MeraPahad Community Of Uttarakhand Lovers

 Income/ Revenue Generation by Gurkha Rulers in Garhwal and Kumaon

 Economical Administration of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule -1
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 50
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -113   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -634
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

   Nepal government fixed the income source for paying salaries to its employees in Garhwal and Kumaon.  Each employee was a solider or army man. Gurkha kept three battalions in Garhwal. Each battalion consisted of five Companies. Each company used to get Rs 8672 annual salary. The annual salary of company Commander was Rs. 5005.
Total Annual salaries of 15 companies- Rs 1,30,080
Total Annual Salaries of 3 Commanders – 15, 015
Total annual expenditure of armed force- Rs 145,095
 Barring Gunth of Temples and other Sadabrat, the balance land was offered as Jadad (property) to the soldiers.
 Gurkha administrators did not pay salaries to Kamin and Sayans. They used to collect tax from villagers. The soldiers and other employees used to collect tax for various expenses of Gurkha administration. The annual tax was around Rs 1,50,000


** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 13/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -635
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx

History: State Income from Different Taxes in Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule

       History: Economical Administration of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule -3
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 52
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -115   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -636
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)


             Pungadi Kar (land Tax) collected in Gurkha Rule
   According to report in Garhwal Settlement report, B. D. Pande, Tehri Records, and Williams; the tax in Garhwal was as under-
Region------------------------------------------------Income in Gurkha rupees
Gangawar (Pauri, Chamoli, Rudraprayag) -           82409
Gangapar (Tehri, Uttarkashi) ------------------------- 60750
Doon (Barring Jaunsar –Babar, present Dehradun -----11472
Total------------------------------------------------------------154628
The other tax as Najrana, tand, Ghikar, Addhanni daftari , Mijhari etc was 10 percent of total tax.
                         Salami or Salamya Tax
  Salami or Salamya tax was Najrana tax and the rate was not defined as –
Region --------------Pungadi Tax -------------------Salami-Najrana Tax-------------%
Kumaon ---------------85525---------------------------- 27525----------------------------30.08 (Pande)
Gangawar -------------82406------------------------------1147-----------------------------1.04(Trail)
            Pande points out  that ‘Salami’ tax was that was offered to officers as ‘Najrana’. There is no mention of Salami or Salqmya tax in the records of Dhangu Kamin (Thakur Awatar Singh Rawat ‘s  personal library). There is a tax- ‘Teeka Bhent’ in Dhangu Kamin record and Dhangu Kamin paid that tax to Gurkha officer (Dhangu Garshya) in 1805, 1807 and 1809). Most of the records of Dhangu Kamin were destroyed and don’t had details of other years.
 There was freedom for Gurkha regional officers to get ‘Najrana’ tax and officers levied many tax under the umbrella of Najrana-
A Faujdar ki Timasi- Faujdar or Gurkah officers used to collect Timasi (one third of rupee) from villages. In 1808, Gurkha officer collected Faujdar ki Timasi from 30 villages of Dabralsyun as 54 Timasi (Gurkha Rs 13.50) (Thokdar Awatar Singh Rawat’s personal library)
B Subedar ki Doni (Duanni)- Doni means two anas. Dabralsyu’s Dhangu Kamin collected Doni from above villages and paid to Gurkha officer.
 In 1811, Bhandari and Dashrath Khatri fixed Doni tax as follows
Class of village ---------Dastur for high ranked Officer ----Dastur for Faujdar
First class------------------ 1 rupee------------------------------------------ eight ana
Second class----------------twelve ana-------------------------------------- four ana
Third class ------------------- eight ana---------------------------------------two ana
Fourth class---------------------four ana--------------------------------------one ana
  However, officers used to take Timasi too for getting more income for them. There was no record kept for Timasi in Gurkha officer record.

**One rupee means sixteen anas
*(Dastur means Gift )



** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 15/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -637
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History: State Income from different Taxes in Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; History: State Income from different Taxes in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon in Gurkha Rule;  History: State Income from different Taxes in Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon in Gurkha Rule; 

 
 
 
 
 

         Various Other Taxes in Gurkha Gorkha Rule in Garhwal –Kumaon

       History: Economical Administration of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule -5
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 54
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -117   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -638
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
                                     Gheekar or Ghee Tax
   Garhwali Kings also used to collect Ghee Kar or tax on milk producing animals. Though, the numbers of milk producing animals used to vary every year in any family the tax collected in 1812 and 1815 was same. That means the Ghee Tax once fixed used to be unchanged. The slight variation used to depend on the knowledge of local Kamin (Thokdar) and local Garkha (Gurkha officer).
                    Mijhari or Tax on Cobblers
   Trel describes a Tax as Mijhari collected in Shrinagar from Cobblers in 1813 and amount was Rs.31 and half rupee. This tax was collected from Shrinagar only.
  Other parallel tax was called Dom Tax or Doom or tax on craftsmen (from Records of Dhangu Kameen). This tax was collected from Schedule caste people. Dhangu Kameen collected Dom Kar in 1807 for Rs 71.Ana 10 and Ghee kar as for rs 67 ana 4and paid to Garkah Sardar (Personal library of Thokdar Awatar Singh Rawat).
                       Tandkar , Chankar or Weaving Tax
Gurkha levied tax on weavers (cotton, hemp and wool). The tax was called Tandkar. In upper Garhwal such tax was called Chan Kar .  Dabral suggested that there was no mention of Tandkar in records of Dhangu Kamin and perhaps either there was no much production of fibers produces or such ax was included in Domkar. Koli used to weave woolen produces and cotton produces.
                         Sonya Fagun Kar or Festival and Feast Taxes
     Local officers used to collect Sonya Fagun or Festival and Feast Tax from local villagers as per events and officer’s choices.
 Gorkha/Gurkha officers used to celebrate Hindu festivals with zeal and regularly. For those festival expenses they used to collect Sonya Fagun tax without any compromise.
   The record of Dhangu Kamin (including today’s Dhangu and Dabralsyun) shows that Kamin collected Sonya Fagun Kar from villagers in 1807 from the following villages-
 Sonya Fagun Tax from Dhangu including Dabralsyun Villages in Gurkha rule in 1807
Sambat 64 sal ki sauna fagu ki kimat-
Village----------Pungadi or Agro Tax-------------Sonya Fagun (All in Rupees of Gurkha Period)
Far -------------------1--------------------------------¼
Hatnud---------------2---------------------------------¾
Jud--------------------2--------------------------------¼
Deekhet--------------3--------------------------------½
Dhandhri ------------4-------------------------------1
Ull -------------------5-------------------------------¾
Tadi----------------5---------------------------------½
Banni----------------6--------------------------------1
Khainduri ----------7------------------------------1
Gyadi-----------------9-----------------------------2
Kothar---------------12---------------------------2 and ¼
Kuanda -------------12----------------------------2
Dabar-----------------13--------------------------2 and ¼
Kharik----------------14-------------------------2 and ½
Amola-----------------15-------------------------2 and ½
Gaind------------------15 and ¾ ---------------------3 and ½
The study shows-
1-The Sonya Fagun tax is always bellow than Pungadi tax.
2-Barring Dabar and Gaind all above villages are Rajput community dominated completely. Dabar is completely Dabral community dominated village. Surprisingly no tax was levied bigger village dominated by Brahmins as Jaspur, Bareth, and Gahli etc
(Records of Dhangu Kamin from Thokdar Awatar Singh Rawat)
                             Adhnni Daftari Tax
  Atkinson sated this tax for Kanungo or Daftari. The tax was at the rate of half Ana of Pungadi Kar. The Adhanni tax was for in lio of official salary of Daftari, Kamin, Padhan etc.
 The records of Bahadur Bhandari and Dashrath Khatri stated the following taxes from Gangwar or British Garhwal as
Pungari tax or land tax in urkhali Rs.------- 82406
Sonya Fagun -----------------------1495
Adhanni Daftari --------------------1495
That means Sonya Fagun and Adhanni Tax was taken at the same rate.
  Sayar or Import -Export Tax in Gurkha rule
   Sayar or Import-Export tax was important and revenue generating tax after Pungadi tax in Gurkha regime in Garhwal, Kumaon.
 Gurkha regime used to get Sayar or Import-Export tax for Nepali rupees 10900 every year from East Garhwal (Gangawar).
Import and export tax was collected from following river ports (Ghat)-
River Ports of Bhabhar – Bidasani, Bhuri Ghat, Palpur, Babli-Kangda, Siggadi, Kotdwar. Trel mentioned Chaukighat too. Foster mentions Laldhang, Chandighat and Lakadghat too.
Ghat of Dehradun- Kansari, Mohan and Timli
Shrinagar Ghat
Neeti Ghati- Tapovan
Uttarkashi- Barahat
 
 The import and export tax was not collected by state employees but by contractors. Ghat were auctioned to contractors.
                           Tax in Shrinagar in Gurkha Regime
  There was import tax on the produces reaching into Shrinagar as on Cotton materials, woolen products, silk, spices, salt, Jiggery, sugar, tobacco.  The import tax was collected in river port and inside capital too. Tibet merchants stopped coming to Shrinagar due to double /triple tax system.   
 The produces of nearby villages had discounts on tax. A few temples were exempted from tax.
Contracors used to offer no tax or discount for Brahmins.
Fodder was   sold in Shrinagar and tax was collected in Shrinagar from Grass traders.
                          Tax in Neeti Valley (Tapovan)
  In 1812, the Tapovan River port was auctioned for Rs 500. The contractor had 17 wives and two maid keepers.
                          Tax collection in Barahat (Uttarkashi)
  There was small post in Barahat for collecting tax on goods coming from Tibet and Saharanpur, Dehradun.
The records show following tax in Rupees collected in 1813 (English Pre Mutiny Records Kumaon) –
For Shrinagar Temples- 1003 and ½
On Ghas or Fodder tax in Shringar--- 120
On Soap, Tobaco , Charas in Shringar –365
Leather import in Shringar – 31 and ½
Sigaddi Chauki ---------7200
Balli Kand Chauki ------135 and ½
Kotdwara Ghat –12000
River Nayar Dunda (Boat tax) --  45
Tapovan Chauki – 238
Total -----------------------------20138 and ½
After deducting Expenses total collection ( 10900+ 200) =11100
               Tax collection on Forest Contracts

  The forests were auctioned and tax was collected by auction.
The collection form forest contract the income from Doon was as
1809-10---------- 16000 Gorkhali rupees
1810-11---------- 15200 Gorkhali rupees

1813, Sigaddi Chauki ----- 7200 Gorkhali rupees
1813, Balli Kand—135 and ½ Gorkhali rupees
1813, Kotdwara Ghat- 12000 Gorkhali rupees
There was income from Wood utensil production or wood uses as follows from 1811-1815-
 Catechu ------ 170 Gorkhali rupees
Bamboo and other wood produces – 600 Gorkhali rupees
                    Income from Mines and minerals
       There was tax on mines of lead, copper , iron etc and Taksal and the income was as under
Mines ---------------------------------year --------------Amount in Gorkhali rupees
Dhanpur lead and copper mines---1808------------- 4000
Dhanpur Copper mines -------------1815---------------1850
Shrinagar Taksal (stamping on Coin)—1815-------------100
               Asmani farman or Punishment
      Local Gorkha officers used to punish financially for offenses by citizens. Many times false accusion was made to loot the people (Trel)
The record of Dhangu Kamin offer examples of Asmani or Dand tax as follows in 1807-
For Gnaga Havldar haste Dand ---- 10 and ¼ Gorkhali rupees
Jaspur Gram ka Asmani Farman ka – 5 and ½ Gorkhali rupees
Bareth Gram ka Khata ma ---------------13 and ½ Gorkhali rupees
Breth Gram ka Umrau ka pas ----------------4 and ¾ Gorkhali rupees
Bajvaran Jmadar pas pichhli Fant dand -----82 Gorkhali rupees
In 1813, there was decision to take Smani Farman Dand for Gangawar (Pauri, Chamoli, Rudraprayag districts) for  Gorkhali rupees 2000.









   
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 14///2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -639
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx

Army Administration in Garhwal, Kumaon under Gurkha Rule
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 56
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -119   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -640
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

               Central Himalaya was difficult terrain for others to win over. However, Nepali/Gurkha soldiers were habitual of such difficult terrain. The Gurkha/Gorkha soldiers were better trained and patriotic than small Kingdoma of Nepal, Doti, Katyur and Chand Kingdoms of Kumaon, Garhwal, and Kingdoms of Himachal. In north India Ranjit Singh had better army than Gurkha in 1814.
                           Gurkha Soldiers
  In Nepal Army, there were Gurkha Chhetri soldiers in lower, middle and high cadres. Thapas were more in numbers than other communities. In lower cadre soldiers, the Magar soldiers were high in numbers and then Gurang. Both the communities belonged to Mongol breed.
Gurkha, Magar and Gurung were idol soldiers in terms of sacrificing their lives for the King. They were simple and were not prejudiced by hard rules of Hindu religion. Those Nepali soldiers could take food in dress opposite of Hindu soldiers who used to take off dresses at the time of taking food. They used to take food in Army mess and could accept anything barring Beef.
                     Army Training
  Gurkha army was totally Infantry army and its structure was based on Bengal Army of East India Company in time Clive. Initially, army was divided into Companies. However, when Bhimsen Thapa reached Nepal from Banaras he created apposition Battalion.  He created Captain Position for commanding each battalion.  The commanders used to have parade of soldiers in Tundakhet as norms of East India Company parade and commanders used the same training vocabulary of East India Company. The soldiers were as compatible in parading as the soldiers of East India Company (Nepali poet Jadunath Pokharal). Nepali offers quotes of Jadunath who writes –
“Every morning, after Army Siren, the soldiers reached to Tundakhet ground for parade. Enthusiastic soldiers had a flag before each battalion.  The Major used to take attendance by pen. If any soldiers found absent due to illness, the officer used to visit the soldiers for remedies.”
  The trainers used be those East India Company soldiers who left Company due to any reason.
 Though, King Prithvi Narayan used have doubts on foreign commanders he appointed three French Gunmen who used to produce gun fighting machines and used to train Nepali gun men.
Tow Europeans Vairnese and Bel were based in Kathmandu.  Vairnese was appointed army trainer too.
 When army used to march for new initiative, there was music march before army starts.
                     Army Dresses
   At the end of eighteenth century, Nepali army started having dresses for the soldiers. The dres of soldiers used to be of red Kurti (Shirt) and they used to have white Gurkha cap. The officers used to have dress resembling English officers. The tag on officer’s dress did not have any meaning. Offiers and soldiers used to have Khukri in their waste. Khukhri handle used to be embroided by gold as of Hastidal Chautariya and silver plating of soldier’s Khukri.
 Chiranjan Nepali stated that Nepali army did not follow British army for dresses but followed French Army.
            Arms and Ammunitions of Gurkha Army
There following weaponries with Gurkha Soldiers-
Swords
Khukri
Bow and Arrows
Shields
Spears
Khanda and Bhujal (Axes, Sickle)
Guns
Khukri was used only to would the opponents.
Gorkhas also got arms as copied from Chinese weaponries.
Gun arms were bought from British or produced there.
Prithvinarayn bought guns from Kolkata. Later on started manufacturing in Nepal. There was fault in manufacturing guns in Nepal.
When there was more demands of guns etc, Nepal government imported guns from Nagina. Nagina was major centre of modern guns at that time.
                Numbers of Soldiers
             Though, Ranbahadur informed East India that he had 40000 soldiers in 1800. But that information was not correct.
  It is presumed that in 1814, the following situation was there for numbers of soldiers (Preamble) -
Region --------------------------------------------------------Numbers of soldiers
Kathmandu and Plapya---------------------------------------7000
East of Klai River, Doti etc --------------------------------3500
Garhwal, Kumaon, Himachal--------------------------------3500
-Total-------------------------------------------------------------14000
 The permanent army was called battalion. Half the armed forces were kept in Kathmandu as reserve. In each company there were 100 soldiers. A battalion had 500 soldiers.
  Each year soldiers were appointed and were replaced every year. The retired soldiers were called Dhakriya and could not get appointment in army for next two years. At needs, the  Nepal government could call those Dhakaiya.
                                  Casual Soldiers
  Nepal government used to hire temporary soldiers too. In east of Nepal, Kirat and Imbus were kept as casual soldiers. Pindaris were in border. Garhwali and Kumaunis were also appointed casual soldiers.
 Those soldiers were not paid salaried but were free to loot at the time of battle or otherwise and get payment by themselves. A few soldiers were given tax free land in place of salaries. According Hiyarse, the numbers of causal soldiers in Kumaon and Garhwal were double than permanent soldiers While Akhatarali stated that the numbers of casual soldiers were half than permanent ones (John Preamble).
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 16/6/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -641
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,

      Judiciary of Gurkha Regime in Uttarakhand, Himachal

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 58
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -121   
   History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -642
                          By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

                                 Adalath of Vichari
   There were three courts (Adalath) in Garhwal established by Gurkha regime (Asiatic Research vol 20)  –
Shrinagar
Langur
Chandpur
There used to be a Vichari (Judge) in each Adalath.
The following army officers were there to help Vichari (Judge)-
Kardar-1
Mehjar-1
Jamadar-1
Amaldar-1
Havladar-
Sipahi -1
 According to Chitranjan Nepali, the annual salary of court officials was as under –
Employees -------Numbers-----------------Annual Salary -----------------Total
Vichari-----------------2---------------------------350---------------------------700
Vahidar(Record keeper)-----2----------------144-------------------------------288
Tahvildar------------------------2----------------150------------------------------300
Tahluva (Peopn)--------------1------------------36-------------------------------36

            Responsibilities and Duties of Vichari (Judge)
                 It was expected from Judge that he would not be influenced by any force, would not be greedy and affiliated. The judge was supposed to treat the person as per his deeds and not by perception (Jasta ko tasto, tit for tat). However, due to non availability of proper work force, the judge never followed their duties properly.
           Different army officials at different places used to act as judges. In Shringar , Almora, or nearby region of capitals the Subba used to follow judiciary system. The army officials used to help Subba.
 Usually Faujdar were busy in army campaign therefore, he used to appoint his subordinate to follow judiciary deeds. Such officials were also called Vichari’ or Judges. The Faujdar used to collect money from accuser or accused through contract basis and the money was collected in Treasury.
  The judiciary was just for the sake of judgment.
                       Judicial Inquiries
             No written system of complaints was there. Only verbal complaint system existed in Gurkha regime. As soon as accuser used to complaint verbally the inquiry used to start. No advocate was allowed from accuser and accused sides.
               A Harivansh pothi was kept on the head of accused or accuser for truth saying. If the judge found the crime and accused did not agree the sipoy used to beat the criminal by bet or by other punishments.
                Compromise was First Step
            Usually, Vichari used to try compromise between accused and accuser. If that was not possible, the case was submitted to Gram Pamchayat or village council. Village council used to make judgment most of the time.
           Easy and Simple way of Judgment

        No doubt, Gurkha were cruel but the way they used judiciary it was easy and simple. The judgment was offered before accused and accusers. Usually the written procedure was not used and only for important disputes the written procedure was used and that is again rarely. The winner was given written statement with stamp of Vichari. The looser was informed immediately and punishment was offered at the instance as financial punishment was collected immediately.

               Deity based (Dip Nyaya) Detection of Crimes
 In case of complex disputes, when detection of crime was not easy the Gurkha Vichari used aged system of detecting the crimes. This system was called ‘Dip’ or Deity based system. That got more loss that was called criminal.
 Goldip System of Detecting Criminal- The accused and accuser were handed over red hot iron rod and they were ordered running. Whoever got the burn more he was called criminal.
Taraju Dip- The criminal was weighed by balance by stones. Those stones were kept in a place. Second day, the criminal or accused or accuser was weighed again by those stones. If the weight of man /woman was more than the stones the person was called non criminal and whose weight would be less was called criminal.
Kadhai Dip- The hand of accused was dipped into hot oil vessel (Kadhai) and if the hand was burnt the person was called criminal and if there was no burn the person was declared innocent.
Teer ka Dip-The accused one was ordered to dip into a pond. An arrow was thrown and other Epson was ordered to go to the arrow site and returned. If the person returned back before other person sank the person was called innocent or if a person did not sink before other person ruturn the person was called innocent.
Jal ka Dip- the small child of accused and accuser were thrown into pond. Whose child sunk first that person was called criminal.
Vish ka Dip- Both the accused and accuser were offered poisonous herbs to eat. Who died that was criminal and who was unaffected that was innocent.
Mandir ka Dip- The stones for naming the accused and accuser were kept in the temple. If there was a death or natural or other disaster in a family either of accused or accuser the person was named as criminal.
 In many cases, there used to write names of accused and accuser on separate paper. The temple Priest used to pick apaer and that person used to be called criminal.
              Punishment
 The punishment was told as per crime. For the serious criminals as big theft, the nose or ear were cut of criminals. Many times the criminals were beaten, wounded and a body part /parts were cut and then salt and pepper was put on wound.
 Subba used to declare judgment for very serious charges.
                Death Sentence
 Death sentence was very rare. Even in case of murder the murderer was fined for heavy financial punishment.  The death sentence was given by hanging the person on a tree branch.
Death sentence was given only to nation deceivers. That kills bulls or caws, a Harijan who takes Hukka of Brahmin or Rajput or rapes an upper caste woman. For such woman her nose was cut. If anybody indulged on *ual crime the husband could punish wife and her lover.
                   Financial Punishment
In most of the cases, Gurkha declared financial punishment. In case of *ual indulgence with other’s wife or husband the crime was more rigorous especially the *ual relationship with close kins as relation between aunt and nephew etc. Such criminals were called Jari. There were two financial punishments for Jari. One was Jari punishment and additional punishment was Shudhi Jurivana or making pure punishment. Only the criminal Brahmin (indulging *ual crime) was sent for exile but not other caste people. The financial punishment was collected with force and in case the person could not pay the punishment his property was sold. If a person did suicide or ran away his immediate relatives had to pay punishment. Even the punishment was not paid the property was auctioned immediately.

                  Harassing ordinances from Gurkha Officers
   The financial punishment was offered not by the quality of crime but by financial status of person that state got more revenues. Judiciary became the source of state income.
 The higher officials used to create new ordinances those benefits to the treasury and not citizens. Once, there was an ordinance that the women should not come on the house roof. The woman was caught coming on the house roof she would be punished.  In hills it was a must for people to come on roof for various deeds. Gurkha local officers took advantage of that ordinance by insulting the women and punishing them.
                    False Accusations 
  Gurkha officials usually used to accuse common people, traders falsely. Reper described (Asiatic Research vol 11) an even that person came to sell Ghee to soldiers. Gurkha soldiers accused him for malpractices of selling adulterated Ghee. Soldiers bate him and took his Ghee as punishment. The Ghee seller was punished for rupees twenty five.
                           Corrupt Officials
  Corruption was very common in Gurkha time. The gift offers were exempted and were given support from Gurkha officers. Since, there was no hearing for lower cadre officials people preferred to pay tribute to the officials for every deed.
                    Iron Rule
  The main ruling tactics of Gurkha was to make people afraid and rule over them. Punishing the citizens was main criteria of administrating the region. For Gurkha, to get money from accused and accuser was the source of money or treasury filling.  There was back biting, corruption , selfishness everywhere in the Gurkha rule. No real judiciary was seen anywhere in Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal under Gurkha rule.
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 18/6/2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued… Part -643
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter 

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
                    Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of  Himalayan Districts …
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021 
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo  –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University  Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram  , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal
Chitranjan Nepali, Bhimsen Thapa aur Tatkalin Nepal

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand;  Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal; 
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par  Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas;  Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha  Rule in Himachal,
Xx
Warfare Management, Skill, campaign, Salary of Gurkha Army in Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal; Warfare Management, Skill, campaign, Salary of Gurkha Army in Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal; Warfare Management, Skill, campaign, Salary of Gurkha Army in Kumaon, Garhwal and Himachal
Xx
Judiciary, Judicial System of Gurkha Regime in Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand, Himachal; Judiciary, Judicial System of Gurkha Regime in Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand, Himachal; Judiciary, Judicial System of Gurkha Regime in Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand, Himachal; Judiciary, Judicial System of Gurkha Regime in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand, Himachal; Judiciary, Judicial System of Gurkha Regime in Tehri Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand, Himachal; Judiciary, Judicial System of Gurkha Regime in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand, Himachal; Judiciary, Judicial System of Gurkha Regime in Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand, Himachal;