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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #6310 on: November 10, 2019, 12:14:32 PM »
Characteristics of Vedic Period in India

Plant Science or Botany in Vedic Period of India – 1
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent -15

By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)}
 -
  The Bronze period culture Vedic Age  is supposed to be from  1500-500 BCE. (1)
  There are many views on period of Rig-Veda and other Vedas.  However, most of scholars agree that Vedic culture was  just before Buddhism started . (2)
 
                 Rig-Veda
 Rig Veda is first written book in the earth.
  There are mentions of rivers in Rig Veda as Kubha, Krumu Gomal etc (rivers in Afghanistan ) and five rivers of Punjab –Sindhu, Vitasta (Jhelam), Aksini (Chinav), Parunni (Ravi), Vipasa (Vyas) and Satudri Sutlej many times and River Yamuna -Gnga etc are leas mentioned t. By that logic it is belived that Rig-Veda was created in Punjab region.  There is description  war between Sudas and other nine Kings and Sudas won the wars  Samhias of Rig-Veda  consists of 1017-1028 hymns or Suktas which have been divided into chapters according to Rishis and subject matters. The oldest  hymes are from Mandals from 2 to 9. The first and  tenth Madals are of later stage. Rig –Veda offers the readers the social life, political, economic, and religious life of North West India (Punjab and Afghanistan) of that period. (Mahajan )
   Samveda Samhita or Book of Chants –
    The Samveda consists of 1549 0r1810 hymns and were meant to be sung . There is nothing original in Samveda. Samveda show that Aryan loved music.(Mahajan).
       Yajurveda (Black and White)
The Yajurveda Samhita (Black and White) means ‘The book of Sacrificial Prayers’. Yajurveda lays down the techniques of sacrifice. (Mahajan )
             Atharva
For long period, Atharva was not named as one of Vedas.  Atharva deals with health  related subjects including prevention of evil spirits
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References
1-McClish , Mark, Olivelle, Patrick, 2012, Introduction in McClish , Olivelle (ed.) The Arthashastra : Selections from  the Classic Indian Works on statecraft, Hackett Pub, , pp XXIV
2-Atrideva Vidyalankar , 1960 , Ayurveda ka Vrihat Itihas , Hindi Samiti , Banaras , pp 11
3-Mahjan , V.D., 1998 , Ancient India, S Chand and Co ND, page 106-107
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India,  2019
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter
Vedic Period, History of Botany of Andhra Pradesh India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Assam, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Bihar, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Chhattisgarh ,  India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Goa, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Gujarat, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Haryana , India, Asia; Vedic Period, Hisktory of Botany of  Himachal Pradesh , India, Asia; ; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Jammu Kashmir , India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Jharkhand ,India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Karnataka, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Kerala, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Madhya Pradesh India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Maharashtra , India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Manipur, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Meghalaya, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Mizoram , India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Nagaland, India, Asia; ; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Odisha, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Punjab, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Rajasthan , India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Sikkim, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Tamil Nadu, India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Telangana , India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Tripura , India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Uttarakhand (U.K.) , India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of  Uttar Pradesh , India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of West Bengal ,India, Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of  , Myanmar , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of  , Bangladesh , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of Pakistan  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of  Baluchistan , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of  Nepal , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Vedic Period, History of Botany of  Afghanistan, Indian subcontinent , Asia;
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #6311 on: November 11, 2019, 03:48:28 AM »


              चबोड्या/चखन्योर्या /व्यंग्यात्मक अंग्रेजी -गढ़वळि शब्दकोश B  -7 
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अनुवाद अर संकलन - भीष्म  घपरोळया  
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Barmaid,मधुबाला , - जैं  पर जनि तुमन हथ फ्यार ना कि बार का पहलानों द्वारा  ठुकाई हूंद

Bath, नयाण - जखमा  भौत लोगुं ध्यान चयेंद
Beach, बीच , समुद्रौ छाल -  बड़ो कचराघर
Bear,  सहण , मारी बाँधी मुसलमान बणन
Bearable, कुछ कार्य असलम जु  हूंद ही नि   छन ,  दुसरकुण  सरल अफकुण कठण
Beautiful, गलतफहमी (दिखण वाळ  तैं  बि त दिखाण बळी तैं बि )
Bed, खटला , बिस्तर - जो कम से कम इस्तेमाल हूंद
Beer , अमेरिका को भूतकाल , भारत कु वर्तमान
Beggar , भिखारी -  जै तै सुंदर बणनो बान टुटब्याग नि करण पोड़द
Bitterness,कडुवाहट - जब तुम तै पता चलदो जु तुमर ओफिस म ब्याळि भर्ती ह्वाई वैकि तनखा   तुमसे  भौत अधिक हो

 
कॉपीराइट ? चुरायुं माल च।  क्यांक कॉपीराइट ?
पौड़ी गढ़वाल से  गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; चमोली  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;  रुद्रप्रयाग  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; टिहरी  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; उत्तरकाशी  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;  देहरादून  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; हरिद्वार  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;   Garhwali  Jokes from Pauri  Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from Chamoli Garhwal;  Garhwali    Jokes from Rudraprayag Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from Tehri Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from  Uttarkashi Garhwal    ; Garhwali Jokes from Haridwar, Uttarakhand   

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #6312 on: November 11, 2019, 10:49:36 AM »
Plants and Plant Classification in  Rig-Veda

History Botany Vedic Literature,  India – 2
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent -16

By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)}
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  Vedic Literature comprises of Vedic Samhita, Brahmins, Upanishads and Sutras.
   The analysis of Vedic literature suggests that the compilers of Vedic literature were well versed with nature and there are terms of plant description along with plant classification too in Vedic i Literature. The Vedic sages collected information about forms, tastes and properties of plants.  Majumdar cited 739 plants and over 250 animals mentioned in ancient Indian literature (1)
     Classification of Plants in Vedas
   Vedas classified plants broadly into-
Tress
Herbs
Shrubs
Creepers
Grasses
(Rig-Veda X 97, 15; i, 164, 20, 22 ;  i , 161, 1 )
 Aushadhi or virudh   means medicines or healing power are and mentioned in Rig-Veda (X97).
Rig-Veda claims that Plants are lord of forests (Vanaspati)
 The following pants were described in Rig-Veda (2) –
Plant  Name -----Botanical name ----------------Rig-Veda References
Pipal --------------Ficus religosa -----------------------------1 ,  164 , 20
Indian Hemp -----Cannabis sativa ---------------------------IX,61, 13
Indian Beech ---------Pongamia glabera -----------------1 , 53; X , 48, 8
Jackal Jujube---------Ziziphus oenoplia  ----------------1,11; 2,6
Catechu Tree --------------Acacia catechu  ----------------III 53,19
Flame of Forest ---------Butea monosprma ----------------X,85, 20; X97,5
Banyan --------------------Ficus indica ---------------- 1, 24, 7
Silk Cotton Tree -------Bombax ceiba ---------------------------VII 50, 7
Indian mesquite ------ Prosopis spicegera --------------- X 95, 1 -18
Indian rosewood ----------Dalbergia sissoo --------------III 53, 19
Cucumber -----------------Cucumis sativus ------------VII 59, 12
Bustard myrobalan --- Terminalia bellirica ---8,86,6
Soma or Hemp
 Aquatic Plants
Water  lily -------------------Nemphaea alba ---------------------X, 10, 13
White Lotus ------------------Nelumbo nucifera --------------X142, 8
Blue Lotus -------------  ---Nemphaea caerulea --------------VI 10

              Grasses
Bermuda grass (durba) ---------- Cynodon dactylon -------- X 16, 13, 134, 5, 142 ,8
Wild Sugarcane (Kusha)  --Saccharum sponteneum ------ X 100, 10
Grass of Lucky augury  (Kusha) ---Poa  cynosuroides --- X, 1, 191 , 3
Bengal cane (Munja) ------------ Sacchareum munja --------1,191, 3
Bermuda grass(paka durva) -------------------------------  X16, 13
Bengal cane (reed) --------------Sacchereum species -------------1,191, 3
Lemon Grass (Trina)  Cymbopogon citratus -------------------1, 161, 1 162
Cogon Grass ( Ulapa) ----Imparata cylindrica ---------------X,142, 3
Bamboo( Vamsa) ------Bamboosa vulgaris -------------------1,10,1
Barely(Yubva) –Hordeum  vulgaris ---------------------------1 , 23, 13 and many times

References
1-Majumdar G.P. 1927 Vanaspati, University Press, Kolkata,
2-Krishna , Nandita , Amrithalingam M. 2014 , Sacered Plants of India   Penguine Press
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India,  2019
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter
Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Andhra Pradesh India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Assam, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Bihar, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Chhattisgarh ,  India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Goa, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Gujarat, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Haryana , India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of  Himachal Pradesh , India, Asia; ; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Jammu Kashmir , India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Jharkhand ,India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Karnataka, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Kerala, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Madhya Pradesh India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Maharashtra , India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Manipur, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Meghalaya, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Mizoram , India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Nagaland, India, Asia; ; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Odisha, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Punjab, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Rajasthan , India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Sikkim, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Tamil Nadu, India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Telangana , India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Tripura , India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Uttarakhand (U.K.) , India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of  Uttar Pradesh , India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of West Bengal ,India, Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of  , Myanmar , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of  , Bangladesh , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of Pakistan  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of  Baluchistan , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of  Nepal , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants, Tress of Rig-Veda ,History  of Botany of  Afghanistan, Indian subcontinent , Asia;

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #6313 on: November 12, 2019, 05:54:20 AM »
   चबोड्या/चखन्योर्या / व्यंग्यात्मक अंग्रेजी -गढ़वळि शब्दकोश B  -8    
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अनुवाद अर संकलन - भीष्म  घपरोळया  
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Black-market, ब्लैकमार्केट - जखन तुम तै सस्तो इलेक्ट्रनिक सामान मिल्दो
Black-Sheep, भरड़ की खाल म भेड़िया - अपण परिवारौ कुण  मि
Blizzard,बर्फानी तूफ़ान - काम पर  नि  जाणो बढ़िया बहाना
Bloodthirsty, खून का प्यासा -  तलाक दिलाण वळ वकील
Bluff,बेवकूफ बणान - पुलिस से बचणो रणनीति
Boardinghouse, छात्रावास - रौणो  सस्तो कमरा जख एक शौचालय पर कम से कम पचास छात्रों अधिकार हूंद
Bodyguard, अंगरक्षक - बुलेटप्रूफ फत्वी
Bomb,बम /बॉम्ब -  आरामगृह को दुरप्रयोग
Bondage, मजा यदि तुम नि  छा तो
Bonus, मालिक द्वारा हर साल तुमर इ पैसा से तुम तै बेवकूफ बणाणो संस्कृति ( हडकी बुकान्द  दै  आयूं अपणी  ल्वै  से मजा लीण )
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कॉपीराइट ? चुरायुं माल च।  क्यांक कॉपीराइट ?
पौड़ी गढ़वाल से  गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; चमोली  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;  रुद्रप्रयाग  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; टिहरी  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; उत्तरकाशी  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;  देहरादून  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; हरिद्वार  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;   Garhwali  Jokes from Pauri  Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from Chamoli Garhwal;  Garhwali    Jokes from Rudraprayag Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from Tehri Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from  Uttarkashi Garhwal    ; Garhwali Jokes from Haridwar, Uttarakhand   

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #6314 on: November 12, 2019, 10:32:46 AM »
Plants, Plant Science in Atharvaveda

Botany History of Vedic Period in India -
 BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent -
By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)}
-
    Atharvaveda was added to Vedic Literature (Veda) at later stage.  Atharvaveda comprises of 730 hymns and 6000 mantras and is divided into 20 Kand(books )(1).
The books  are  divided into Prapathak, Anuvak and Sukto. Branches of Atharvaveda are Saunak and Piplad. The Brahman of Atharvaveda is Gopat and Upnishad are Mundak and Mandukya . 
 
One sixth of Atharvaveda is derived from Rig-Veda (1).
Atharvaveda also divided plants as per their parts (AV-8.7)-
Herbs
Shrubs
Tress
Creepers and
Grasses
  Ayurveda is the sub Veda or upveda of Atharvaveda and offers the information about the medicines, the herbs, metals, diseases, and treatments (2).
Kapil informs that Atharvaveda (10,7,38) mentions the constituents of plants as  Moola (root), Tula (Panicle) , Kanda (stem), Valsa(Twing),  Puspa(flowers ) and Fal( fruits ).

  There are mentions of 110 plants in Atharvaveda (AV) (identified and non-identified and those plants were later stage, the Ayurveda literature put them in significant place as-
 Apamarga (AV-IV17.6)
Arka
Arjuna(AV.-II8.3)
Ashwattha (AV-III.6.5)
Audumbara and other herbs (AV-XIX3.1.1)
Rohani (AV4,12) etc,
-

     
  Further, Atharvaveda   developed the pant classification mentioned in Riga-Veda. Atharveda   creators (Rishis or sages) classified plants into –
Colour (AV8.7.1)
Morphological Characters (AV- 8.7.4)   
Habitats (AV- 8.7.9; AV8.7.17; AV -19.44.6)
Uses of plants (AV- ) 11.4.16; AV 11.6.15-16)
Use of Plants in various diseases and effects of plants on animals as boars, Snake, cows etc.(AV8.7.23-25)




       Diseases, Applied Botany  in Atharvaveda
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  Atharvaveda describes diseases, medicines names, characteristics of physicians. (4)
  Atharvaveda describes human and animal diseases, medicines made by plants and characters of medical trees, herbs, medical shrubs and medical creepers too. Atharv)veda also deals with geography related to medicines and plants.
That means Atharvaveda describes various aspects of applied botany as uses of plants for medicines, pharmacology
Another aspect about Vedic period is that Ayurveda (Life  Science , knowledge or medical science based on nature specially plant based medicines)  has taken shape in India (5)
References
1-Maurice B., 1886, The Atharvaveda, Harvard Uni. Press page 1-2
2-Satyakam Verma, 1984, Vedic Studies, Bhartiya Prakashan , ND, p.67
3-Kapil, R.N. Biology in Ancient and Medieval India, Indian Journal of History of Science Volume V, No1, pp  126
4-Atrideva Vidyalankar, 1960 , Ayurveda ka Vrihat Itihas , Hindi Samiti , Banaras , (Chapter –Atharvaveda me Ayurveda pages from 31- 63)
Atrideva Vidyalankar, 1960 , Ayurveda ka Vrihat Itihas , Hindi Samiti , Banaras , (Chapter –Atharvaveda me Ayurveda page 126
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2019
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter
Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Andhra Pradesh India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Assam, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Bihar, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Chhattisgarh ,  India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Goa, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Gujarat, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Haryana , India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of  Himachal Pradesh , India, Asia; ; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Jammu Kashmir , India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Jharkhand ,India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Karnataka, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Kerala, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Madhya Pradesh India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Maharashtra , India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Manipur, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Meghalaya, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Mizoram , India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Nagaland, India, Asia; ; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Odisha, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Punjab, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Rajasthan , India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Sikkim, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Tamil Nadu, India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Telangana , India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Tripura , India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Uttarakhand (U.K.) , India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of  Uttar Pradesh , India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of West Bengal ,India, Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of  , Myanmar , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of  , Bangladesh , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of Pakistan  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of  Baluchistan , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of  Nepal , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plants and Plant Science in Atharvaveda , History of Botany of  Afghanistan, Indian subcontinent , Asia;
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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #6315 on: November 12, 2019, 01:10:52 PM »
Plants, Applied Botany in Brahmans of Vedas 

Botany History of Vedic Period in India - 4
 BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent -18
By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)}
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   Each Veda has Samhitas, Brahmans, Upanishads and Sutras. The Brahman books are explanations of each Veda. Main subject of Brahman is ‘Yagya’. The meaning of Brahman is told by Brahma.  Atrideva offers information as follows (1)-
 Rig-Veda has two Brahmans – Aitireya and Kaupitiki.
 Shatpath Brahman a Big book is the Brahman of Shukla Yajurveda .
Taitriya is the Brahman of Krishna Yajurveda
Tanyadya and Chandogeya are Brahmans of Samveda
Gopath is the Brahman of Atharvaveda
  Brahmans explain or offer knowledge about diseases of Transitional period of two seasons.
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 Prevention and Curing of Ritusandhi diseases (diseases of transit time between two seasons)
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In Brahmans, there is information for preventing and curing methods for seasonal transitional diseases (mostly Yagya or Yajna) (1)
 The following materials are suggested for Yajna for preventing diseases happened in seasonal transition period.
     Fragrant substance creating  plants (1) –
Kasturi (Oysters)  (animal),
Saffron
White sandalwood
Cardamom
  Nourishing substances making plants
Ghee (animal)
Milk (animal)
Bidari (roots)
Cereals as wheat, barely, rice, urad
 Sweet substances
 Sugar , jiggery (got from sugarcane)
Honey
Dates
 Disease preventive substances (medicines)
 Most of medicines are extracted seasonal herbs as –
Kooth (Costus ) , Neem ,Bach (Sweet Flag) , Kulanjan (greater Galangal) and other plant substances
Brahman explains that Yagya are disease preventive acts .
Gopath Brahman (Brahman of Atharvaveda) explains the importance of medicinal plants /substances for Yagya performances   in transitional period between two seasons –
Bheshjya Yagay va ete, Tasmadritusndhishu prayujyante
Ritusandhishu vai vyaadhirjayate (Gopath Brahman 3/1/19)
(These medicines are Yagya. That is why Ygya are performed in transit between two seasons as disease happened (more) in this transit period.)
 The above explanations in   Brahmans of Veda show that Rishis or sages or learned people did various experiments with diseases and plants in past and they compiled the applied botany and applied zoology knowledge too.
          Microbes in Vedas
   Vedas  described many names for microbes (nonvisible by eyes)  as Rakshas, krimis, Yatudhan,  and other symbolic names as sarpa (, snakes).  (2)
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References
1-Atrideva Vidyalankar, 1960, Ayurveda ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Samiti , Banaras , p 64
2-Atrideva Vidyalankar, 1960, Ayurveda ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Samiti , Banaras , p-67
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2019
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter
Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Andhra Pradesh India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Assam, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Bihar, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Chhattisgarh ,  India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Goa, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Gujarat, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Haryana , India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of  Himachal Pradesh , India, Asia; ; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Jammu Kashmir , India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Jharkhand ,India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Karnataka, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Kerala, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Madhya Pradesh India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Maharashtra , India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Manipur, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Meghalaya, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Mizoram , India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Nagaland, India, Asia; ; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Odisha, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Punjab, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Rajasthan , India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Sikkim, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Tamil Nadu, India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Telangana , India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Tripura , India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Uttarakhand (U.K.) , India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of  Uttar Pradesh , India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of West Bengal ,India, Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of  , Myanmar , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of  , Bangladesh , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of Pakistan  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of  Baluchistan , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of  Nepal , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Applied Botany  in Brahmans of Vedas  , History of Botany of  Afghanistan, Indian subcontinent , Asia;
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #6316 on: November 13, 2019, 05:50:49 AM »
चबोड्या/चखन्योर्या / तून दिँदेर  अंग्रेजी -गढ़वळि शब्दकोश B  - 9  
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अनुवाद अर संकलन - भीष्म  घपरोळया   
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Bookkeeper , मुनीम , जु तुमर पैसा पर नजर रखद किन्तु जै पर नजर रखण आवश्यक च
Boor ,जंगळी , -दारु अड्डा पर तुमर बगल वळ
Boot , बूट , - जै  चीज से शराबौ  अड्डा पर तुमर बगलको  जंगळी पर तुम पैथर बिटेन  मारदवां
Borrow,पगाळ -  जै तरां से तुम अपण शक्तिशाली हथियार तै कम करदां
Bowling, बॉलिंग - बुड्या अर बच्चा पसंद करदन बल सरल च जब कि कठिन हूंद
Brain , दिमाग -  जै पर मनुष्य सबसे कम ध्यान दींद
Brainless,मष्तिष्कविहीन - दुन्या म अधिकतर िनी जिंदगी बितान्दन
Brave,बीर  - जु आजकाल खुज्याण  पर बि नि मिल्दो
Budget,बजट , -  इथगा खराब (तंग ) बि नि  हूंद जथगा हूण  चयेंद 

Buffet, बुफे - होटल,  जखम  तुम अफि अफु  तै मूर्ख बणौंदा
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कॉपीराइट ? चुरायुं माल च।  क्यांक कॉपीराइट ?
पौड़ी गढ़वाल से  गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; चमोली  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;  रुद्रप्रयाग  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; टिहरी  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; उत्तरकाशी  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;  देहरादून  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; हरिद्वार  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;   Garhwali  Jokes from Pauri  Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from Chamoli Garhwal;  Garhwali    Jokes from Rudraprayag Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from Tehri Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from  Uttarkashi Garhwal    ; Garhwali Jokes from Haridwar, Uttarakhand

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #6317 on: November 13, 2019, 04:43:03 PM »
Agriculture Science in Vedic Period

Botany History of Vedic Literature in India – 5
 BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent  -19

By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)}
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 Once, Trelease stated, “Without Agriculture there would be no Botany. Without Botany agriculture would be little more than empiricism.” (1)
 The view of Mira Roy is that the information on agriculture practices on Vedic Literature is sporadic, not in the narrative form (2).
          Agriculture embraces two fold activities –
Raising a number of practices
And domestication of animals
 Agriculture was main economic source in Vedic Period.

            Types of Soil and Land in Vedic Literature
  Rig-Veda recognises two types of land ( 3)-
Fertile Land (Apnasvati)
Arid Land (Artand)
             Conservation of Soil
After thorough analysis of Vedic literature, Roy found that Vedic Agriculturists were deeply concerned about soil maintenance’s potentiality. And had knowledge of soil conservation concept (4) as Vedic literature discusses about ‘arable’ and ‘fallow’ lands

         Reclamation of Land

      Rig-Veda describes the burning of land and growth of new vegetation explains that the Vedic agriculturists were aware about reclamation of land for farming and good crops (5).
           
                        Manure and Manuring in Vedic Literature
         The Vedic society was well aware about replenishment of soil and manuring by animal produces or manure for individual plants (6).
 Rig-Veda recommends blood of cows and dungs of cow for restoration of earth (7) and that suggests that Vedic Agriculturists well aware about manure for increasing fertility of  land .
The hymn of Traitriya Samhita (V,1.7.3) states that Corn ripens twice a year and that   suggests that Vedic people were having preliminary or good  knowledge  of crop rotation and benefits by rotation of cereals and legumes one after other.
 Animal manures were of two types cow stable dung manures and farmyard cow –dung (8) and Satpatha Brahmana (II.1.17) suggests the animal  excrements is  suitable  for fertility growth etc.
   Green manures
Veda also discusses about benefits or uses of green manures as Atharvaveda (II 8.3.4) recommends the wood of Terminalia Arjuna, husk of barely and blossom of sesame for removing devilment from arable land (9).
Kaushika Sutra (later Vedic Stage) recommends maunuring of barely seeds by honey and clarified butter (10)
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                  Ecological basis of Crops in Vedic Literature
 Vedic Literature describe very sketchy idea about crop characteristics (1)

                  Plant Protection Measures in Vedic Literature
There are descriptions of plant protection measures in Vedas.
  Rig-Veda describes farmer making noise for driving away the birds (11) and Taitriya Samhita describes rotation of crops (natural crop plant protection)  (12) .
                   Birds and Insects
   Vedic Literature shows that barring birds, people were not aware of pestiferous agents (13).
    The pests were described in Atharvaveda are (13)
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Borer bird or insects
Rodents and rats
Reptiles
              Agro-Technology in Vedic Age
     Taitriya Samhita and Atharvaveda describes ploughing with the help of sheep and oxen (14)
 Taitriya Samhita (V,2.5.4 and V.1.6.4) ) also describes  furrow marks  and mowing a post plough operation.

       Agriculture tools of Vedic Era
 Roy offers complete details of following Agricultural tools of Vedic Era (15) –

 Forest Clearance tools as axe and axe types of tools
Soil Treatment tools as mower and roller
Cultivation tools as plough (small and Big and having four parts) that was dragged by oxen and sheep.
Harvesting tools were a crooked knife type sickle type, sickle and reaping hook
 The sieves and winnowing fans were corn cleaning equipment.
Carts and wagon were used for carrying agricultural produces .
                       Irrigation for agriculture in Vedic Period
 There were two types of irrigation system at the Vedic Period - rain water and river water.
  Rig-Veda states (X, 43.7) states rain water lifting by bucket.
   Sindhu(Indus)  and other rivers as Sarswati  were described many times in Vedic literature.
 There is description of artificial way of irrigation too that is wooden bucket were used for storing and pouring water from well. (1)
 Roy gives the details of metrological observation in relation to crop prospects and details about Vedic literature describing (16) two seasons of rainfall; effects of rainfall on crops and livestock; unfavourable weather for crops;
 Thus it is clear that Vedic Period started fast developing agriculture science than its past .
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References   
1-Trelease W.M. , 1924  The Relationship of Botany to Agriculture in Science (ed- Cattell  M.J.) Vol1,10,  Science, Lancashire,  August 1924, p-80
2-Roy, Mira, 20019 Agriculture in Vedic Period, Indian Journal of History of Science, 44..4(2009) p 497-520
3-Rig-Veda, 127.6
4-Roy, Mira, 20019 Agriculture in Vedic Period, Indian Journal of History of Science, 44.4 (2009) p 500
5-Rig-Veda, X,142.2-8
6- Roy, Mira, 20019 Agriculture in Vedic Period, Indian Journal of History of Science, 44..4(2009) p 502
7- Nagar B.R., 1963, “Manuring in Ancient India” Bulletin of National Institute of Science of India, No. 24, p 131
8-Atharvaveda, III 14.3,XIX 31.3 and Kaushiksutra XXIV .17.
9-Roy, Mira, 20019 Agriculture in Vedic Period, Indian Journal of History of Science, 44.4(2009) p 502
10-Kaushika Sutra ,XXIV,2
11 Rig-Veda . XX68.1
12- Taitriya Samhita V, 2.5.4
13- Roy, Mira, 20019 Agriculture in Vedic Period, Indian Journal of History of Science, 44..4(2009) p 507
14- Taitriya Samhita V2.5.2
15- Roy, Mira, 20019 Agriculture in Vedic Period, Indian Journal of History of Science, 44..4(2009) p 508
16- Roy, Mira, 20019 Agriculture in Vedic Period, Indian Journal of History of Science, 44..4(2009) p 513, 514, 515

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2019
HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter
Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Andhra Pradesh India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Assam, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Bihar, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Chhattisgarh ,  India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Goa, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Gujarat, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Haryana , India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of  Himachal Pradesh , India, Asia; ; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Jammu Kashmir , India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Jharkhand ,India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Karnataka, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Kerala, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Madhya Pradesh India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Maharashtra , India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Manipur, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Meghalaya, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Mizoram , India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Nagaland, India, Asia; ; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Odisha, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Punjab, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Rajasthan , India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Sikkim, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Tamil Nadu, India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Telangana , India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Tripura , India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Uttarakhand (U.K.) , India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of  Uttar Pradesh , India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of West Bengal ,India, Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of  , Myanmar , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of  , Bangladesh , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of Pakistan  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of  Baluchistan , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of  Nepal , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Agriculture Science in Vedic Period , History of Botany of  Afghanistan, Indian subcontinent , Asia;
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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #6318 on: November 14, 2019, 06:22:53 AM »
चबोड्या/चखन्योर्या / व्यंग्यात्मक (तून दिँदेर )  अंग्रेजी -गढ़वळि शब्दकोश B  - 10 

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अनुवाद अर संकलन - भीष्म  घपरोळया  
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Buffoon , विदूषक,  बेवकूफ , -जांक  अभिनय  तुम बुफे खांद दैं  करदां

Bully, धौंसिया , धौंस देने वाला - सामजिक कार्यकर्ता

Bumpkin,गंवार - तुमर निदंत  काका , बाडा

Bureaucracy, नौकरशाह , - कानूनन  बकवास करण वळ
Burial, कब्र - अब  इथगा मैंगो ह्वे गे कि  यां  से बढ़िया तो ज़िंदा रौण बेहतर च
Bus, बस - सड्यां  माछों डब्बा
Butter,मक्खन - काम निकाळणो एक सामन्य माध्यम
Buttermilk , छाछ - शुद्ध मखन /नौणी
Buzzard,गिद्ध /बाज -  हमेशा गलत उदाहरण
Bystander ,दर्शक - इथगा भोला /सीधो  त नि  हूंद  जथगा बुले /समझे जांद


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कॉपीराइट ? चुरायुं माल च।  क्यांक कॉपीराइट ?
पौड़ी गढ़वाल से  गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; चमोली  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;  रुद्रप्रयाग  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; टिहरी  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; उत्तरकाशी  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;  देहरादून  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ; हरिद्वार  गढ़वाल से गढ़वाली हास्य- जोक्स , हास्य ;   Garhwali  Jokes from Pauri  Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from Chamoli Garhwal;  Garhwali    Jokes from Rudraprayag Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from Tehri Garhwal;   Garhwali  Jokes from  Uttarkashi Garhwal    ; Garhwali Jokes from Haridwar, Uttarakhand
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख
« Reply #6319 on: November 14, 2019, 11:15:24 AM »
Plant Anatomy in Vedic Literature
Botany History of Vedic Literature in India – 6
 BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent -20
By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)}
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 Anatomy a branch of biological science deals with internal part of organism. 
   Rig-Veda is an oldest documented script.
  Ratikanta Maiti (1) Sates offering the reference of Father of  A.K Chaudhary (2)“Perhaps the earliest documented studies on plant botany and anatomy carried out in the early Indian civilization in the Vedic age.  People of this age accumulated a great amount of knowledge about botany and anatomy of plants recognizing the values of different plants in agriculture, medicines, fuels, construction, and religious performances”.
 Rig-Veda the oldest Vedic literature termed wood as ‘daru’, differentiating it from bark ’vakala’, Later , Brihadarnyaka Upanishad’  described following anatomical differentiation of plants (1)-
Ashthi (Wood, xylem )
 Mamsa  (Soft tissues)
Majja (Pith)
Twak( bark,)
Snayu (Fibers)
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References
Maiti , Ratikanta, et all, 2012, Caby London, UK, p 2
Chaudhary A.K.1971, Botany: PrehistoricPperiod, In ‘Concise History of Science in India’ (Eds), D.M. Bose , S.N. Sen, B.V. Subbarayappa, New Delhi,  National Science Academy, Pp 371-375
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2019 p p.2

HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter

Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Andhra Pradesh India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Arunachal Pradesh, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Assam, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Bihar, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Chhattisgarh ,  India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Goa, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Gujarat, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Haryana , India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of  Himachal Pradesh , India, Asia; ; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Jammu Kashmir , India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Jharkhand ,India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Karnataka, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Kerala, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Madhya Pradesh India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Maharashtra , India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Manipur, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Meghalaya, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Mizoram , India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Nagaland, India, Asia; ; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Odisha, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Punjab, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Rajasthan , India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Sikkim, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Tamil Nadu, India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Telangana , India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Tripura , India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Uttarakhand (U.K.) , India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of  Uttar Pradesh , India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of West Bengal ,India, Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of  , Myanmar , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of  , Bangladesh , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of Pakistan  , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of  Baluchistan , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of  Nepal , Indian subcontinent , Asia; Plant Anatomy, History of Botany of  Afghanistan, Indian subcontinent , Asia;


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