Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

[Bhishma Kukreti]

  Distribution/ Division of Land Ownership, Land Revenue System in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Dynasty

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -11 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -200       
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -448 


                       By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

                 Eldest brother used to be the owner on record books. Other younger brothers used to be the equal partners of the land. The land was divided according to number of brothers and not according to number of mothers. Where the wife or wives were same for all brothers, there land was divided by number of brothers too.  Such Land division was called 'Bhai Bant'
      Many times, the person used to divide land equally among his wives and not according to numbers of sons and was called as 'Sautiya Bant'.
    A special portion of land was offered to eldest son as 'Jethali'. The right of onwenriship on land was offered to only sons of real Wife (Asal) and not sons (Kam Asal Putra) from keeps or lower caste wives.
             A little land was offered to son from kam Asal wife (widow, Dhanti, prostitute, Harijan). In Khas Rajput all sons were divided land whether they are from any wife.

                                  Land Revenue System
                   The main revenue for    Kingdom was land revenue. The tax was as per fertile and non fertile land.
The revenue for Garhwal Kingdom was around two lakh Garhwali rupees.

                68 Types of Tax in Garhwal Kingdom
                     
  According to folklores, Garhwal Kingdom used to collect 'Chhatis Rakam' and Battis Kalam' or taxes. That means there were sixty eight types of taxes. 
In fact, all taxes were not collected annually but apart from annual tax, the King used to collect taxes in bad or good times too.
Rakam or Mamla land tax- This was land tax collected in cash.
Baikar tax- Baikar was taken in the form of grains.
Kut tax- Kut tax was in cash in exchange of grains.
                  Social Welfare Taxes
Katak Tax- Katak tax was taken for increasing or maintaining army.
Jhuliya tax – This tax was collected from those crossing rivers and using Jhula (Rope Bridge).
Khini Khapini Tax- This Khini Khapini or Kuli Begar tax was when Kingdom used to build any project or labor works.
Manga Tax- When the Kingdom used to be in danger, Kingdom used to collect Manga tax.
                             Taxes for Kingdom Offices

           Kaminchari or Sayanchari taxes- These taxes were for paying salaries to different top brass officers.
Garkha Negichari Taxes- This tax was for paying salaries to land management officers.
Sahu or Ratangali Taxes – This tax was collected for paying salaries of court /judges, record keepers, accountant etc.
                     Taxes for maintaining King Families
Ghodiyalo Tax- This tax was collected for maintaining horses for King Families.
Kukaryalo Tax- Kukryalo tax was for the marinating the dogs of King and his families.
Bhukdiya Tax- Bhukdiya tax was for maintaining Kingdom horse wranglers
Bajniyan Taxe- The tax was collected for Dancers of the King
There were other taxes time to time taken by Kingdom as Syundi Suppa kar, Chulha kar, Vitt Kar, had Kar, Hal Kar, Gaj Kar, Ain kar etc.



Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 5/10/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -449
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ....
XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty ,  to be continued
XX
Distribution of Land Ownership Land Revenue System in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Dynasty in context Garhwal History; Distribution of  Land Ownership ,  Land Revenue System in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Dynasty in context Haridwar, Garhwal History; Distribution of Land Ownership ,  Land Revenue System in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Dynasty in context Pauri Garhwal History; Distribution of Land Ownership ,  Land Revenue System in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Dynasty in context Chamoli Garhwal History; Distribution of Land Ownership ,  Land Revenue System in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Dynasty in context Rudraprayag Garhwal History; Distribution of Land Ownership ,  Land Revenue System in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Dynasty in context Tehri  Garhwal History; Distribution of Land Ownership ,  Land Revenue System in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Dynasty in context Uttarkashi Garhwal History; Distribution of Land Ownership ,  Land Revenue System in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Dynasty in context Dehradun , Doon Valley Garhwal History;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                   हास्य से भरपूर उक्तियाँ , सूक्तियाँ , लोकोक्तियाँ

                              गढ़वाळि व्यंग्यकोष -भाग -20


                      Garhwali Satirical Dictionary part 20


                          चबोड़्या  अनुवादक --- भीष्म कुकरेती

संतुलित भोजन - एक हाथ मा लड्डू अर हैंक हथ मा कछबोळी

साफ़ कूड़ - एक बेकार जिंदगी का  चिन्ह मात्र

साफ़ चित्त - माने बुरी, बेकार, बेकामै यादास्त

प्रसन्नचित जोड़ी -  बहरा कजे (पति ) अर काणि कज्याण (पत्नी )

कूटनीतिज्ञ - जु चुप रौणो बान बि चार दै विचार करद

कजे (पति ) तैं वी काम करण चयेंद जु मनिख /पुरुष  कर सकद अर कज्याण (पत्नी ) तैं वु करण चयेंद जु वु नि कर सकद

आयु - प्रौढ़ता प्राप्त करणै अधिक कीमत

एक प्रार्थना -हे भगवान ! सब्युं तैं लम्बी आयु दे , किन्तु कै तैं बुड्या नि बणै

एक सेव से डाक्टर दूर रौंदन अर एक प्याज से लोग दूर रौंदन

कैक आलोचना करण से पैल वैक जुत्त पैरिक एक मील चलो अर यदि वो गुस्सा बि ह्वावो तो वो एक मील दूर रालो अर वो बि तै नंगा खुटों का

क्रेडिट कार्ड - क्रेडिट कार्ड  मच्छर  च।  कुछ देरौ कुण चुप रौंद पर फिर खून चुसणो ऐ जांद

यादास्त -उधार दीण वाळै यादास्त लीण वाळ से तेज , ज्यादा, टिकाऊ  हूंद 

असली समस्या -हे भगवान ! मीम एकी  समस्या च अर वु मि छौं

रक्षा - हे भगवान म्यार दोस्त से मेरी रक्षा करणी रै , दुस्मनो से त मि अपण  रक्षा करण मा स्वयं सक्षम छौं

आलोचना -जु तुमर दिल माँ आंद स्यु ही कारो , आलोचना तो तुमर कनि बि हुणि  च

युवावस्था - युवावस्था मा मोरण से बुढ़ापा का दुःख नि भुगण पड़दन

मस्ती -खाओ पीओ , स्वस्थ राओ ,मस्ती मा राओ ; मरण त उनि बि च



व्यंग्य शब्दकोश जारी रहेगा ......।
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  5 /10/2014
Garhwali Satire  Dictionary, Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in village Jaspur ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Dhangu Patti ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Dwarikhal Block ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Gangasalan Pargana ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Lainsdowne Tehsil ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Pauri Garhwal ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Uttarakhand; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Central Himalaya ;Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in  North India;Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in South Asia ; Garhwali Satire Dictionary; Garhwali send-up lexicon; Garhwali spoof vocabulary; Garhwali lampoon glossary; Garhwali Satire phrase book; word list; Garhwali Humor, Satire thesaurus;   

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                   सोनिया जी ! क्या मैं सचमुच में प्रधान मंत्री था ?

                   खुचरट्या ,  चबोड़्या , हंसोड्या ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

अजकाल इंटरनेट मा एक हंसोड्या छ्वीं बड़ी जोर से इना ऊना चलणि च बल नरेंद्र मोदीक काम देखिक ब्याळै प्रधान मंत्री मनमोहन सिंह जी सोनिया मेम साब से पुछणा रौंदन बल ," सोनिया जी मैडम जी ! क्या मि अछेकी प्रधान मंत्री छौ ?"

मीन घड्याइ , स्वाच , कल्पना कार कि मनमोहन जीन सोनिया मैडम से कन , कै तरां अर कथगा बात करि होलि।

सोनिया गांधी - हैं मनमोहन जी ! पार्टी संगठन से आपक क्वी लीण -दीण नी च।  अब तो आप प्रधान मंत्री नि छंवां तो सुबेर सुबेर क्यांक आदेश लीणो अयाँ छंवां ?

मनमोहन सिंह  -सोनिया जी कुछ प्रश्न छन जौंक जबाब आप ही दे सकदन।

सोनिया मैडम -मनमोहन जी ! कॉंग्रेस्यूं से मि प्रश्न पुछुद ना कि सवालुं समाधान करद।

मनमोहन सिंह  -ना ना ! असल मा फेसबुक मा लोग म्यार मजाक उड़ाणा छन कि क्या मनमोहन सिंह प्रधान मंत्री था ?

सोनिया मैडम - चलो  प्रश्न पूछो !

मनमोहन सिंह  -क्या मीन कबि सुपिन मा बि तुम तैं , राहुल बाबा या प्रियंका बैणि  बाड्रा जी तैं नराज कार ?

सोनिया मैडम -नही , कभी नही आप मनसा , बाचा , कर्मणे से नेहरू-गांधी परिवार का बफादार ही रैन।

मनमोहन सिंह  -क्या मीन कबि आपक कुत्ता , बिरळ , घवाड़ों आलोचना कार च ?
सोनिया मैडम -नै नै ! तुमन त म्यार कै बि चमचा की बुराई नि कार।  उल्टां जब बि दिग्विजय सिंह सरीखा आपकी आलोचना  करदा छा , आप तैं गाळी दींदा छा आप मौनी बाबा की तरह चुप रौंदा छा।

मनमोहन सिंह  -जै बि नेता तैं मंत्री बणाण छौ मीन कुछ नि ब्वाल।  सभी कॉंग्रेसी मंत्री आपन ही अप्वाइंट करिन कि ना ?
सोनिया मैडम -मंत्री तो क्या , सेक्रेटरी अप्वाइंटमेंट मा बि आप स्वामिभक्त ह्वेक चुप ही रैन।

मनमोहन सिंह  -जब कैबिनेट मीटिंग मा म्यार आण पर स्व. अर्जुन सिंह खड़ा नि हूंदा छा तो क्या इथगा बेज्जती हूणों बाद बि मीन क्वी शिकैत कार ?
सोनिया मैडम -नै नै ! अर्जुन सिंग क्या राहुल बाबा द्वारा बेज्जती करण पर बि तुम भयंकर बेज्जती सौणा ही राओ ! इखमा द्वी राय नि ह्वे सकद कि कुत्ता बि तुम से बड़ा स्वामिभक्त नि ह्वे सकद ।

मनमोहन सिंह  -क्या मीन आपक परिवारौ शक्ति बचाणो बान मंत्रिमंडल मा अपराध्युं तैं जगा नि दे ?
सोनिया मैडम -बिलकुल ! मंत्रिमंडल मा अपराध्युं तैं जगा दीणै बात तो छवाड़ो आपन नेहरू -गांधी परिवार का वास्ता मंत्र्युं तैं अपराध करणै खुली छूट दियीं छे।  तुम तो राणा प्रताप का चेतक से बि बड़ा स्वामिभक्त साबित हुवाँ जी !

मनमोहन सिंह  -क्या मीन UPA I याने पैल पैल कम्युनिस्टों का चप्पल नि उठैन ?

सोनिया मैडम -बिलकुल ! तुमन कम्युनिस्टों क खुट ध्वेन अर ऊंक जायज -नाजायज, कामक -बेकामक अर सड्या -गळयां  बातों तैं सिरोधार्य कार।

मनमोहन सिंह  -UPA II मा मीन ममता बनर्जी का खैड़ा जन  कटांग, जुत्तुं जुत्याण अर बेवजह गुस्सा सहन नि कार ?

सोनिया मैडम -बिलकुल तुमन तो ममता बनर्जी का चमचों गाळि  तक खैन।  नेहरू -गांधी परिवार का वास्ता तुमन ही मयावती , मुलायम आदि की आलोचना भी सहन  कार।

मनमोहन सिंह  -क्या कॉंग्रेस का मंत्री जब कैबिनेट फैसला फ़ाइल तुमम लिजाँद छा तो मीन क्वी खिचरोड़ , अवरोध , बाधा खड़ी कार ?
सोनिया मैडम -नै नै ! तुमन तो हर अन्याय, हर चोरी , हर भ्रष्टाचारी कृत्य का समिण हमेशा  आँख बंद करिन।

मनमोहन सिंह  -जब इण्डिया तैं रिफॉर्म माँ तेजी की अत्यंत आवश्यकता छे तो मीन आपक बुलण पर रिफॉर्म पर ब्रेक नि लगाई ?

सोनिया मैडम -  हाँ हाँ !म्यार बुलण पर आपन भौत सी रिफॉर्मि योजनाओ तैं रोक लगै।  क्वी बि जानवर तुम से बड़ो स्वामिभक्त ये   संसार मा नी च।

मनमोहन सिंह  -तो फिर यी लोग मेरी मजाक किलै उड़ाना छन कि मनमोहन सिंह प्रधान मंत्री थे ही नही

सोनिया मैडम -यी सब बेवकूफ छन।

मनमोहन सिंह  -एक बात सच्ची बताओ जी !
सोनिया मैडम -क्या ?

मनमोहन सिंह  -वास्तव मा , सच्ची मा मि प्रधान मंत्री छौ ?

सोनिया मैडम -मि अपण आत्म कथा लिखणु छौं जखमा मि लेखी द्योलु कि संवैधानिक तौर पर मनमोहन सिंह जी  ही प्रधान मंत्री छया।  संवैधानिक तौर पर ! कंस्टिट्यूसनली, दिखाणो  वास्ता ही सही यूं वर प्राइम मिनिस्टर ! दैट इज फाइनल !




Copyright@  Bhishma Kukreti  6/10 /2014     
*लेख में  घटनाएँ ,  स्थान व नाम काल्पनिक हैं । लेख  की कथाएँ , चरित्र व्यंग्य रचने  हेतु सर्वथा काल्पनिक है



Garhwali Humor in Garhwali Language, Himalayan Satire in Garhwali Language , Uttarakhandi Wit in Garhwali Language , North Indian Spoof in Garhwali Language , Regional Language Lampoon in Garhwali Language , Ridicule in Garhwali Language  , Mockery in Garhwali Language, Send-up in Garhwali Language, Disdain in Garhwali Language, Hilarity in Garhwali Language, Cheerfulness in Garhwali Language; Garhwali Humor in Garhwali Language from Pauri Garhwal; Himalayan Satire in Garhwali Language from Rudraprayag Garhwal; Uttarakhandi Wit in Garhwali Language from Chamoli Garhwal; North Indian Spoof in Garhwali Language from Tehri Garhwal; , Regional Language Lampoon in Garhwali Language from Uttarkashi Garhwal; Ridicule in Garhwali Language from Bhabhar Garhwal; Mockery  in Garhwali Language from Lansdowne Garhwal; Hilarity in Garhwali Language from Kotdwara Garhwal; Cheerfulness in Garhwali Language from Haridwar;
--

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                    Copper and Iron Mines in Garhwal of Pal /Shah Period
Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -12 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -201       
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -449 

                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)

                                Minerals
                 Garhwal had been fortunate for having ample water, forest, flora, fauna and mineral resources. There were mines for iron, copper, graphite, plumbus, shilajit,. People used to extract gold dust from river sand.  Garhwal used to get substantial income from iron and copper mines. There was demand for iron and copper utensils in Haridwar, Kankhal and Nazibabad.
                     Copper Mines in Garhwal
                 The copper mines of Garhwal were larger than Kumaon. Even the productivity of Garhwal mines was more than Kumaon
  The major copper mines were in Dhanpur and Dobari of Devalgadh region. The copper mine strip of Dhanpur was fifty feet long and one inch to one feet wide. There was eight months continuous works in those mines. The Dobari mines were submerged into debris due to earthquake at the time of Pradyuman Shah.
           There was copper mine in Agarseera of Lobha region.
Chaumriya mine and Raja ki Khan of Pokhari were famous copper mines.
            There were copper mines in Thal, Danda, Tal, Pungela and Kharna. The King used to take half of copper for making coins.
                             Iron Mines in Garhwal
  There were iron parities available in Painkhanda region. Hematite iron ores were available in Rajbunga mine of Soli Chandpur.
There were iron mines in Khush or Chandpur; Talli and Talli Kalifat of Chandpur; Bhukanda  Jakhtoli , Gilet and Hat of Nagpur; Dungrakhan of Bacchansyun; Peepli and Dandatoli of Idiyakot and in Lobha and Paino regions.
    The iron mines of Bacchansyun were famous for producing swords, Khunkri, Axes, Darati (sickle).
                      Poor Method for Mining in Garhwal

  The mining methods were old and very low productive. There was less income due to poor mining system.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 6/10/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -450
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ....
XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty ,  to be continued
XX
History Aspects of Copper and Iron Mines Garhwal of Pal /Shah Period; History Aspects of Copper and Iron Mines Garhwal of Pal /Shah Period in context Haridwar, Garhwal History; History Aspects of Copper and Iron Mines Garhwal of Pal /Shah Period in context Dehradun Garhwal History; History Aspects of Copper and Iron Mines Garhwal of Pal /Shah Period in context Uttarkashi Garhwal History; History Aspects of Copper and Iron Mines Garhwal of Pal /Shah Period in context Tehri Garhwal History; History Aspects of Copper and Iron Mines Garhwal of Pal /Shah Period in context Rudraprayag  Garhwal History; History Aspects of Copper and Iron Mines Garhwal of Pal /Shah Period in context Chamoli Garhwal History; History Aspects of Copper and Iron Mines Garhwal of Pal /Shah Period in context Pauri Garhwal History;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

             अवश्य ही आप अध्यापक पद के लायक हैं यदि   ......

                              गढ़वाळि व्यंग्यकोष -भाग -21


                      Garhwali Satirical Dictionary part 21


                          हंसोड्या  अनुवादक --- भीष्म कुकरेती



आपमा यदि तौळौ गुण छन तो अवश्य ही आप अध्यापक बणन लायक छन -

१- यदि  केवल शनिवार अर स्वांरो (सोमवार ) कुण आपक ज्यु हौळ लगाणो बुल्यांद  हो तो  आप आज बि गढवाळौ गांवुं मास्टर बणन लैक छन।

२- यदि आपक ज्यु शनिवार से सोमवार तलक कोटद्वार या ऋषिकेश जन कस्बों माँ रौणो हो तो समझ ल्यावो आप ग्रामीण गढ़वाल का अध्यापक की गद्दी संभाळण लैक ही छंवां।

३- यदि कै बच्चा का नाकक सीम्प देखिक आपक   हथों पर बच्चा तैं पिटणो खज्जी लगदी तो अवश्य ही आप पैलाक जमाना मा मास्टर रै ह्वेल्या !

४- यदि शादिका  एकदम  बाद आपक इच्छा अपण कज्याणि  कु  रिपोर्ट कार्ड बणाणो हो तो इख मा क्वी शक नी च कि आपक जनम अध्यापक हूणों कुण ही ह्वे।

५-यदि आपकी  इच्छा हो कि हरेक दम्पति तैं बच्चा पैदा करण से पैल सही बच्चा पैदा करणो बान सरकारी आज्ञा लीण चयेंद तो आप कै स्कूलम अध्यापक बण ही जावा ! अबेर नि कारा !

६-यदि कै बि ब्वे -बाब तैं आपक प्रश्न पुछणो इच्छा हो -  आपक बच्चा इन किलै च ?

७-रस्ता चलद कै अजाण बच्चा  व्यवहार बदलणो इच्छा हो तो आप शिक्षा विभाग का लायक ही छन।

८-आप  घड़ी देखिक ही हंसदा होंवा तो इन  मानि ल्यावो कि आपसे बढ़िया अध्यापक यीं दुनिया मा नि ह्वे सकद।

९- आप बगैर भैर अयाँ बोलि दींदा कि आज पूर्णमासी च तो आप मास्टर ही ह्वेल्या

१०- जनि क्वी ब्वालो कि नई ट्रांसफर नीति आण वाळ च तो आपक मुखन सटाक से , फटाक से , झटाक से इ लफ्ज  अफिक ऐ जावन - "सालों को देख लूंगा जो मेरी बदली करवाते "है , तो इख्मा द्वी राय नी छन कि आप ग्रामीण गढ़वाल मा अध्यापक छन।

व्यंग्य शब्दकोश जारी रहेगा ......।
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  6 /10/2014
Garhwali Satire  Dictionary, Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in village Jaspur ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Dhangu Patti ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Dwarikhal Block ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Gangasalan Pargana ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Lainsdowne Tehsil ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Pauri Garhwal ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Uttarakhand; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Central Himalaya ;Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in  North India;Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in South Asia ; Garhwali Satire Dictionary; Garhwali send-up lexicon; Garhwali spoof vocabulary; Garhwali lampoon glossary; Garhwali Satire phrase book; word list; Garhwali Humor, Satire thesaurus;   

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                 Backward Mining Methods in Garhwal

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -13 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -202       
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -450 

                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
            Due to backwardness in mining in Garhwal in Pal /Shah Dynasty period, there was least productivity in mining thus low income.
          All the mines were on the hill slopes. The miners used to dig hole in such a way that rain water did not enter into the mines.  The mining holes were so narrow and low height that the mining worker did not have opportunity for standing. On the mine tunnel the roofs were covered by tree log, branches or sleepers but accident took place due to falling of mine debris.
   Miner labors had old types of   hoes, spades, hammers, drillers, etc. These old types of appliances were not able to mine hard rocks and mining from soft rocks was dangerous. The miner used to burn Chill (pine or other plant twig burning lamp) inside the mine for light.
  At the time of water logging the labor used to take out water with the help of wooden Parothi (container). The last person used to hand over water Parothi to other and Parothi was hand over one person to last person like that.
                              Ore Cleaning
The mining labor (Agariya majdur) used to take animal bag (Goat etc) inside the mine. There he used to fill ores inside the animal bag and used to close there. He used to tie bag by rope and tied on his back. Then he used to pull the ore filled bag towards the opening.
The ore was hit by Thath (hammaers) on a stone by women. Then stones were separated by women. The ore was taken to river bank and was washed there. This way stone, mud and other unnecessary material was separated.
                    Ore Smelting
           The cleaned ores were taken to the smelting factory (Ghansal or Ansal). The smelting workers were called Dhanoriya. Dhanoriya had factories inside normal hut and had pits inside the Ghasal. The ore was smelted by wood coal. The Dhanauriya had Dhankani to blow air.The ore smelt used to take around twenty nine hours. This way the metal round roll (Pind) was produced. Dhanoriya used to send Metal Roll to 'Khateniya' who used to convert Pind (roll) into 'Fal' or 'Pai'(plates). The weight of a Fal or Pai was around a kilo. The 'Fal used to be thick in the centre and thinnest towards the corner.
  By 930 Ser of ore (around .80 Kilo), 327 Ser of metal was extracted and then 82 Ser of pure iron was extracted. The productivity was 8.8 percent.
The iron smith had two castes –Lohaar (those who used to make agro appliances and Bhadeliya who used to make iron house hold appliances.
                        Mining Contractors
  Mines were Kingdom properties. Kingdom used to give mines on contract for five –six or more years. The contractor used to pay half of the money of the metal value to the Kingdom. The contractors used to hire mining labor (Agriya or Chhora) on contract. Agriya used to do farming near mines land. Garhwal Kingdom used to get income for Rs 5000 (nepali ) from Nagpur copper mines. That means same way; there were incomes from other mines too.

                            Extracting Gold Dust 
     The gold dust was found in the river sands of Garhwal. Dhunar used to extract gold dust from river sand by washing sand into water. Dhunar used to take contract of river bank land. Each Dhunar used to deposit Rs 100/- annually in the treasury.
The following centers were for gold dust extraction –
Karnprayag region – Banks of Pindar and Alaknanda and other rivulets
Painkhanda –Alaknanda valley
Devprayag – Alaknanda and Bhagirathi valleys
Rishikesh –Ganga Banks
Haridwar – Ganga Bank
Lakadghat – Kalgarh at the Ramganga bank
Mandakini bank –Near Kedarnath
                     Miscellaneous Minerals in Garhwal
Sandstone was important mineral in Haridwar and Rishikesh. There were lead mines in Dashauli and Garhwal Kingdom used to mine lead from there. Garhwal Kingdom had given the land to Lead miners that whenever Kingdom needed lead the Dhunariya or Agariya would mine the Lead from mines. There was Mica, sulfur, Shilajit minerals too. Traders used to call Borax from  Tibet and used to supply in Indian plains.




Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 7/10/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -451
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ....
XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty ,  to be continued
XX
  Backward Mining Methods in Garhwal; Backward Mining Methods in Garhwal in context Haridwar, Garhwal History; Backward Mining Methods in Garhwal in context Dehradun Garhwal History; Backward Mining Methods in Garhwal in context Pauri Garhwal History; Backward Mining Methods in Garhwal in context Uttarkashi Garhwal History; Backward Mining Methods in Garhwal in context Chamoli Garhwal History; Backward Mining Methods in Tehri Garhwal in context Tehri  Garhwal History; Backward Mining Methods in Garhwal in context Rudraprayag Garhwal History;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                             गढ़वाळि हास्य -व्यंग्यकोष -भाग -22 


                      Garhwali Satirical Dictionary part 22


                          हंसोड्या  इकबटोळया    अनुवादक --- भीष्म कुकरेती


उपभोक्ता संस्कृति - जांक जरूरत नी च वीं व्हिस्की  तैं गाय का दाम पर अवश्य खरीदण पर गाय खरीदणै लियाकत नी हो 

अप्रसिद्धि , बेज्जती , बदनाम - दुसरो बारा मा झूट बुलण ; दुसरो सच्चाई समिण लाण या बदला लीण


कर्ज - मार खाण , गाळी खाण , चिन्तयुक्त -लज्जायुक्त जिंदगी बिताणो  एक सर्वोत्तम औजार


सुबेर -जब विश्लेषक सीणो जांदन। कुछ बुड्या आदिम तबि बिजदन , ठंडी हवा मा स्नान करदन , खाली पेट , भुकि घुमणो जांदन, निथर घौरम ही अपण काया तैं  लज्जित करणो कोशिस करदन। फिर घमंड मा बुल्दन कि ऊंक नीरोग शरीर का पैथर उंक दैनिन्दनी का हाथ च ; यद्यपि नीरोग शारीर का पैथर घी -दूध को ही हाथ हूंद।

दिन -दिन बारा घंटा से तेरा घंटाक हूंद जब मनुष्य खुल करिक समय बर्बाद कर सकद , लड़ -झगड़ सकद , एक हैंक तै देखिक जळी सकद

रात - दिन ही च पर दुसर ढंग कु।  आदिम रात मा सुपिन मा हार जीत कु खेल खिल्दु।
तनाव - अफु से बिंडी धनी दोस्त का आसपास आण से जन्मीं बीमारी

दूरी - दुनिया मा एकी चीज च जांकण  धनी बुल्दन कि या चीज गरीबुं कुण आरक्षित च
दांतु डाक्टर - जु तुमर दांत बि तुड़दु , तुम तैं अडल्ट अदंत तक कर दींदु किन्तु तुम गुस्सा नि हुँदा

भाग्य - अनाचारीक बान  अत्याचार करणो  अधिकार , मूर्खों कुण असफलता  छुपाणो एक बहाना अर बामणु कुण जीविका का साधन
मर्युं मनिख - साँसकृया से निबृति, पागलपन की हद वळि भागदौड़ प्रतियोगिता से छुटि;  यद्यपि  सब कुछ खतम किन्तु स्वर्णिम समय !

रक्षाहीनता - भारत मा  नेताओं का वायदों पर विश्वास करण

विचार विमर्श  - दुसरों  गलती, दोष , खोट बताणो  अहिंसक तरीका

शहर का पालतू कुत्ता - दूसरों तैं जळाणो, औकात दिखाणो , अफु तंग हूण किन्तु  आनंद समजणो  एक आधुनिक साधन

ज़िंदा की पछ्याणक - नाड़ी

समुदर की पछ्याणक -खाड़ी

कूड़क रौनक - सीड़ी

भारतीय जनानीक पछ्याणक - साड़ी

मरद की पछ्याणक - दाड़ी

गढ़वाळि भोजन की पछ्याणक - बाड़ी

मजदुर की प्रेमिका -ध्याड़ी

सिगरेट नि मीलो तो - बीड़ी

यात्रा मा रुप्या  लुकाणो जगा - गेड़ी

धक्का खाणो  साधन -  राज्य रोडवेजौ गाड़ी

व्यंग्य शब्दकोश जारी रहेगा ......।
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti  7 /10/2014
Garhwali Satire  Dictionary, Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in village Jaspur ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Dhangu Patti ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Dwarikhal Block ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Gangasalan Pargana ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Lainsdowne Tehsil ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Pauri Garhwal ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Uttarakhand; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Central Himalaya ;Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in  North India;Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in South Asia ; Garhwali Satire Dictionary; Garhwali send-up lexicon; Garhwali spoof vocabulary; Garhwali lampoon glossary; Garhwali Satire phrase book; word list; Garhwali Humor, Satire thesaurus;   

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                कांड  ब्वेका अल्लु -प्याज की आशा ?

                    चबोड़ , चखन्यौ ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

भारत मा हरेक खौड़ -कत्यार-घास  याने चारा भ्रष्टाचार का नाम सूणी पीलू पड़ जांद।

हिन्दुस्तान मा प्रत्येक कॉमन वेल्थौ खेल मैदान    घूसखोरी नाम सुणीक गस खैक सुकि  जांद।

इंडिया मा करप्सन का आखर देखिक हरेक मोबाइल फोन का कनेक्सन गुस्सा मा टूटी जांद।

हरेक राज्य की कोयला खदान /खाण्डि भ्रस्टाचार , स्कैम का समाचार सुणी लाल पीला ह्वे जांद।

शहीदों को कफन भ्रस्ट अधिकार्युं , नेताओं देखिक क्रोध मा जळ जांद , भुने जांद।

प्रत्येक भारतीय रोजमर्रा का भ्रष्टाचार से रूबरू हूंद अर एक हैंक से बुलद  बल ये  भ्रष्टाचार -घोटाला -स्कैम तैं देखिक ही ना अपितु पुलिस -पटवारी -परधान द्वारा घूस लीण पर हमर अंदड़ -पिन्दड़ म्वाट ह्वे जांदन , नस फ़टण लग जांदन अर गुस्सा , रोष , निराशा असह्य ह्वे जांद।

कण कण मा भगवान कैन नि देखि किंतु कुण्या -कुण्या मा भ्रस्टाचार सब्युं तैं दिखेंद।

कश्मीर से कन्याकुमारी तक , सोमनाथ से जग्गनाथ तक प्रत्येक भारतीय इख तलक कि सोनिया गांधी , राहुल गांधी अर नरेंद्र मोदी बि चाँदन  बल भ्रष्टाचार खतम ह्वे जाव , घूसखोरी निमिड़ि जाव , भ्रष्टाचारियों मुर्दा मोरि जाव.

किन्तु जब कोर्ट से सिद्ध भ्रष्टाचारणी जयललिता जन  तैं जेल हूंद तो  वींक स्पोर्ट मा मंत्री लोग शपथ ग्रहण मा शपथ लींद दें इन रुंदन  जन अम्मा तैं जेल नि ह्वे हो बल्कि यूँ मंत्र्युं लौड़ -गौड़ ही मरि गे ह्वावन।  लोग अम्मा का स्पोर्ट मा सड़क जाम करदां , न्यायालय की आलोचना करदां अर मुंड मुण्डेंण शुरू कर दींदन।  क्या इन माँ लोगुं द्वारा भारत से भ्रस्टाचार खतम करणै इच्छा करण सही च ?

जब कोर्ट से सजा पायुं लालू यादव बेल /पैरोल से छुटिक पटना पौंछ्दु तो हजारों की संख्या मा लोग सिद्ध भ्रष्ट लालू यादव का स्वागत इन करदन जन बुलया यु उल्लू का पट्ठा लालू पाकिस्तान तैं जीतिक ऐ गे हो धौं ! इन मा प्रश्न पैदा हूंद क्या वास्तव मा जनमानस भ्रष्टाचार समाप्त करण चाणा छन या जनता बि नेताओं , अधिकार्युं तरां भ्रस्टाचार खतम, अनाचार उन्मूलन करणो नाटक करणी च ?

यदुरप्पा जब लोकसभा का चुनाव जितदु तो साफ़ संकेत मिलद कि जनता ही भरस्टाचार मिटाण नि चांदी।

कारगिल शहीदों का कफन चोर अशोक चह्वाण जब लोकसभा का चुनाव जितद तो यांक साफ़ अर्थ च कि भारतीय ही चांदन कि भारत मा भ्रस्टाचार जम्युं रावु , भारत मा भ्रष्टाचार फले फूले अर भ्रष्टाचारी नेता लोकसभा , विधानसभा , म्युनिस्पलिटी , ग्राम सभाओं मा भ्रष्टाचार तैं हौर जोरों से बढाँदा जावन।

हम ही नि चांदा कि भ्रष्टाचार समाप्त हो !

जनता ही नि चांदी कि घूसखोरी बंद हो!

भारतीय ही नि चाँद कि बदचलनी की सफाई हो !

यदि भारतीय भ्रष्टाचार का विरोधी हि जि हुँदा तो अनैतिक , अनाचारी जय ललिता को जेल हूण पर लोग कोर्ट जजमेंट का विरोध करदा ?

यदि वास्तव माँ हिन्दुस्तानी भ्रष्ट मुक्त हिन्दुस्तान चाँद तो जेल से भैर आण पर करप्ट , आर्थिक लम्पट लालू यादव का जेल से भैर आण पर जोरों से स्वागत हूंद ?

Copyright@  Bhishma Kukreti  8/10 /2014     
*लेख में  घटनाएँ ,  स्थान व नाम काल्पनिक हैं । लेख  की कथाएँ , चरित्र व्यंग्य रचने  हेतु सर्वथा काल्पनिक है


Garhwali Humor in Garhwali Language, Himalayan Satire in Garhwali Language , Uttarakhandi Wit in Garhwali Language , North Indian Spoof in Garhwali Language , Regional Language Lampoon in Garhwali Language , Ridicule in Garhwali Language  , Mockery in Garhwali Language, Send-up in Garhwali Language, Disdain in Garhwali Language, Hilarity in Garhwali Language, Cheerfulness in Garhwali Language; Garhwali Humor in Garhwali Language from Pauri Garhwal; Himalayan Satire in Garhwali Language from Rudraprayag Garhwal; Uttarakhandi Wit in Garhwali Language from Chamoli Garhwal; North Indian Spoof in Garhwali Language from Tehri Garhwal; , Regional Language Lampoon in Garhwali Language from Uttarkashi Garhwal; Ridicule in Garhwali Language from Bhabhar Garhwal; Mockery  in Garhwali Language from Lansdowne Garhwal; Hilarity in Garhwali Language from Kotdwara Garhwal; Cheerfulness in Garhwali Language from Haridwar;
--

[Bhishma Kukreti]

 Economic Plants / Flora and Water Resources in Garhwal Kingdom of Pal /Shah Era

Administration, Social and Cultural Characteristics History of Garhwal in Shah Dynasty -14 

History of Garhwal including Haridwar (1223- 1804 AD) –part -203       
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -451 

                        By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Research Student)
   The south Garhwal and Haridwar had dense forests of Sal, Shesam, Khair, Ber, bans, Dhak and various grass. The alpine region had gymnosperm all over Garhwal.
The people exported forest produces as Furniture wood, bamboo, coal, catechu, Lakh, resins, ropes, fibers.
  Herbs were also exported from Garhwal.
          Chungi Ghar or Export Levy offices
  There were Chungi Ghar or Tax collections Offices in Kotdwara for Bhabhar region.
There were Chungighar in Kansaro, Mohan and Timli in export through Dehradun regions.
The forests were sold to contractors by the Kingdom annually or periodically.

                          Water Resources
                Barring selling Ganga water, big rivers had no use for Garhwal. Big Rivers were offering pilgrim places for Garhwal.
  Smaller rivers and rivulets were more beneficial to people of Garhwal. Rivulets and smaller rivers were source of irrigation and fishing. Big river were also good source for Fishing. Water mills were erected at the bank of smaller rivers and rivulets. The water mills near Shrinagar used to work for twenty for hours.


Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 8/10/2014
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -452
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
History of Garhwal from 1223-1804 to be continued in next chapter ....
XX    
Notes on South Asian Modern Period  History of Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Pauri Garhwal; South Asian  Modern Period   History of Chamoli Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rudraprayag Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Tehri Garhwal;  South Asian Modern  History of Uttarkashi Garhwal;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Dehradun, Garhwal;  Modern  History of Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Manglaur, Haridwar;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Rurkee Haridwar ;  South Asian Modern Period   History of Bahadarpur Haridwar ; South Asian Modern Period  History of Haridwar district, History of Characteristics of Garhwal Kings Shah dynasty ,  to be continued
XX
Economic Plants / Flora and Water Resources in Garhwal Kingdom of Pal /Shah Era; Economic Plants / Flora and Water Resources in Garhwal Kingdom of Pal /Shah Era in contest Pauri Garhwal History; Economic Plants / Flora and Water Resources in Garhwal Kingdom of Pal /Shah Era in contest Chamoli Garhwal History; Economic Plants / Flora and Water Resources in Garhwal Kingdom of Pal /Shah Era in contest Rudraprayag Garhwal History; Economic Plants / Flora and Water Resources in Garhwal Kingdom of Pal /Shah Era in contest Tehri Garhwal History; Economic Plants / Flora and Water Resources in Garhwal Kingdom of Pal /Shah Era in contest Uttarkashi Garhwal History; Economic Plants / Flora and Water Resources in Garhwal Kingdom of Pal /Shah Era in contest Dehradun Garhwal History; Economic Plants / Flora and Water Resources in Garhwal Kingdom of Pal /Shah Era in contest Haridwar, Garhwal History;

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                                कार्य विवरण याने Job Descriptions


                                गढ़वाळि हास्य -व्यंग्यकोष -भाग -24   


                               Garhwali Satirical Dictionary part 24   



                                    भीष्म कुकरेती

पहाडुं फोटोग्राफर या पर्वतारोही - जु लोगुं तैं बतांद कि ऊँ लोगुं बगैर या धरती कथगा बिगरैली अर सुरक्षित च

तकनीक लिख्वार - जु इन श्ब्दुं प्रयोग करद जु अमूनन क्वी बि पढ़न पसंद नि करद

सूचना तकनीक निदेशक - जु बार बार जुड़द जै तैं तुम बार बार तुड़दा

गुणवत्ता प्रबंधक - जु आप मा अपण कार्य का प्रति  वितृष्णा /घृणा पैदा करद

कॉलेज प्रोफ़ेसर - जु सियाँ लोगुं दगड़ बात करणो विशेषज्ञ

तलाक कु वकील - जु एक हैंक से घृणा करण मा लोगुं सहायता करद

चौकीदार -चोरी या अपराध का बाद तेजी से पुलिस स्टेसन जिना भगद
ज्योतिषी -जु ब्रह्माण्डक गलत विवेचना करद

पुलिस - दूसरों दुर्भाग्य से लाभ उठाण वाळ

X रे टेक्नीशियन  - दुसरों मूर्खता अर दुसरों दुर्भाग्य  फोटोग्राफर

हवाई जाजौ चालक - जु हमेशा खिड़की से भैर ही दिखणु रौंद

वीडियो गेम रचनाकार - जु बच्चों तैं न्यायिक विधि से अपराधी बणाण सिखांद

लेखा परीक्षक (ऑडिटर ) - जु  युद्ध का बाद आंद अर घायलों का घावुं पर जोर से सुव्वा घुसेड़दु

-------यु उधार कु माल च ---------------

व्यंग्य शब्दकोश जारी रहेगा ......।


Garhwali Satire  Dictionary, Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in village Jaspur ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Dhangu Patti ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Dwarikhal Block ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Gangasalan Pargana ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Lainsdowne Tehsil ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Pauri Garhwal ; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Uttarakhand; Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in Central Himalaya ;Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in  North India;Garhwali Satire  Dictionary collected and edited by born in South Asia ; Garhwali Satire Dictionary; Garhwali send-up lexicon; Garhwali spoof vocabulary; Garhwali lampoon glossary; Garhwali Satire phrase book; word list; Garhwali Humor, Satire thesaurus;