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Author Topic: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)  (Read 583408 times)

Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #1440 on: March 01, 2020, 12:22:48 PM »
Literature Conferences, Music concerts and Entertainments in Tehri Court

Sudarshan Shah patronizing creative -7
General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -7
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 134
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 134 
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1363   
 
  By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
 Dabral taking clues from Maularam Poem and Sabha –Bhushan Sanskrit Drama by Hari datt Sharam rightly concludes that There used to be literature conferences (poetry reading and philosophical Discussion) in Their court of Sudarshan Shah (1). The king used to take pleasure in reading his poems and hearing carefully other poet’s poetries. The scholars mostly Sanskrit scholars used to discuss (Shastrarth) various subjects and there used to be questions and answers (riddles etc.). It is said that once, there was poetic discussion in Sanskrit between Hari Datt Sharma and a Kannauj poet Madan in Sudharshan Shah Court (1).
              Music Concerts in Tehri Court
 Sudarshan Shah loved verbal and instrumental music and he used to sing too even in his court along with singers. Maularam mentioned that there used to be music concerts in Court and there were permanent court musicians and singers in Tehri. Uncle of Sudarshan Shah Preetam Shah was also a lover of singing and music (1).
  Sudarshan Shah Patronising Entertainers
 Sudarshan Shah used to patronise entertainers as game players or sportsmen as Chess players, Cards players,. Sudarshan Shah was lovers of such games (1). Sudarshan Shah was also habitual of smoking Hemp /Charas /ganja  (1)


References –
1-Dabral, Shiv Prasad, (1999), Tehri Garhwal Rajya ka Itihas Part 2 , Veer Gatha Press, Garhwal India, page 116-117
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bjukreti@gmail.com
Literature Conferences, Music Concerts,  Entertainment  and History of Tehri Garhwal; Literature Conferences, Music  Concerts,  Entertainment  and History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Ghansali, Tehri Garhwal; History of Bhatwari ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Literature Conferences, Music  Concerts,  Entertainment  and History of Tehri, Tehri Garhwal; History of Rajgarhi Uttarkashi Garhwal;  History of Narendranagar,  Tehri Garhwal; History of Dunda ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Literature Conferences, Music  Concerts,  Entertainment  and History of Dhantoli, Tehri Garhwal; History of Chinyalisaur Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Pratapnagar , Tehri Garhwal; History of  Mori, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Literature Conferences, Music  Concerts,  Entertainment  and History of Devprayaga, Tehri Garhwal; History of  Puraula, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Literature Conferences, Music  Concerts,  Entertainment  and History of Jakhanikhal Tehri Garhwal; History of Gangotri- Jamnotri Uttarkashi Garhwal to be continued …


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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #1441 on: March 05, 2020, 03:48:28 PM »
Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Painters : Azabram artist reference 

Sudarshan Shah patronizing creative -8
General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -8
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 135
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 135 
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1364     

  By:   Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
 
  Sudarshan Shah not only patronized musicians and other arts but drawing artists/painters  too. Sudarshan shah used to support (financially or otherwise) to drawing artist too. There had been a drawing artist Azabram (whom, Barrister Mukandi Lal proved to be son of Maularam in Pradyumna Shah Period or just before Gorkhali invasion (1).
 In a painting, Azabram painted hunting Sudarshan Shah and Devi Singh together and Azabram wrote following lines on the painting –
दाता ज्ञाता सूरमा सषी मरद उदार Iश्री कुंवर  सुदरसनसाह जी कहै जगत औतार II
गुनिजन राषुन मैल ज्यों नीति राषो दया वीसेष I सुईकार अब कीजिये गुनिजन को गुन  देष II
 That clearly shows that before crowing too, Sudarshan Shah used to support and used patronize painters and other artists. Azabram wrote following comments on a painting Fulwari –Ukanthita Nayika – (Dabral)
सं० १८५८ का जेठ गते I दस्तकार अज्ब्राम वासिंदे श्रीनग्र I


References –
1-Dabral, Shiv Prasad, (1999), Tehri Garhwal Rajya ka Itihas Part 2 , Veer Gatha Press, Garhwal India, page  117

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Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Tehri Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Uttarkashi Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Ghansali, Tehri Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Bhatwari ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Tehri, Tehri Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Rajgarhi Uttarkashi Garhwal;  Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Narendranagar,  Tehri Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Dunda ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Dhantoli, Tehri Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Chinyalisaur Uttarkashi Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Pratapnagar , Tehri Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of  Mori, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Devprayaga, Tehri Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of  Puraula, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Jakhanikhal Tehri Garhwal; Sudarshan Shah Patronizing Artists and History  of Gangotri- Jamnotri Uttarkashi Garhwal to be continued …
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #1442 on: March 08, 2020, 06:42:30 PM »
Jwala Ram: a Painter of Sudarshan Shah Period

Sudarshan Shah patronizing creative -9
General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -9
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 136
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 136 
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1365   
 
  By:   Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
 A painter Jwala Ram was son of famous historian, painter and state poet Maularam. Most probably painter Jwalaram lived in Shrinagar only and used to visit Tehri for showing his painting to King Sudarshan Shah. M.S Randhawa found the paintings signed by Jwala Ram in the collection of Noorpur Kangra   King (Himachal) (1).
  Mehta informs that Jwala ram painted those three pictures in Shrinagar and reached with Garhwal Princes to Himachal as marriage gifts (2) . Mehta informs that (Rup Lekha vol.32, No.2 1961) Jwala Ram painted those paintings in 1807,1814 and 1815.
 First Painting of Jwala Ram painter
 The first picture of Jwala ram is about Shiva . Shiva is sitting on leaves and Trident is put on his shoulder. A dog is sitting near Shiva. There is year of painting is mentioned (Ashwini 1864 or October 1807) in Urdu script.  Below the above Urdu scrip, a Hindi couplet is painted as –
वंदे बाल विशाल तनु सुद्ध स्फटिक समान I
महाराज सुदर्शन शाह कौं करो सदा कल्याण II
 Most probably, Jwala Ram might gift the painting to Sudarshan Shah  at the coronation time of Sudarshan Shah and the couplet was painted after wards by Jwala Ram.
 Second painting was of Shiva too. The painting creation year is of 1814. Shiva is standing near flowery bush. The third painting is of year 1815 and Shiva is riding on Nandi. There is fourth painting of Jwala Ram found in collection of Lambaganv King (Kangra) and the date is painted sanvat 1875 or 1818 AD. Shiva is riding on Nandi too.
   Most Probably, Jwala ram could be famous and accepted service of British rule. Kumaon commissioner  Ramsey appointed Jwala ram as clerk in his office .Dabral assumed that Maularam did not teach him family art style (3)

References
1-Randhawa,M. S.  Signed Paintings of Jwala Ram, Artist of Garhwal, Roop Lekha Vol.37, no 2 , (December 1961 ( p -51
2- Dabral, Shiv Prasad, (1999), Tehri Garhwal Rajya ka Itihas Part 2 , Veer Gatha Press, Garhwal India, page  117-18
3- Dabral, Shiv Prasad, (1999), Tehri Garhwal Rajya ka Itihas Part 2 , Veer Gatha Press, Garhwal India, page  118

   

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Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Tehri Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Uttarkashi Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Ghansali, Tehri Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Bhatwari ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Tehri, Tehri Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Rajgarhi Uttarkashi Garhwal;  Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Narendranagar,  Tehri Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Dunda ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Dhantoli, Tehri Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Chinyalisaur Uttarkashi Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Pratapnagar , Tehri Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of  Mori, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Devprayaga, Tehri Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of  Puraula, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Jakhanikhal Tehri Garhwal; Painter Jwalaram  and  History  of Gangotri- Jamnotri Uttarkashi Garhwal to be continued …


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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #1443 on: March 09, 2020, 10:09:03 AM »
Interest of Pritam Shah in Art
Sudarshan Shah patronizing creative -9
General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -9
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 136
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 136 
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1365   
 
  By:   Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
   The uncle of King Sudarshan Shah Pritam Shah too had interest in music and drawing arts and artists .  Maularam mentioned that Pritam Shah used to respect him (Maularam) as ideal drawing art teacher (1). When Pritam Shah returned from exile (Nepal) to Tehri, he restarted his interest in painting. There is no painting of Pritam Shah available so far. However, Maularam describes in his poetry collection (1) that Pritam Shah used to visit Maularam to Shrinagar and used to be tired.  Pritam Shah respected artists but did not have money to gift them.   O .C.  Handa and Madhu Jain also informed that Pritam Shah had interest in painting and music and he was disciple of Maularam (2)
References
1-Dabral, Shiv Prasad, (1999), Tehri Garhwal Rajya ka Itihas Part 2 , Veer Gatha Press, Garhwal India, page  118
 Handa , O.C., Madhu Jain  Art and Architecture of  Uttarakhand , 2008, Pentagon Press p 28
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bjukreti@gmail.com
History of Tehri Garhwal; History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Ghansali, Tehri Garhwal; History of Bhatwari ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Tehri, Tehri Garhwal; History of Rajgarhi Uttarkashi Garhwal;  History of Narendranagar,  Tehri Garhwal; History of Dunda ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Dhantoli, Tehri Garhwal; History of Chinyalisaur Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Pratapnagar , Tehri Garhwal; History of  Mori, Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Devprayaga, Tehri Garhwal; History of  Puraula, Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Jakhanikhal Tehri Garhwal; History of Gangotri- Jamnotri Uttarkashi Garhwal to be continued …

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #1444 on: March 12, 2020, 12:42:03 PM »
Manku: The famous painter of Sudarshan Shah Court
-
Sudarshan Shah patronizing creative -9
General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -9
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 136
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 136 
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1365   

  By:   Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
  As per Mukandilal Memorial book (1986, page 401), Manku painter was born in village Rampur Patti Chalnsyun of Pauri Garhwal. Manku the painter lived in Shrinagar and served Sudarshan Shah Court too.  His paintings are preserve din Their Court archives. Famous painting critic N.C Mehta published two paintings of Manku in his book ;Studies in Indian Painting’ – one – ‘Hide and Seek between Krishna and Gopis’ and other is ‘Krishna and Radha Krishna ‘.   There is a couplet on second paining and that shows that the painting was completed in 1830. It is said that Manku painted paintings on the basis of Bihari Satsai and Geet Govind.
 While Dabral informs that Manku belongs to Guler of Kangra and that family was migrant of Kashmir. (1)
  It is uncertain how did Manku took shelter in Sudarshan Shah. (1)

References
1-Dabral, Shiv Prasad, (1999), Tehri Garhwal Rajya ka Itihas Part 2 , Veer Gatha Press, Garhwal India, page  118-119


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History of Tehri Garhwal; History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Ghansali, Tehri Garhwal; History of Bhatwari ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Tehri, Tehri Garhwal; History of Rajgarhi Uttarkashi Garhwal;  History of Narendranagar,  Tehri Garhwal; History of Dunda ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Dhantoli, Tehri Garhwal; History of Chinyalisaur Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Pratapnagar , Tehri Garhwal; History of  Mori, Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Devprayaga, Tehri Garhwal; History of  Puraula, Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Jakhanikhal Tehri Garhwal; History of Gangotri- Jamnotri Uttarkashi Garhwal to be continued …

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #1445 on: March 13, 2020, 08:35:38 AM »
Chaitu : A painter of Sudarshan Shah Court

Sudarshan Shah patronizing creative -10
General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -10
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 137
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 1137   
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1369   
 
  By:   Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
   Chaitu was definitely the painter of Sudarshan Shah Court. There is uncertainty over the birth place of Chaitu painter. Garhwali Chitra Shaili ke Unnyak Barrister Mukandi Lal Janma Shatabdi Smriti Granth (1986, published by Bhkta Darshan from Dehradun in 1986, page 390) states that Chaitu the painter was born in Rampur, Patti Chalansyun, and Pauri Garhwal.  Dabral states that there is uncertainty about birth place of Chaitu Painter (1).
   Jerath offered two theories of Chaitu painter‘s painting from Garhwal (2). It is believed that Chaitu belongs to Sue family (Sue was father of Manku) in Kangra. When Kangra king had to flee to Garhwal, Manaku and Chaitu might have migrated to Garhwal.
 N.C.  Mehta mentioned two paintings of Chaitu specifically – 1-Raping of Yadva Women 2- Krishna tax toll from a Gopi (Mukandi Lal Smriti Grantha).
There is much controversy over that Chaitu was staying in Sudarshan Shah Court among historians.
References -
1-Dabral, Shiv Prasad, , Tehri Garhwal Rajya ka Itihas Part 2 , Veer Gatha Press, Garhwal India, (1999 ), page  119
2-Jerath, Ashok, Dogra Legends of Art and Culture Indus Publishing Company , New Delhi,  (1998)   page 128
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Chaitu Painter and History of Tehri Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Ghansali, Tehri Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Bhatwari ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Tehri, Tehri Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Rajgarhi Uttarkashi Garhwal;  Chaitu Painter and History of Narendranagar,  Tehri Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Dunda ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Dhantoli, Tehri Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Chinyalisaur Uttarkashi Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Pratapnagar , Tehri Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of  Mori, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Devprayaga, Tehri Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of  Puraula, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Jakhanikhal Tehri Garhwal; Chaitu Painter and History of Gangotri- Jamnotri Uttarkashi Garhwal to be continued …
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #1446 on: March 14, 2020, 12:58:47 PM »

Peace and law and Order situation in Sudarshan Shah Period

General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -10
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 137
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 1137   
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1369     
  By:   Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
Initially, Thokdar as Govind Singh Bisht or Saklani type of personalities wanted to take advantage from weaker King Sudarshan Shah . They provoked people and even misguided British officials for their undue benefits. Sudarshan Shah had experienced adverse conditions in his exile period. Therefore Sudarshan Shah was aware for the importance of peace and smooth administration for getting sufficient revenues for the Kingdom. When Sudarshan Shah took charge Tehri was not having any assets of a Kingdom and when he died in 1859, there was palace, court, houses for court servants and Rs. Two lacs were in his personal account apart from jewellery etc. (2).   There was money with treasury and government bank too. The prosperity was possible due to his nature and keeping peace in the Kingdom (1).
  Due to his kind (majorly) nature, Sudarshan Shah could command over influential officials and elites inside and outside the Kingdoms.  Sudarshan Shah and his family members purposely married the daughters of Bisht families of Ravi. Those Bisht queens were called Khavas (Mistress or ‘Uppatni’ second grade wife) for King Families (1 and 3).   Sudarshan Shah appointed many officers from British or East Garhwal and those helped him for better administration.  Dabral referring folk saying states that Sudarshan Shah used to respect more to officials from British Garhwal than Tehri Garhwal (1).
 Slowly, the peace started coming back and the rebels were then calm down or were forced to calm down and due to peace in the kingdom, people started paying attention of agriculture and started paying tax in time .Paying tax in time by citizens increase the revinues of Tehri  Kingdom.
.
References
1-Dabral, Shiv Prasad, , Tehri Garhwal Rajya ka Itihas Part 2 , Veer Gatha Press, Garhwal India, (1999 ), page  141
2- Minya Prem Singh, Guldast E Tavrikh page 265 (Tehri Kingdom archives)
3- Minya Prem Singh, Guldast E Tavrikh page 351 (Tehri Kingdom archive)
 

1-Dabral, Shiv Prasad, , Tehri Garhwal Rajya ka Itihas Part 2 , Veer Gatha Press, Garhwal India, (1999 ), page  119

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bjukreti@gmail.com
Peace and Law and Order and History of Tehri Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Ghansali, Tehri Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Bhatwari ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Tehri, Tehri Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Rajgarhi Uttarkashi Garhwal;  Peace and Law and Order and History of Narendranagar,  Tehri Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Dunda ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Dhantoli, Tehri Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Chinyalisaur Uttarkashi Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Pratapnagar , Tehri Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of  Mori, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Devprayaga, Tehri Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of  Puraula, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Jakhanikhal Tehri Garhwal; Peace and Law and Order and History of Gangotri- Jamnotri Uttarkashi Garhwal to be continued …

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #1447 on: March 15, 2020, 11:40:29 AM »
Taxation system in Sudarshan Shah Rule

General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -11
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 138
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 138 
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1370   
 
  By:   Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
   Sudarshan Shah retained same tax system as that was in Gorkha Regime.  Sudarshan Shah stopped the cruel methods in collecting taxes of Gorkha offcials in his rule.  In British Garhwal, Trail stopped tax as Manjhari etc. but Sudarshan Shah kept taxation system same as adopted in Gorkha  rule.   In Tehri Kingdom archive the name of this tax is Domkar.
 Sudarshan Shah added a couple of new taxes as Tuli-Patha tax that was equivalent to sales tax.   Though citizens did not like the heavy tax but became habitual to pay and cry withinh society only. There had been movement against over taxation.

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Taxation system & History  of Tehri Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Uttarkashi Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Ghansali, Tehri Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Bhatwari ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Tehri, Tehri Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Rajgarhi Uttarkashi Garhwal;  Taxation system & History  of Narendranagar,  Tehri Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Dunda ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Dhantoli, Tehri Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Chinyalisaur Uttarkashi Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Pratapnagar , Tehri Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of  Mori, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Devprayaga, Tehri Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of  Puraula, Uttarkashi Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Jakhanikhal Tehri Garhwal; Taxation system & History  of Gangotri- Jamnotri Uttarkashi Garhwal to be continued …

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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #1448 on: March 16, 2020, 11:38:10 AM »
  Wild Animals and Birds Trade in Tehri Garhwal

General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -12
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 139
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 139 
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1371     
  By:   Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
-
   Tehri Garhwal was lucky to have natural resources as forests, wild animals and birds. In Gorkha Period, the people ran away from villages and by now the ruined villages were in forest forms where wild animals and birds were in abundance. There were tigers, leopards, bear, deer ,  swamp deer , Kakhar, Neel caw in upper hill, bores, hare ,  etc.
There was good demand of bear fat . Traders used to dehydrate meat of dear and used to sell inindian market or used to export. There was good demand of horns of deer and swamp deer. There was very good demand of Kasturi of musk deer found in Tehri Garhwal.  There was trade of wild animal skin in Europe too.
There was good demand in wings of Monal bird in Europe and Traders were buying Monal wings and selling in Europe at costly prices.
According to 1813 Act, all British citizens got right for trading in India without hassles. In Sudarshan Shah Period too, European traders used to come Tehri Garhwal and used to exploit the wild life by selling those animals or birds or their parts in European markets. Sudarshan Shah was unable to curb the trade by British or European Traders in Tehri Garhwal. One of European Hunter s Wilson became very popular for exploiting wild animals and wild birds of Tehri Garhwal.
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Bhishma Kukreti

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Re: History of Uttarakhand, Kumaon & Garhwal-उत्तराखंड का इतिहास (कुमाऊं/गढ़वाल)
« Reply #1449 on: March 17, 2020, 08:55:21 AM »
Exploitation of Furniture Wood in Sudarshan Shah Rule

General Characteristics of Sudarshan Shah Administration -13
History of King Sudarshan Shah of Tehri Riyasat – 140
History of Tehri Kingdom (Tehri and Uttarkashi Garhwal) from 1815 –1948- 140 
  History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) – 1373     
 
  By:   Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
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  The major sources of income in Tehri Riyasat were forest and forest produces than taxes.
From 1845, The British government started constructing rail for train. The iron material for rail was being imported from Britain. It was not feasible for importing wood rail sleepers from Britain. The demand for wood rail sleepers was fulfilled from regions as Tehri, British Garhwal, Or Himalayan regions where pine, Sal and other durable forests were in abundance. However, the biggest problem for Himalayan wood was to transport wood from hills to plains. Wilson ‘the hunter ‘found innovative solution by  sleepers to be flown through rivers of Himalaya to Haridwar.
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti, bjukreti@gmail.com
History of Tehri Garhwal; History of Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Ghansali, Tehri Garhwal; History of Bhatwari ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Tehri, Tehri Garhwal; History of Rajgarhi Uttarkashi Garhwal;  History of Narendranagar,  Tehri Garhwal; History of Dunda ,  Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Dhantoli, Tehri Garhwal; History of Chinyalisaur Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Pratapnagar , Tehri Garhwal; History of  Mori, Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Devprayaga, Tehri Garhwal; History of  Puraula, Uttarkashi Garhwal; History of Jakhanikhal Tehri Garhwal; History of Gangotri- Jamnotri Uttarkashi Garhwal to be continued …


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