MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

                Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Uttarakhand
History of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part -9
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-5
Western Brachycephal Races of Uttarakhand -1
[Historical Notes on Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Pithauragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Bageshwar, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Champawat, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Tihri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Rudraprayag, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Haridwar /Hardwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand]
 
                                    Bhishma Kukreti
  Risley ,Eickstedt, Hutton, B.S Guha, Sarkar, D.N Majumdar and S.K.Chatterji  with little bit vibrations divided Western Brachycephal race ( Broad Headed) into following sub races
    A-Armenoid –दरद आदि
B-Alpanoid -खश  -काशि  जाति
C-Dinaric शक जाति
                                     Armenoid 
Dr Guha states that the original race of Armenoid been in Uttarakhand or nearby and in later stage has either vanished or merged with populated race. There is less differences between Armenoid and Dinaric is that Armenoid has darker pigmentation. Sanskrit classic as Mahabharata includes Armenoid among Shudras.
 According to D.c Sarkar, the Armenoid race was settled in Kashmir in old age. Today, from historian point of views, the Kohistan, Chitral, Kafirstan, Gilgit Kashmir region are called Armenoid region. The Darad language has total effects on development of Sindhi and Punjabi languages.  Since, there is an effect on Garhwali and Kumaoni languages it is definite that Armenoid race was there in Garhwal and Kumaon. However, Armenoid merged with Khash in later stage. In Mahabharata, there is mentions of existences of Armenoid –दरद and Alpanoid -खश  -काशि together.
किरातोराज्ञा विषय सुबाहो: पीनास्तुशारान  दरदांश्च
देशान कुलिन्द्स्य च भूमिरत्नान  (महाभारत , वन पर्व  117/ 11 , 12 )
क्रव्यादा: दरदा: दार्वा:                               महाभारत (सभापर्व 48/12)

 The above provides signal that may be in small groups or non dominating groups Armenoid lived in Mid Himalayas in ancient time.   
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
Dr. Naval  Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010  History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
H.K Barpujari, 1990, The Comprehensive History of Assam (page 11)
Bindeshwar Prasad Sinha, 1974 The Comprehensive History of Bihar (Page-70)
Fisher, William B., 2003, The Middle East and Africa 
S.N Sen, 1999, Ancient Indian History and Civilization
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 10/4/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -10
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…6
Western Brachycephal Races of Uttarakhand to be continued…2
Historical Notes on Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Pithauragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Bageshwar, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Champawat, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western Brachycephal Races of Ancient Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Tihri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Rudraprayag, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Haridwar /Hardwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Western  Brachycephal Races of Ancient Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand to be continued…

            Khasa the Ancient race of Garhwal-Kumaon (Uttarakhand) 
History of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part -11 
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-7
Western Brachycephal Races of Uttarakhand -3 
                                       Bhishma Kukreti
                There may be differences of opinion on when the Khasa race came to India and Himalayan belt. However, there is agreement among scholars that Khasa race dominated Himalayan belt from Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Garhwal, Kumaon, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Hills of Bengal and Rajasthan.  Khasa were spread in Zagros Mountains of Iran-Iraq long before Christian era. From there, Khasa one race spread towards plains and reached to Bengal and Bengal. It is believed that one part of Khasa from Iran- Afghanistan reached and settled in Himalaya before one thousand years of Aryan entered to India.
                There are mentions of Khasa of Himalayas in Mahabharata (Sabhaparva, Bhishm Parv, Udyog parv, Dron Parv etc);  Brahmand Purana ( 27-62-62); Matsya Purana (120-43, 44,48,51); Vayu Purana (47,, 42-43,45,47-49); Vishnu Puran (2,4-8); Markendey Puran (58); Bhagwat Puran (2, 4); Kalika Puran III(6);Sanat Kumar samhita (36-41); Rajatrangani (Translated by Dr Stein). There are mentions of Himalayan Khasa in Brihat Samhita, Tibetan chronicle Dpag –bsam-ljon-bzah (The Excellent Kalpa Briksh).
  The characteristics of Khasa are longer in height, long and straight nose, white or wheat color, strong built and wider chest and full of beard and mustache on face.  Due to cross breeding with Aryan, it is difficult to find exact body characters today. 
Many scholars support Dr. Dabral that following village names are the proof of Khasa culture and their dominance in the territory.
British Garhwal- Kashkhal, Kasunda, Kashbadi, Kashli, Kaslinagar, Kasmoli, Kashlodi, Kasyali, Keshta, Kapol, Kapeti, Kafola, Kafaldi, Kafolgan, etc (taken from Rajeshawri Prasad, Village Directory, Garhwal).
Tihri Garhwal villages- Kash, Kashani, Kashral, Masho, mana, Kash or Shas, Las, (taken from Rajeshawri Prasad, Village Directory, Garhwal).
Almora Villages –Kashan, Kashani, Kashauli, Khasparja, Kashur, Khasoti, Kashyari etc (taken from Rajeshawri Prasad, Village Directory, Almora).
  Khasa were perfect in domestication of animals and were hunter and shepherd and farmers too. Khasa or Kasa used to worship Sun, Marut, Borij etc deities. Initially, the deity sign of Khasa was horse.
 The main deity of Kasa or Kasa was Kassu. The Khasa,Khashas or Kasa left many old deities and adored new deities as per place, class and time.  Sun worshiping was taken from Shaka by Khasas, Khashas or Kasas. However, they never left Kassu and Khasa beloved Kassu that they used Shu name in naming the villages and deities. The deity Mahasu is the monument to suggest that Khasa dominated in Garhwal-Kumaon.
The village names Amlasu,  Utransu, Farsu, Gandasu, Masbuna  or Patti/Pragnaa names Brahsyun,Dhoundiyalsyun suggest that before Aryan took over Khasa were main human societies of Kumaon and Garhwal and Nepal too.
 The Khasa of Iran worshipped Shimliy goddess and then words were derived as Himadevi. Him became Uma. Kassu-Mahassu, maheshwar Shima,Hhima Devi , Uma devi show tha ezistance of Khasa in himalya for many centuries.
 Khasa invented tens of village deities-goddesses in Uttarakhand and pilgrim places as Amarnath, Baijnath, Uttarkashi, Badrinath, Triyuginarayan, Dwarhat, Binsar etc. No doubt, later on other races or Khasa built temples on these pilgrim places. Khasa belied on village deity and used to offer cereal first to village deity before their own uses.  Dabral states that this race believed in dead souls and used to offer prayer (Hantya). The images of Bada temples
            Khasa also invented Yaksha, Jakh or jagas deity. The village or place names remind the people about Yaksha deity or protectors of Khasa –Jakhni, Jakhnikhal, jakher etc.The Khasa were believers of offering animals to their deities and Jakh (Yaksha).
 The deities Vinayak, Kushmand, Gajtund, jayant, Mahakal, nandi, mahakal, Ghantakarn were yaksha or Jakh of Khasa race. The Jakh is gatekeeper of Badrinath temple.
Khasa was also called as Yaksha race or jakh race.Asoka had soldiers of Khasa race. There was caste system among Khasa at later stage.
 Khasa race initially used to follow female leadership in the family that mother would be the career of property.
  After entry and settlement of Aryan culture in India and Uttarakhand, the Khasa lost their ruling power but not the social power.
    There are many cultural norms of Khasa race remained intact till date in Kumaon and Garhwal.       
When Aryan entered hills of Himalayas the Aryanization of Khasa and Kols started (approximately? around 2000 to 2500BC).
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
Dr. Naval  Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010  History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad,  India
K.P nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001 , Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360) 
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India  (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736 )
Dr.Bipin Adhikari , 2011, Nepal Khas Jati,
H.K Barpujari, 1990, The Comprehensive History of Assam (page 11)
Bindeshwar Prasad Sinha, 1974 The Comprehensive History of Bihar (Page-70)
Fisher, William B., 2003, The Middle East and Africa 
S.N Sen, 1999, Ancient Indian History and Civilization
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 13/4/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -12
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…8
Western Brachycephal Races of Uttarakhand to be continued…4
Notes on Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Tihri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Haridwar/Hardwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Dwarhat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Pithauragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Historical aspects on Khasa, Khasha the Ancient race of Udham Singh Nagar  Kumaon, Uttarakhand to be continued…

       History of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part -13   
Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-10

        Thapli Sites, Malari Burials, Ranihat Sites, Sanana Baseri and ancient History of Uttarakhand

[Notes on ancient history of Uttarakhand; ancient history of Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Tihri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Hardwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Nainital Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Almora Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Champawat, Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Dwarhat, Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pithauragarh Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Bageshwar Kumaon,  Uttarakhand]


                                  Bhishma Kukreti

                                    Thapli Excavation
                  The K.P.Nautiyal team excavated at Thapli (near Shrinagar at Shrinagar –Badrinath road at Alaknanda bank) in 1982-83. The site is single painted grey ware culture and period is estimated 1100-800B.C.
                          Malari Burials and History of Uttarakhand
                Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral informed about his finding burials in Malari village (3800Meter height, Niti valley, Chamoli Garhwal, 61 Km from Joshimath at bank of Dhauliganga) on June 1956. Agarwal , Bhatt, J.Kharakwal, K.P. Nautiyal and B.M Khanduri et al also did researches on the burials of Malari.
    Dr K.P. Nautiyal and B.M. Khanduri provide us recent details of recent researches on prehistoric time of Uttarakhand.   The Malari burials are now said to be 1-2 B.C. (http://www.asidehraduncircle.in/excavation.html, Archeological Survey of India Dehradun).   
 Caves of burials – The oval caves were covered by flat stones. The men /women were buried bent knees. There are similarities in burying pattern with burials found in Iran of 100-200 B.C. Earthen  Pots, potteries, drink vessels and dishes of meat were kept on the head side of buried persons.
Dabral informs that same types of burials were found in Dwarhat , Kumaon. Pandey refers them as burials of sages.  Dabral also refers the similar burials in ladakh, lahul, Chamba Tibet. Agarwal and Kharakwal provide references of Stacul to make similarities of Malari burials with Burazahom of Kashmir. Dabral states that these burials may be of Saka and Agarwal and Kharakwal states,” ..Some of these burial complexes may belong to Early Indo European migrants in to central and western Himalayas.”
The People- the human died by natural death and the height of those buried men /women were five feet three inches. They were strong, with broad chest, strong jaws and strong teeth.
Appliances found- The leather bag (kutup), monal was drew on leather bag (kutup), squat pot, grey ware bowl, pedestalled bowl, red ware bowl ,spouted pots, horse burials, horse harshening appliances were found in the burials.
Hunters- The burials indicate that the Malari people were mainly hunters and used to depend on domesticated animals. They used to do farming perhaps in summer season. The Malari population used to build caves for them and animals.
               The Malari society was happy society. The human beings were mainly dependent on meat. Malari culture was fully aware of copper items. The society was well versed with jewelry. Dr Dabral predicted that the society used to migrate from height altitude to lower altitude as it happens now in Niti and Mana regions. 
The Malari people were also traders and used to export animals, wool, leather, herbs etc and used to import metallic appliances, precious stones and barleys.
The society had system of leader leading the society.
The society used to believe on good souls, harmful souls and deities. The people used to believe on the satisfaction of souls.
 
                               Ranihat excavation and History of Uttarakhand
 There was archeological excavation at Ranihat (opposite Shrinagar, bank of Alaknanda, Tihri Garhwal) in 1977 under the supervision of Professor K.P. Nautiyal and the site represents three occupational periods-Period-I (600-400 B.C.), Period II (400-200B.C.) and Period III (200B.C.-200AD).
Period I-There were evidences smelting iron and copper in  period I of Ranihat excavation as unpainted grey ware, glossy red ware, black polished ware.
Period II- The excavation party found burnt bricks, varieties of potteries such as rimless handi, miniature bowl of Maurayan period.
Period IIB-decent floors with the help of stones and new types of potteries as sprinkles,
Period III- built structures of stones and expertise in iron smelting and manufacturing iron tools.
                            Sanana Baseri, Almora
H.N. Bahuguna University team excavated the Sanana Baseri, Almora sites, and urn burials and found the painted grey ware culture. The team found in urn burials -large size earthen jars with ripple marks, dishes miniature bowls, vases, globular goblets. There was practice of multiple burials. 



Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 14/4/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -13
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…11
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
Dr. Naval  Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010  History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad,  India
K.P nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001 , Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360) 
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India  (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri , 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal , Central Himalaya
R.C.Bhatt,  K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal ,1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas,  http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Cist+burials+of+the+Kumaun+Himalayas.-a017422774
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment 
http://opar.unior.it/664/1/5_Annali_1986_46_(f1)_K.P._Nautiyal_-_B.M._Khanduri.pdf
Ajya Rawat, History of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal history of Kumaon
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
 S.s Negi ,Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
S.S.s Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder  Singh, 2008,History of Earlier and Medieval India.
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736 )
M.S. S Rawat (editor),, Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Notes on ancient history of Uttarakhand; ancient history of Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Tihri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Hardwar Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; ancient history of Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Nainital Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Almora Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Champawat, Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Dwarhat, Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Pithauragarh Kumaon,  Uttarakhand; ancient history of Bageshwar Kumaon,  Uttarakhand to be continued…

            Rigvedic Tribes and History of Uttarakhand
History of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part -15   
Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-12
                      Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarakhand -2     
   
                                      Bhishma Kukreti
      It is essential that the historians discuss about tribes described in Rigveda to discuss the ancient history of Garhwal-Kumaon or Uttarakhand as described by Rahul Santyakritan, Dr Dabral, little bit by B.D.pandey, Saklani, Agarwal , Handa etc.
   According to F. Stall (1999), the tribes described in Rigveda are semi-nomadic pastoralists. The lists of tribes described in Rigved are –Alina people, Anu, Ayu, Bhajeratha, Bhalans, Aryan Bharats, Bhrigus, Chhedi, Dasa, Dasyu, Dhrabika,Druhus,  Gandhari, Gungu, Iksavuku, Krivi, Kikata, Kuru, Mahina, Maujavant, Matsya, Meenas, Nahusa, Pakhta, Jan Kristi etc, Pani, Paravata, Parsu, Parthava, Puru, Rusama, Sarasvata, Satvant, Sigru, Simayu, Shiva, Snjaya, Savitana, Tritsu, Trivasa, Usinara, Vaikama, Vasu, Vibhindu, Visanin, Vrachivant, Yadu and Yaksu
                                         Caves men Dasa   
                             
  There is mention of Aryans fought many times with Kirats the caves men of Punjab.
                                           Das Janpad

                      The mentions of Dasas of Himalaya in Rigveda show that these Dasas janpad of Himalayan were great warriors, strong and difficult to win. That is why there are prayers for  winning to Dasas of Himalayas by Aryans in Rigveda.
                                            Hill Dasa Kings
  The Rigveda mentions the Dasa Kings as Shambar (Kangda Janpad king) was very strong and there was fight by Aryan with Shambar for forty years.
   Other hill Dasa kings were –Chumari, Dhuni, Shushn, Ashus, Balbut, Pipru, Vrishshrip, Kuyav, Vritr, Vyans, Rudhika, Namuchi, Kulitar, Bhed, Aj, Yaksh, Shigru, Yaksh, Shigru, Ilivish, Varchin.
   Shambar , his son Bhed and other Hill Dasa kings fought with Aryan Divodas and his son Sudas.

 ***Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarakhand to be continued in History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -16
     
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 18/4/2013
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -16
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…13
References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
Dr. Naval  Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010  History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad,  India
K.P.Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001 , Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360) 
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India  (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal , Central Himalaya
R.C.Bhatt, K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal ,1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas, 
Http://www.thefreeliberary.com/cist +burial+Himalayas-a017422774
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment:
http://opar.unior.it/664/1/5/Annali 1986 (f1)K.p.nautiyal-B.M.Khanduri 
Ajya Rawat, History of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal history of Kumaon
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
 S.s Negi ,Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
S.S.s Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder  Singh, 2008,History of Earlier and Medieval India.
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736 )
J.C. Agarwal, S.P.Agarwal, S.S. Gupta, 1995, Uttarakhand: Past, Present and Future
M.S. S Rawat (editor), Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Elst, Koenraad, 1999, Update on the Indian Aryan invasion debate, Delhi
Talgeri , Shrikant, 2000, The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis
Kumar Chellappan, 2011, New Research Debunks Aryan Invasion Theory, DNA, Chennai edition, 10the Decmevr 2011
Notes on Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Pithauragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Dwarhat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Hardwar Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Dehradun Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Dehradun Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Uttarkashi Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Tihri Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Rudraprayag Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Chamoli Garhwal , Uttarakhand; Aryan Civilization and History of Ancient Pauri Garhwal , Uttarakhand to be continued…

Kumaon and Garhwal in Epics- Mahabharata and Ramayana and Purans

History of Kumaon, Garhwal (Uttarakhand) - Part -18   

Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-15                     
Historical Aspects of Garhwal & Kumaon in Epics-Mahabharata and Ramayana and Purans -2    
[Notes on Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Hardwar Garhwal in Mahabharata, Dehradun Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Rudraprayag Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Tihri Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans;  Chamoli Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Pauri Garhwal in Mahabharata, Kankhal, Bhrigukhal, Kotdwara Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Ramayana and Purans; Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Pithauragarh Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Dwarhat Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Bageshwar Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Champawat Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Almora Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Nainital Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans]         

                                      Bhishma Kukreti

   From the time, professional historians started writing History of India the existence of Mahabharata and Ramayana happenings have been in question and the questions of reality of Mahabharata and Ramayana are still in discussion among historians even after Dr. B .B. Lal carried on  Hastinapur excavation (Chattopadhyaya, 2003).
 R.C. Majumdar and A.D.Pusalkar  (1988) divided Mahabharata eras as
Before, flood- 3102 B.C.
Great Flood- Manu Vaivswat 3102 -2950 B.C.
Yayati era- 3000-2750 B.C.
Mandhata era- 2750-2550 B.C.
Parushram Era- 2550-2350
Ramchandra Era – 2350-1950- B.C.
Krishna Era 1950-1400 B.C.
 Great Battle of Mahabharata – 1400B.C.
Parikshit to early Nanda era- 1400-350 B.C.
                 Uttarakhand in Epics, Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans.
The great grandson of  Dhruva  was Venu.  Kedarkhand, Mahabharata described Venu and his capital was Mayapur (Haridwar/Hardwar). Due to cruel behavior of  Venu , the subject did not like him and displaced him from crown. It seems Venu was Dom king.
Kedarkhand a Puran (172/15;178/44) describes  that king Satyasandh ruled Uttarakhand. Kanningham states that the kingdom of Satyaasandh was in Maadipur, Bijnaur regions.
According to Mahabharata (Shantiparv, 59/1-9), Prithu the son of Venu collected gold from Meru hills (Uttarakhand).
Daksh- The fifth generation king of Prithu was Daksh Prajapati. The kingdom of Daksha Prajapti was extended to uttarkahnd to Madhya Pradesh. The capital of Daksha was Kankhal , Hardwar (Mahabharata, Shalyaparv, 38/28-29).
Vaivswat Manu: Manu protected people in great flood (Pralay). Manu performed the ritual of Tapa (penance) in Badrikashram , Garhwal (Mahabharata, Vanparv, 187/4). Manu was ultimate father of human beings and his capital was Ayodhya.
Pururava: As per Rigveda, Puruva displaced Dasa kingdoms. According to Haripuran (26/6-7), Pururava roamed and live for many years and travelled Chaitrarathan near Badrikashram (Garhwal), Alkapuri near Mandakini bank; Uttarkurupradesh, Gandhmandhan mountains.
Nahus of Yayati era: According to Mahabharata (Vanparva, 129/3), the grandson of Pururava Nahus performed penance ritual near Yamuna bank in Uttarakhand.
Yayati: Yayati was son of Nahush and is believed his kingdom was extended up to Uttarakhand.
Anu: Anu was son of Yayati who was given the Uttarakhand kingdom (Mahabharata, Adiparva, 84/25-26).
                  Sages who performed penance rituals in Uttarakhand
Sages as Angira, Mareechi, Pulah and many sages performed Tap (penance ritual) in Badrikashram and other parts of Uttarakhand (Mahabharata, Vanparv, 142/6).
                           Bhrigutung Mountain of Mahabharata is not Kedar shrine 
Taking shloka of Mahbharata (Vanparva 90/23 as base, Shiv Prasad Dabral (Uttarakhand ka Itihas -3 page 294) writes that sage Bhrigu performed pnance ritual in Bhrigutung and Dr Dabral states Bhrigutung as Kedar Shrune. It seems wrong as Dhyauma sage describing various teerthas (auspicious place) of North region states that there is Gangdwar (Hardwar), Kankhal (sanatkumar’s living place), and there is place of Tapasthali of Bhrigu sage.
भृगुर्यत्र तपस्तेपे महर्षिगणसेविते
राजन स आश्रम ख्यातो  भृगुतुंगो महागिरी (महाभारत , वनपर्व 90/23)
In this episode of Mahabharata, the Bhrigutung shrine is near to Kankhal  and Hardwar. Even today, there is Bhrigukhal  (Udaypur Patti, Pauri Garhwal) near to Kankhal and Hardwar. It means Mahabharata describes about Bhrigukhal and not Kedar shrine as suggested by Dr Dabral.   



Garhwal & Kumaon in Epics-Mahabharata and Ramayana and Purans to be continued…3


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 20/4/2013
****Reference for Historical Aspects of Garhwal & Kumaon in Epics-Mahabharata and Ramayana and Purans .

B.D. Pandey, Kumaon ka Itihas, pages 179
Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 2, pages 283-319
B.D. Chatopadhyaya , 2003, Studying Early India: Archeology, Texts and Historical  Issues
(The write up is for general readers and may not be properly suitable for history research scholars)
History of Garhwal –Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued… Part -19
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued…16

References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
Dr. Naval  Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010  History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad,  India
K.P.Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001, Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360) 
Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India  (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal , Central Himalaya
R.C.Bhatt, K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal ,1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas, 
Http://www.thefreeliberary.com/cist +burial+Himalayas-a017422774
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment:
http://opar.unior.it/664/1/5/Annali 1986 (f1)K.p.nautiyal-B.M.Khanduri 
Ajya Rawat, History of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal history of Kumaon
D.P Agarwal, J Kharakwal, 1995, Kumaon Archeology and Tradition, Almora Book, Almora
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
 S.s Negi ,Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
S.S.s Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder  Singh, 2008,History of Earlier and Medieval India.
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736)
J.C. Agarwal, S.P.Agarwal, S.S. Gupta, 1995, Uttarakhand: Past, Present and Future
M.S. S Rawat (editor), Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Notes on Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Hardwar Garhwal in Mahabharata, Dehradun Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Rudraprayag Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Tihri Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans;  Chamoli Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Pauri Garhwal in Mahabharata, Kankhal, Bhrigukhal, Kotdwara Garhwal in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Ramayana and Purans; Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Pithauragarh Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Dwarhat Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Bageshwar Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Champawat Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Almora Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Nainital Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans; Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon in Mahabharata, Ramayana and Purans to be continued…