं।  मुद्रा पर हरिदतस याने हरिदतस्य प्रतीत 'होता है।  मुद्रा का आगे का हिस्सा और पीछे का हिज्जे के अंकन शिवदत मुद्रा नाकं जैसे हैं।

                                    शिवपालित

  इस मुद्रा में भी असावधानी से अंकन हुआ है।  मुद्रा पर नरेश नाम शिवपालित्स्य होना चाहिए था किन्तु अंकन है - शिवपालि।  सिक्के के पीछे भाग में किसी परुष या देवता आकृति अंकित है।  देवता के सम्मुख नाग अंकित है जैसे शिवदत या हरिदत की मुद्राओं में अंकित है। 



Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  Mumbai, India 8/7/2015

   History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur  to be continued Part  --138
 हरिद्वार,  बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास  to be continued -भाग -138

      Almora Coins and Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Almora Coins   Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Almora Coins Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Almora Coins    Ancient  History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;  Almora Coins Ancient  History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Almora Coins   Ancient  History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Almora Coins    Ancient   History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;  Ancient  History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand  ;  Almora Coins Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Almora Coins Ancient  History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;   Almora Coins   Ancient History of Sultanpur,  Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;     Ancient  History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;  Almora Coins   Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Almora Coins   Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar;  Almora Coins     History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Almora Coins    Ancient History of Bijnor;  Almora Coins   Ancient  History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Almora Coins    Ancient History of Saharanpur; Almora Coins   Ancient  History of Nakur , Saharanpur;  Almora Coins   Ancient   History of Deoband, Saharanpur;   Almora Coins   Ancient  History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Almora Coins   Ancient Saharanpur History, Almora Coins     Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा ,  हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना ,  बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
                     :=============  स्वच्छ भारत !  स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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With Kind Regards


Dhangu, Gangasalan Ka Kukreti
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