Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल) (Read 534987 times)

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #810 on:** July 15, 2015, 10:07:02 AM »

History of British Surveys for Dehradun -2

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -25
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -145
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -667

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
In October 1811, Francis White who had visited Sirmaour was asked to visit Lakhsman Jhula and Kalsi region. However, in October 1813, Francis fell ill and could not complete the task. John Houseman was the assistant to Francis. Now, Houseman was handed over to complete survey of Dehradun. Houseman surveyed Dehradun and Shivalik valleys from November 1813 to April 1814. Local Gurkha officers permitted Houseman for survey in Dehradun and visiting Bhadraj Hills. In April 1813, Houseman reached to Bhadraj Hill. He travelled by Pinus/Doli (Pliilmore). It took four hours from downhill to Hill top of Bhadraj. He stayed in camp on the top and watched Himalaya Shrines from there.
Houseman had a strong desire to push Gorkha Far East of Kali River that East India Company had path to reach Central Himalaya. In 1814, Houseman sketched a map of North of Saharanpur border and Doon valleys. Houseman met Army Chief while travelling by Streamer in Ganga for Kolkata. Houseman handed over the Map of North Bordering region and Dehradun region to Amy Chief and complete details about the region. Houseman wrote that his map and details were very important for capturing Doon valley. He advised that by capturing Dehradun/ Doon Valley the East India would separate Nepalese Sutlej territory from other Nepalese territories. By that the Gurkha could not communicate easily with each other.
Crawford and Houseman were engaged in surveying Doon valleys from 1802. One of assistant of Houseman was from Shringar. He used to get information about Nepal. That assistant was ready to reach Kathmandu via Kosi River, Delalghat. Houseman used to get information from travelers, fakirs, Roamers and used to compare the information.
Colonel Fagan and Houseman collected all types of Information about Dehradun. Croford scatched a map showing Haridwar, Garhwal, Gangotri, Himalayan shrines, Tibet Tishulama and Digarchi of Tibet.

Dehradun Survey To be continued..
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 15/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -668
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler
Saxena , historical papers related to Kumaon

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #811 on:** July 16, 2015, 11:30:40 AM »

Survey of Kumaon and Garhwal by Moorcroft and Hearsay

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -26
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -146
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -668

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Moorcroft surveyed Kumaon and Garhwal comprehensively for East India Company. He travelled the region pretending as Hindu Gusain with his tem in 1812. Ex Maratha soldier, Captain Haidar Hearsay, Haidar Khan and Pundit Harakdev also travelled with Moorcroft. Hearsay had the task for measuring road, making road map with the help o f Compass and writing full details of the road and adjoining land. Pundit had to measure the road length by his step. His four two step was equal to four feet (Hugue Pears, The Hearsays).
After Moorcroft introducing Hearsay to east India Company, hearsay dispatched army strategic information about Nepal, Kumaon and Garhwal.
On 24th August 1814, wrote letter to Company Secretary John Adam informing about high tussle between Chautaria and Thapa groups in Kathmandu. Hearsay suggested that due to cut throat conflicts between two groups in Nepal, Company can dislodge the Nepal King.
Hearsay informed authentic details of numbers of Nepalese soldiers, guns, arms and ammunition, guns, gun powder, forts and soldiers and also informed the road details of Kumaon, Garhwal and Sirmour to East India Company.
Hearsay informed that Gurkha soldiers are perfect brave, faithful, strong soldiers. Gorkha army did not supply them satisfactory dress, and arms and ammunition. The guns and gun pewter were of very inferior quality. He informed that many soldiers did not have gun but either a wood rod or Sword. Every soldier had Khukari hung on his back. Soldiers spent night or sun under temporary Chhapar (tree logs covered by leaves). The Gurkha soldiers were very faithful and did not hesitate for dying for King. They were Hindu and used to take Lunch/dinner together and did not take Beef at all. Nepal government paid very low salary to soldiers. Hearsay suggested that by more salaries, Gurkha soldiers would join British army (Saksena, Historical papers related to Kumaon).
Hearsay also submitted information about mineral resources, forests, forest produces, of Garhwal, Kumaon and Dehradun. Hearsay informed strategic places of Dehradun and Kiyardoon important for war and defense purposes.
Hearsay informed to the Company high cadre officials that the subject of Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal are against Gurkha due to Gurkha oppressive methods. He clearly suggested that people from Kali east to Sutlej would help Company for getting freedom from Nepalese rule. Hearsay assured that since, people were not with Gurkha, the Company could evacuate Gurkha from Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal within a month. He guessed that Doti subjects hated Gurkha but they would not help the Company because then , they were habitual of suppression.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 16/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -669
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler
Saxena , historical papers related to Kumaon

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #812 on:** July 16, 2015, 03:55:09 PM »

Srughna City in context Ancient History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur

स्रुघ्न नगर - हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में
Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, Saharanpur History Part - 143 हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 143

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

Hjajme Nakmura states in his book A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy Vol.2 page- 64" Srughna is refereed frequently in Mahabhashya. It has been said that Srughna is either Saharanpur or Sugh of Today.

कुलिंद जनपद का मुख्यालय स्रुघ्न यमुना तट पर बसा था। संभवतया तब यमुना उस ओर बहती थी जहां आज यमुना की पश्चमी नहर बहती है।
नगर रक्षा हेतु सुदृढ़ प्राकार बना था। प्राकार का निर्माण ईंटों से हुआ करता था। प्राकार चौड़ा था और लोग उस पर चला करते थे। उस समय तीन ही राजधानियों में सुरक्षित प्राकारा थे। काशिका ने भी स्रुघ्न के प्राकार प्रकार किया है - अंतरा तक्षशिलां पाटलिपुत्र च स्रुघ्नस्य प्राकाराः।
स्रुघ्न के बाहर गहरी परिखा थी जिसमे यमुना का जल भरा होता था। प्राकार पर कई द्वार थे जो द्वारपालों से सुरक्षित थे। पारिखा के उप्र पल भी थे। आक्रमणकारी पुल व प्राकार को भेद कर ही नगर में घुस सकते थे।
सातवीं सदी तक स्रुघ्न के प्राकार का ऊपरी हिस्सा गिर चुका था किन्तु निचला हिस्सा दृढ़ता से बचा हुआ था।
स्रुघ्न में राजकीय आगार , आवास
स्रुघ्न नगर में राजकीय निवास, राजसभा , कोषागार , भंडार , आदि बने थे।
शुल्क उगाई के लिए शुल्कशालाएं थीं।
आमोद प्रमोद हेतु नाट्यशालाएं निर्मित थीं।
आगारों का दायित्व उनमे नियुक्त अधिकारीयों का था। इन सभी हेतु अधिकारी थे।
नगर में चुदे मार्ग थे। रथ चलते थे। भीतरी भाग में 'पुर ' (सभ्रांत ) व बाहरी बहग में चाण्डालादि वर्ग निवास करते थे।
मकान
वर्षा का पानी मकानों में न घुसे इसलिए मकानों के फर्स ऊँचे और पक्के बनाये जाते थे। प्रकाश व वायु आने जाने हेतु मकानों में गोल खिड़कियां होती थी। घर के अंदर आँगन होते थे। स्नानागार होते थे। टांगने के लिए खूंटियां दीवार में गाडी जाती थी। घर में दीपक रखने हेतु अलग जगह होती थी।
घर के द्वार बंद करने लौह श्रिंघला /चेन होती थीं।
सभ्रांत बहुमंजली प्रासादों में रहते थे। समृद्धि अनुसार प्प्रासादों का आकर व रचना होती थी। दीवारें ईंटों की होती थी। ऊपरी मंजिल में मालिक व निचली मंजिलों में सहायक रहते थे।
स्रुघ्न के प्रासाद दूर से ही दिख जाते थे। प्रासादों के मामले में स्रुघ्न व पाटलिपुत्र संपन शहर थे।
प
प्रसादों को समाज व स्रुघ्न का गौरव माना जाता था।

** मुख्य संदर्भ डा डबराल, महाभाष्य , व अग्निहोत्री का पतञ्जलिकालीन भारत Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 16/7/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --144
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -144

Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History; कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:
--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #813 on:** July 18, 2015, 11:47:24 AM »

Survey of Doti, Kumaon and Garhwal by Rutherford and information by Harshadev Joshi

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -27
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -147
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -669

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Rutherford was magistrate of Moradabad and was in charge for Kashipur Factory too. Rutherford travelled Doti, Kumaon and Garhwal for developing supply of Hemp fiber and Resin from the region for Kashipur factory. Rutherford developed cordial relation with Nepalese Resident of Kumaon Bamshah, his brother Rudraveershah and Hastidal Chautariya. Rutherford developed cordial relation with many administrators, influential personalities, elites and traders of Doti, Kumaon and Garhwal.
Rutherford came for knowing various weaknesses of Nepal administration in Doti, Kumaon and Garhwal. Those personalities were ready for betraying Nepalese and helping British. The company workers working in Kashipur Factory also used visit Doti, Kumaon and Garhwal and had been collecting information. Before war, Governor General asked Rutherford for calling workers and necessary Company materials from Doti, Kumaon and Garhwal.
Information by Harshadev Joshi

Harshadev Joshi provided important defense purpose strategic information of Kumaon, Garhwal, and Himachal to Hearsay. Hearsay compared Harshadev with Richard Neville the Earl of Warwick as King Maker (Saxena, Historical papers relating to Kumaon). Hearsay described that Harshadev had six thousands strong supporters in Kumaon and is strong and energetic at the age of sixty eight. Harshadev had aware senses and had influence on ex Kings of Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal region. Gurkha used to shiver just hearing his name. In 1797, Harshadev Joshi went to Lucknow as advocate of Kumaon King for putting Kumaon’s opposition before Oudh Nabab against treaty between Gurkha and Nabab. He met Nabab Asafuddaula. Nabab introduced Joshi with Resident Cherry. Harshadev Joshi went to Banaras with Cherry. In past, Joshi had communication with Revenue In charge T Graham in Banaras through letter. Just after this period, Cherry was killed in Banaras and in 1803; Jainarayn the son of Harshadev was captured in Johar and jailed in Kathmandu.
In 1811, Harshadev Joshi and Garhwal Prince Sudarshan Shah met Hearsay in Haridwar. Harshadev Joshi was in court of Katoch (as advisor). Perhaps he discussed with other ex chieftains of Himachal Kingdoms to become free by help of East India Company. He left Katoch and started staying in Kankhal. Harshadev Joshi and Sudarshan Shah met Hearsay at Anjanighat in Haridwar.
Harshadev Joshi informed about ex Kings of Himachal who were ready for helping East India Company against Gurkha. Joshi presented complete war planning to Hearsay. Joshi also advised the regions those should be directly under British. Harshadev Joshi informed that Kumaunis did not like Gurkha rule and they would never like Chand rule too.
Harshadev Joshi also handed over some secrete papers about war planning to Hearsay. Hearsay sent those papers to Johan Adam via Moorcroft.
However, Jainarayan Joshi son of Harshadev Joshi was in jail in Kathmandu. Joshi used to have correspondences with Deevan Chandrashekhar Upadhyaya of Kumaon and other influential persons of Kumaon. His language was secreting coded laded language.
Frazer wrote down the details got from Joshi and Sudarshan Shah in his memorandum of Kumaon, Garhwal sent to the Government (Sanawal, Nepal and East India Company).
Other Information
Lal Singh brother of ex Kumaon King Mohan Chand was anxious to get either Kingdom of Kumao or Jagir. Lal Singh was Jagirdar (Chieftain) of Kilpuri and Rudrapur of Kashipur region. Lal Singh was faithful to Company and used to submit information about Kumaon to the Company officials.
Ex Doti King Prithvi Pati Shah also provided information about Doti to the Company. Gajraj Mishra family members, Palpa’s migrated influential Court members, Pandeys who were exiled from Nepal living in Banaras also offered information to the Company.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -670
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler
Saxena , historical papers related to Kumaon

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #814 on:** July 19, 2015, 08:31:38 AM »

Hastings Reviewing Information and his Optimism for Win

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -28
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -148
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -670

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Governor General got all necessary information about Nepal necessary for planning attack on Nepal. He made sure that necessary arrangements for war are completed. Hastings reviewed every angle and was satisfied that East India Company would win the war.
Hastings found that his army was superiors than Gurkha army in most of respects. At that time East India Company collected so much war material that never collected before. For Hastings, it was doing and dies. Since, Company soldiers would not get food in Nepalese territory; Hastings commissioned a separate department for supply to the army (Premble) in coming war.
Hastings and his assistants were optimistic that Nepal was inferior in defense and Company would win the war. Being over optimistic, Hastings did following two mistakes-
1-Inadequate numbers of army men in Bengal
2- Not appointing competent and trained army officers to lead the divisions.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 19/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -671
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler
Saxena , historical papers related to Kumaon

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #815 on:** July 19, 2015, 11:46:02 AM »

Transport Facilities in Srughna - Kuninda Kingdom

स्रुघ्न (कुणिंद कालीन राज्य ) में यातायात साधन

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, Saharanpur History Part - 144
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 144

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

यातायात के मुख्य सदाहं पशु थे। राज्य के उबड़ खाबड़ मार्गों पर भेड़ बकरियों, बैलों , घोड़ों द्वारा लदान किया जाता था।
भाभर जैसे चौरस स्थलों में जहां मार्ग थे बड़े रथ हांके जाते थे (महाभाष्य ).
छोटी यात्रा बैलगाड़ियों द्वारा व लम्बी यात्रा घोड़ागाड़ी याने रथ द्वारा होता था।
संपन , समृद्ध व्यक्ति रथों का उपयोग करते थे जबकि अन्य बैलगाड़ियों का।
रथों की छतों का अनवरं हेतु वस्त्र , चमड़ा या कंबल का प्रयोग होता था।
भाभर प्रदेश में रास्तों में बिश्राम या बिसौण का प्रबंध था।
नदी पर करने हेतु मसक (भस्त्रा ) का प्रयोग होता था। बड़ी नदियों में बांस के बजड़े , डूंडा , नैव प्रयोग में आती थीं। घड़े या तुम्बी की सहायता से भी नदी पार की जतिन थीं। पशुओं की पुनःस पकड़ कर भी नदी पर करने का रिवाज था।

*** सभी संदर्भ महाभाष्य से लिए गए हैं

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 19/7/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --145
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -145

Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand Transport Facilities in Srughna; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; Transport Facilities in Srughna History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Bijnor; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Saharanpur; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient Saharanpur History, Transport Facilities in Srughna Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

--

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #816 on:** July 20, 2015, 10:27:21 AM »

Political Situation before Anglo Nepalese War

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -29
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -149
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -671

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Nepalese relation with China
At the difficult time,, Nepal used to bluff and menace to its enemy that Nepal was under China. East India Company was conscious that war with Nepal could result into non cordial relation with China. The Company needed cordial relation with China for its business. Therefore, before attacking on Nepal, Hastings enquired from the Company officials in China about Chinese mind in case of Anglo Nepalese war.

The Company Comforting Ranjit Singh
Colonel Ochterloni had to have head on in Himachal in case of Anglo Nepalese war. Therefore, high authorities order Octerloni to counsel Ranjit Singh and should take Ran Jit Singh that Company was only interested to attack Gurkha. Ochterloni met Ranjit Singh and offered confidence to Ranjit Singh. Perhaps Ochterloni showed to Ranjit Singh the letters of Amar Singh Thapa in which Thapa requested the Company for helping for capture Kangara fort from Ranjit Singh. Ranjit Singh wanted dispatching Gurkha from Himachal. Ranjit Singh got convinced by Ochterloni. Now, the Company was assured that Ranjit Singh would not disturb Ludhiana when Company army would march towards Himachal.
Ex Kangra Chieftain Sansar Chand wanted back his Kingdom. His army chief O’ Bryan wanted to help the Company. Sansarchand would stop Gurkha marching to west of Sutlej. Governor General agreed the help of Sansarchand. However, Sansarchand was clearly told that Company would not hand over Kangra fort from Ranjit Singh. The Company was not interested to part any portion of Gurkha land to Ranjit Singh. Therefore, Company did not ask help from Ranjit Singh.
Weakening the Nepal Strategy
Governor General Hastings was not in favor for displacing Nepal King. He just wanted Nepal weak Kingdom before British strength. Hastings was interested Nepal as buffer State for trading with Tibet and China. Hastings refused the wish of ex Nepal minister Damodar Pandey and his two nephews staying in Banaras (exiled from Nepal) that Company should displace the Nepal King from the thorn. Hastings was not interested in now ruler in Nepal but friendly and weak before the Company Nepal Kingdom. In other case, if the Company would have boundaries with China there were chances disputes with China and the Company never wanted non cordial or conflicting relation with strong China.

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 20/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -672
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler
Saxena , historical papers related to Kumaon

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #817 on:** July 20, 2015, 12:53:02 PM »

Rural Life in Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur in Kuninda Period (Srughna period)

स्रुघ्न /कुणिंद युग में हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का ग्रामीण जीवन

Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, Saharanpur History Part - 145
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -145

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

ग्रामीण जीवन
गाँव - पाणिनि व /पतंजलि ने अच्छा खासा भर्मण किया था। पतंजलि का अधिकांश जीवन गांव खेड़ों में बीता था। पाणिनि ने भरद्वाज राज के दो गाँवों -कृकर्ण व पर्ण गाँवों का वर्णन किया है (अष्टाध्यायी ४/२/१४५ ) तो पतंजलि ने ऐणीक व सौषुक गाँवों का वर्णन किया है (महाभाष्य ) . पाणनि के अष्टाध्यायी (४/२/१० ) में मारडेयपुर का वर्णन है जिसे बिजनौर का मंडावर स्थान माना जाता है।
ग्रामीण मकान
गांवों में मकान मिटटी पत्थर से बनाये जाते थे , भारहुत स्तूप से अंदाज लगाया जा सकता है कि मकानों में सभा (तिबारी ) बनाने का रिवाज था।

कुणिंद काल में गृह सामग्री
घरों में बिछौने व आसान होते थे। तख्ते व खाट का प्रयोग भी होता था (अग्निहोत्री , पतञ्जलिकालीन भारत ) . जो बिछौना नही बना सकते थे फूस के बिछौने प्रयोग करते थे।
साधारण जन मिटटी के व्रतं उपयोग में लाते थे
डा डबराल लिखते हैं - स्रुघ्न , मायापुर , मोरध्वज और कोटद्वार में मिटटी के अनेक वर्तन मिले हैं।
डा डबराल को लालढांग (गढ़वाल, हरिद्वार , बिजनौर की हद का क्षेत्र ) के पाण्डुवाला में प्राचीन कालीन मिटटी के वर्तन मिले थे (उखण्ड का इतिहास बहग ३ , पृष्ठ -१८८ -१८९ ) .
सम्पन परिवार कांसे के वर्तन प्रयोग करते थे।
दही दूध आदि द्रवों के लिए लकड़ी या मिट्टी के वर्तन प्रयोग में आते थे (अग्निहोत्री )
अन्नादि रखने के लिए बाँस से बने छोटे बड़े पात्र प्रयोग होते थे जिन्हे मिट्टी से लीपा जाता था। कुछ पत्रों को बिना ढक्क्न खोले अनाज निकालने के लिए नीचे की ओर छेड़ होता था। डबराल को ऐसे पात्र भी मिले थे।
लौह उपकरणों में खंग , खुकरी , परशु , कुल्हाड़ी डराती , हंसिया , फावड़े , सरौते आदि प्रयोग होते थे। मैदानी भागों में चोरी -डाका सामान्य बात थी तो घरों में हथियार रखना आवश्यक था।

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 20/7/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --146
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -146

Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Ancient Saharanpur History, Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
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Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #818 on:** July 21, 2015, 11:42:04 AM »

British discussing Future of Himachal Kingdoms

Anglo Nepalese War with Reference to Gurkha Rule over Uttarakhand & Himachal -30
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -150
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -672

By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

British Governor General Hastings was in hurry for attacking on Gurkha as in near future, Ranjit Singh, Maratha and Gurkha King could create problems for East India Company.
Hastings got assured information that Hill Kings of Doti, Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal who were displaced by Gurkha and their supporters including citizens would support and help East India Company in Anglo Nepalese War. Believing on those information, Hastings decided for taking support of ex Kings of Himachal region from Sutlej to Yamuna. Hastings was aware that after capturing Himachal Hill states it was beneficial to hand over those states to their ex Kings instead of ruling those Kingdoms directly by the Company. Hastings was against direct rule on Hill states as it was more complicated.
However, Ochterlony was against handing over the won territory to the past Kings. Ochterlony was of opinion that the day today conflicts among small Hill Kings would create problems for East India Company. Ochterlony had to obey Governor General.
Hindur King
Ramsharan the ex Hindur King was displaced by Gurkha and was ruling on a very minor plain land of Hindur. He assured the Company that in case he gets back Kingdom he would support the Company. Ochterlony calculated that Ramsharan would supply three hundred soldiers and labor for clearing the hill difficult roads. The Company agreed upon Rosharon’s condition.
Future of Sirmour

Haidar Hearsay and Brigadier Ochterlony were satisfied with Kishan Singh the he family member of Sirmour King Karmaprakash as Karmaprakash was useless King. It was decided among Haider Hearsay, Ochterlony and Kishan Singh that after capturing Sirmour from Gurkha, British would displaced Karmaprakash from thorn and would place the minor prince as King of Sirmour and Kishan Singh as Guardian of Kingdom. Ochterlony wrote to Head quarter that if Kishan Singh was financed he would get 10000 to 40000 soldiers for East India Company immediately. Company Head Quarter ordered Delhi resident for paying money to Kishan Singh.

** Major reference book by Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 21/7/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -673
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886, Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Balchandra Sharma, Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal
Sanwal, Nepal and East India Company
Nagendra kr Singh, Refugee to Ruler
Saxena , historical papers related to Kumaon

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,

Bhishma Kukreti · « **Reply #819 on:** July 21, 2015, 12:46:16 PM »

Agriculture in Kuninda (Srughna) Period in Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur

कुणिंद (स्रुघ्न ) में कृषि (हरिद्वार , बिजनौर , सहरनपुर इतिहास )
Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, Saharanpur History Part -
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

तीन तरह की भूमि
आजीविका का साधन कृषि या कृषि संबंधित कार्य थे। गांव की भूमि तीन भागों में विभक्त होती थी (अग्निहोत्री , पतंजलि कालीन भारत ) -
सीत्या - खेतों को बांटकर खेती की जाती थी। जहां पहडियन थीं वहां दीवाल से खेत बनाये जाते थे। सीत्या की जमीन विभिन्न परिवारों में बंटी होती थी।
गौचर -जहां पशु चरते थे।
उषर -दलदल या बांज धरती जहां खेती न हो सके व वन न उग सकें उसे उषर कहते थे।
गोष्ठ संस्कृति

रात को पशुओं को गांव से बाहर खेतों में बंधने का रिवाज था गोष्ठ ( ग्वाठ /गोट /गोठ ) कहते थे। गोष्ठ अस्थाई छपरों से बनाये जाते थे। ऋतू विशेष में छप्परों को उखाड़ कर अन्यत्र ले जाया जाता था। गोष्ठ से खेतों को खाद ले जाने की समस्या हल हो जाती थी। पशुओं को बाहर बाँधने से कीचड़ , मछर जैसी परेसानी से भी निजात मिलता था (डबराल )।.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 21 /7/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -

Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna , Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient Saharanpur History, Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास; Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
Agriculture in Kuninda, Srughna :============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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