MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

2nd List of Plants mentioned in earliest Buddhist literature

Flora in Early Buddhist Literature (Pali Tipitaka) -2
Botany in Mahajanapada Era or Buddhist Literature (1425 to 323 B.C.E) – 2
 BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –48
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By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)-
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S. Dhammika offers us detailed list of plants mentioned in various early Buddhist literature in title ‘Nature and the environment in early Buddhism ( 3) including following Jataka information -
 
Pali Common Name Plant ---------Botanical name ---------Reference
Ja= Jataka tales  (4)
Vin= Vinaya Pitaka (7)
M.=Majjhima nakaya  (6)
Th= Theragata  (
Ap= Apadana  (5)
A=Anguttara (9)
Vv= Vimanavatthu  (10)
Indavarunikarukkha -------------- Citrulus colosynthis ------- Ja, 4.8
Indasla (tree) -------------------------------------------------------Ja,IV 92
Isika ---------------------------------Celosia cristata --------------Ap 16.193
Ucchu -------------------------------- Sugarcane ---------------- Vin.III 59
Udumbara ------------------------ Ficus glomerata ------------ A IV 283
Uddala ----------------------------- Sterculia vilosa ------------ Ja, IV 301
Upparibhandaka -   a tree ----------------------------------------- Ja, VI 269
Udaropa --------------------- a tree ---------------------------------- Ja , II 345
Uppala ------------------------ Nymphea stellate ------------------ Vv, 45.5

 

1-Dhammika, S. (2015), Nature and the environment in early Buddhism, Buddha Dhamma mandala Society, Singapore pages 1to 206
4- Jataka with Cemetery, ed. V. Fauseboll PTS 1877 -97 
5-Ap =Apadana edited Marry E. Litty  PTS Oxford 2000
6- M= Manjhima Nikaya editor V. Trenckner , R Chalmers London 1887-1902
7- Vin =Vinaya Paitaka , edi . H. Oldernberg PTS London 1879-83
8- Th =Theragata  edi. H. Oldenberg, Pischel 2nd edi , London  PTS London 1966
9- A= Anguttara  Nikaya , ed. R. Moris , E Hardy PTS London 1885 -90
10 Vv = Vimanavatthu , ed. N.a jayvikarama , PTS Oxford , 1977

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2020 
History of Botany from Pali/Maghadi literature, Applied Botany in India in Buddhist literature, Plant Science in early Indian Buddhist Literature
 HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter

 
कुठार (बिछला ढांगू ) में धीरेन्द्र भंडारी की चौखट तिबारी में काष्ठ कला उत्कीर्णन
ढांगू गढ़वाल , हिमालय  की तिबारियों पर अंकन कला -16
  Traditional House wood Carving Art of Kuthar,  Dhangu , Garhwal, Uttarakhand , Himalaya   -16
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  उत्तराखंड , हिमालय की भवन  (तिबारी ) काष्ठ अंकन लोक कला ( तिबारी अंकन )  -  25
Traditional House Wood Carving Art (Tibari) of Garhwal , Uttarakhand , Himalaya -  25
 
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 संकलन - भीष्म कुकरेती
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    कुठार  बिछला  ढांगू  का सम्पन , उर्बरायुक्त , समृद्ध गाँव  आज भी मन जाता है।  गंगा तट के निकट होने से भूमि उर्बर  थी व कर्मठ किसानों ने कुठार को नाम दिया।  निकटवर्ती गांव हैं हथनूड़ , तैड़ी , क्यार , दाबड़ आदि ,
    इस समृद्ध गाँव व कर्मठ किसानी गाँव से  इस लेखक को दो तिबारियों की  है।  कुठार में धीरेन्द्र भंडारी की तिबारी भी अब जीर्ण शीर्ण  अवस्था में है।  तिबारी दुभित्या मकान की पहली मंजिल पर है। 
तिबारी में चार स्तम्भ /खम्भे , सिंगाड़ /columns हैं व तीन मोरी /खुले द्वार  हैं।  तिबारी चौखट है व तिबारी /बैठक में कोई मेहराब /चाप / तोरण /वृत्तखंड /arch नहीं है।
किनारे दो स्तम्भ हैं जो प्राकृतिक कलायुक्त /नक्कासीदार कड़ी से दिवार सेजुड़े हैं।  प्रत्येक स्तम्भ उप छज्जे के ऊपर पाषाण आधार  पर टिके हैं।  अन्य तिबारियों जैसे इस तिबारी के स्तम्भ में आधार पर कुम्भी , उर्घ्वगामी पदम् पुष्प दल या डीला नहीं हैं।  अपितु सीधी हियँ व इन स्तम्भों पर  ज्यामितीय व प्र्रीति कला अंकन (natural  and geometrical motifs ) है।  कहीं भी मानवीय /पशु  /पक्षी (Figural motifs ) नहीं मिलते हैं यहाँ तक कि कोई शगुन प्रतीक  अलंकरण अंकन भी नहीं मिलता है। 
 स्तम्भ ऊपर स्तम्भ शीर्ष मुंडीर  कड़ी से मिलते हैं मुंडीर पर भी कोई विशेष अंकन आज नहीं दीखता है।  किन्तु प्राकृतिक अलंकरण अवश्य रहा होगा (natural motif ) . स्तम्भ शीर्ष कड़ी दास पट्टिका से मिल जाती है जो छत को आधार देती है।
   धीरेन्द्र भंडारी की तिबारी साधारण कला की तिबारी है।  मध्य हिमालय वास्तु कला ज्ञाता  मनोज इष्टवाल व पुरातन गढ़वाली शब्द ज्ञाता महेशा नंद इस स्ट्रक्चर को निमदारी  की श्रेणी में रखना पसंद करते हैं 
सूचना व फोटो आभार - अभिलाष रियाल व कमल जखमोला
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti , 2020
  Traditional House Wood Carving Art of, Dhangu, Garhwal, Uttarakhand ,  Himalaya; Traditional House Wood Carving Art of  Malla Dhangu, Garhwal , Uttarakhand ,  Himalaya; House Wood Carving Art of  Bichhala Dhangu, Garhwal  Himalaya; House Wood Carving Art of  Talla Dhangu, Garhwal , Uttarakhand  , Himalaya; House Wood Carving Art of  Dhangu, Garhwal, Himalaya; ढांगू गढ़वाल (हिमालय ) की भवन काष्ठ कला , हिमालय की  भवन काष्ठ कला , उत्तर भारत की भवन काष्ठ कला   

Geography and Regions  descriptions in Kashyap Samhita: Indicative Factors for Medical Tourism

Indicating Factors of Medical Tourism in Kashyap Samhita -3
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in Nagavansha Period (176-340 A.D.) – 10
History of Medical Tourism, Health and Wellness Tourism in India, South Asia- 128 
(With Special mentions of History of Medicines in India)
 By: Bhishma Kukreti (Medical Tourism Historian)
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  Historians least paid attention on History of Medical tourism in India. As such,  medical tourism is a new subject for  this industrial. Therefore, for writing history of medical tourism , historians  need to find or search the indicating factors of medical tourism in any period or literature.
 Kashyap Samhita do not mention who travels for medical aid nor we have any historical records. However, Kashyap Samhita offers us ample of factors those indicate that there was well developed medical tourism in Kashyap creating period.
 First indicating factor is emergence of Kashyap sage as father of children illness and cure .
As Kashyap first for initiating for children illness cure, definitely not only parents of ill children from far way started visiting Kashyap and his disciples but  foreign scholars would have dropped Kashyapa and other experts of Paediatric science (disciples of Kashyap)  for getting new knowledge .
 Kashyap Samhita illustrating geography
  Kashyap Samhita illustrates Geography and the characteristics of people of different places the strong indicators of travels and medical tourism.
  Kashyap Samhita mentions following countries (1)-
Kurukshaetra , Kuru, Naimisaranya, Panchal, Manichar, Kaushal, Haritpada,
Shursena, Char, Matsya Dsharna , Shishiradri, Sarswat, Sindhu, Sauver, Vipad or Vyasa, Kashmir, China, Upper China, Khas, Vwahik, Dasrek, Shat Sar, Raman etc (kalpa Bhojan Kalp 41-43 )
  There are mentions of following different castes (Class as per family tree) in Kashyap Samhita (1) –
Sut, Maghad , Ven, Pukkas Prachyak, Chandal, Mushtik etc
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Medicines or Food Suitability as per geographical regions 
Kashyap had knowledge of characteristics and body suitability for medicines of  few  geographical regions and that means that  Kashyap  was a travelling physician too .
  Kashyap mentions in Kashyap Samhita that sour and spice (teekshna) medicines (dravya) for the people belonging to Kashi, Pundru, Ag, Kavaga,    kach, Anupak (Konkan) Kaushal regions (1). 
 Same way, Kashyap mention sin Kashyap Samhita that soft /normal medicines were suitable for   people of  Narmada, Kalinga, Pattvasin, south   regions (1).
The above description in Kashyap Samhita was possible only when physicians were travelling, curing,  getting knowledge of new medicines and properties  of regional specialities  and exchanging all knowledge to other knowledgeable  too. The above is sure that there was tour by ill people to doctors or medical centres and medical experts visiting to various regions for curing people and getting newer medical knowledge too.
 Strong Indicators of medical tourism in Kashyap Samhita
 

References
1-Vidyalankar Atrideva,   Ayurveda ka Vrihat Itihas, Hindi Sahitya Samiti, Banaras, (1960) pages -0, page 206
Medical Tourism Indicating factors in Kashyapa Samhita will be continued
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti, //2020 bjkukreti@gmail.com

3rd List of Plants mentioned in earliest Buddhist literature
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Flora in Early Buddhist Literature (Pali Tipitaka) -3
Botany in Mahajanapada Era or Buddhist Literature (1425 to 323 B.C.E) – 3
 BOTANY History of Indian Subcontinent –49
-
By: Bhishma Kukreti M.Sc. {(Botany), B.Sc. (Honours in Botany), Medical Tourism Historian)-
-    
    The work of Dhammika (2015) is very important for understanding the flora mentioned in various earliest Buddhist literature.
   Following is third list of plants mentioned in Earliest Buddhist Literature (1) –
Pali name --Common Name Plant ---------Botanical name ---------Reference
Ja= Jataka tales (4)
Vin.= Vinaya Pitaka (7)
M.=Majjhima nakaya  (6)
Th= Theragata  (
Ap= Apadana  (5)
A=Anguttara (9)
Vv= Vimanavatthu  (10)
Pv-a =Petavatthu Atthakattha ed.  (11)
Eraka -------------------A course Grass ----------------------------------Vin. I 196)
Eranda –Castor Oil plant –----Ricinus communis ---------------------M II, 152
Elembaraka – A type of creeper ------------------------------------------Ja.VI 536
Elegala –Sickle Sena --------Senna tora ------------------------------- Ja. III 222
Kakkarika –cucumber – Cucumis sativas -------------------------- Vin.III. 59
Kangu--- Millets------------------------------------------------------------ Ja.VI 581
Kacchikara – Uncertain ---------------------------------------------------- Ja. V 420
Kacchaka (probably dye fig-------------------------------------- Vin IV 34
Katukarohani –Himalayan herb ---------Picrorhiza kurro -------------- Vin I 201
Katerhua – a Bush ---------------------------------------------------------Ja.VI 537
Kanika --------------------------Premna integrifolia ----------------------- AP 17
Kanikara --------------------   Pterospermum acerifolium ------------------- A V 61
Kadamba –Kadamba ---------- Neolamarckia cadamba --------------- Ja.VI 535
Kadali – Banana --------------     Musa bulbisiana ------------------------Ja. V 195
Kappikachu ------Velvet Bean ---------Mucuna pruriens -----------Pv a 84 
Kappitha – wood apple ----------------Limonia acidissima    -------Ja.V 38
Kapasa ---Cotton -------------------- Gossypium sp. --------------------Ja. I 350
Kapura – Camphor tree -------------Cinnamomum camphora -------Ja.VI 537
Karanja ---Indian beach ----------------- Milletia pinnata ----------------Ja.VI 518
Karamadda ----------------------------- Carissa carandas ---------------  Ja.VI 536 
Karavira ---Oleander ---------------------Nerium oleander ------------- Ja. III 62
Kalmbuka –probably ----ipomoea aquatica ---------------------------------Ja. VI 535
Kalaya -----------------perhaps pigeon pea -------------------------------Ja II 370
Kalingu – a type of tree ---------------------------------------------- Ja.VI 537

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References
1-Dhammika, S. (2015), Nature and the environment in early Buddhism, Buddha Dhamma mandala Society, Singapore pages 1to 206
4- Jataka with Cemetery, ed. V. Fauseboll PTS 1877 -97 
5-Ap =Apadana edited Marry E. Litty  PTS Oxford 2000
6- M= Manjhima Nikaya editor V. Trenckner , R Chalmers London 1887-1902
7- Vin =Vinaya Paitaka , edi . H. Oldernberg PTS London 1879-83
8- Th =Theragata  edi. H. Oldenberg, Pischel 2nd edi , London  PTS London 1966
9- A= Anguttara  Nikaya , ed. R. Moris , E Hardy PTS London 1885 -90
10 Vv = Vimanavatthu , ed. N.a jayvikarama , PTS Oxford , 1977
11- Pv-a =Petavatthu Atthakattha ed E. hardy PTS London 1894

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bckukreti@gmail.com , Mumbai India, 2020 
History of Botany from Pali/ Maghadi literature, Applied Botany in India in Buddhist literature, Plant Science in early Indian Buddhist Literature ;  Flora mentioned in Buddhist literature  will be continued
 HISTORY of BOTANY in Indian Subcontinent will be continued in next chapter

Sudarshan Shah as Poet and supporter of Artisans

General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -2
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 128
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 128 
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1357
 
  By:   Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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    Sudarshan Shah was art and literature lover (1).  Sudarshan Shah got good education for Sanskrit and it is said that he used to offer problem for Sanskrit Pundits for creating poetries. Maularam praised Sudarshan Shah in Garhrajvansha Kavya (Varna  63)for his poetry creating abilities and supporting poets etc.
 Sudarshan Shah was having knowledge of Braja and he created poetries in Hindi and the poem are in one unpublished book Sabha  Sar  (1).There are 17 chapters in Sabha Sar. The poems are of love, neeti and Vairagya raptures. Mostly the poems are based on sayings of poets or philosophers. (1)
Sudarshan Shaah used to listen poets and scholars and used to support them too by monetary benefits or by  gifting (1) 
State scholar Hari Datt Sharma  mentioned Sabha Sar in his drama ‘Sabha –Bhushan ‘

References
1-Dabral, Shiv Prasad, (2009, Their Garhwal Rajya ka Itihas Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 1, (2nd edition) Veer Gatha Press, Garhwal India, page 113 
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bjukreti@gmail.com
The write up is for general readers.
History of Their Garhwal to be continued in next chapter …