Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

Bhishma Kukreti · May 17, 2013, 07:41:26 AM

गढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य
सौज सौज मा मजाक मसखरी
हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ
सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं

हिंगोड़्याs दुःख: काश मि क्रिकेटर हूंद तो ....

चबोड़्या - चखन्यौर्या: भीष्म कुकरेती
(s = आधी अ )

ब्याळि हिंगोड़्या (हॉकी खिलाड़ी ) अपण किरायौ फ़्लैटमा मील अर देखिक हि भाकोर भकोरिक रुण मिसे ग्यायि।
मि - हे हिंगोड़्या क्या ह्वे रै अब त भारतीय खिलाड्यु तैं ओलम्पिक मा जाणै इजाजत फिर से मीलि गे। ये ओलम्पिक मा त्यार सलेक्सन को अवसर कम ह्वे गे क्या ? जु तु इन रूणी छे जन हॉकी -हिंगोड़ की डंडलि सजे गे हो
हिंगोड़्या-ना ना म्यार सलेक्सन ओलम्पिक का वास्ता पक्को च किलैकि भारतम ये बगत गौणि गाणिक केवल अग्यारा खिलाड़ी इ हिंगोड़ खिलण जाणदन
मि - तो ह्यळि (किसी के मरने पर रोना )गाडिक किलै छे रुणु अर स्या ह्यळि कैकुण छे गडणि? क्या हॉकी असोसिएसन का क्वी फुन्द्यानाथ मंत्री जेल जाणु च? जन बिचारा उ प्रकाश चौटाला अर वैका नौन जेल गेन?
हिंगोड़्या-ना रे ना! पऴयां -पुस्यां तोताओं (सीबीआई ) हूंद हिंगोड़ संगठन को आजीवन अध्यक्ष को क्वी कुछ नि बिगाड़ सकुद।
मि - तो फिर क्यांकुण या रोये -धोये-रुण -धूण मचाणु छे।
हिंगोड़्या-अरे मि सोचणु छौ बल किलै मि रणजीत सिंग जडेजा को श्राद्ध छोड़िक मेजर ध्यान चंद को श्राद्ध पुजै मा गे होलु धौं। रणजीत सिंग जडेजा को श्राद्ध पुजै मा जांदो तो !
मि - अरे जु तु रणजीत सिंग जडेजा को बरस्कुल (वार्षिक ) श्राद्ध मा जांदु तो कया ह्वे जांदो?
हिंगोड़्या-अरे ज मि रणजीत सिंग जडेजा को बरस्कुल (वार्षिक ) श्राद्ध मा जांदु त मि क्रिकेटर ह्वे जांदु। आज मि किरायो फ़्लैट मा नि रौंद म्यार चार पांच कोठी -बंगला हूंद
मि - अरे हिंगोड़ मा गे त तू इंडिया टीम मा ऐ गे। लाखों क्रिकेटरूं बीच त्वै कु जाणदु?
हिंगोड़्या-मि क्रिकेट खेल्दु त मि बौलर बौण जांदु
मि - अरे सौब बैट्समैन बणनो ख्वाइश करदन अर तु बौलर बणणो ख्वाब दिखणु छे
हिंगोड़्या-फिर मि अपण शहर मा क्लब मैच खेल्दु अर स्थानीय सटोरिया मि पर सट्टा लगांदा अर बुकियों बेटिंग से मि तैं बि हिस्सा दींदा
मि - हैं क्या बुनु छे तु ?
हिंगोड़्या-फिर स्थानीय सटोरिया अपण रसूलों से मै तैं रण जी ट्रॉफी मा भरती करी दींदा। फिर रण जी ट्रॉफी मैचो मा मेरी बौलिंग पर राज्य स्तर का चतुर सटोरिया सट्टा लगांदा अर मेरी हिस्सेदारी बढ़ी जांदी। कबि कबि मि क्लब मैच खिलणो दुबई -शारजाह बि जांदो उख मेरि पछ्याणक अन्तराष्ट्रीय स्तर का महान सटोरियों से ह्वे जांद
मि - अबे क्या ह्वै ते ..?
हिंगोड़्या-फिर वो महान सटोरिया अपण घोच पेच से मि तैं आइपीयल मा भरती करांदा, फिर मि अपण हौर दगड्या बौलरों तैं भारत का महान बुकियों से मिलांदु अर वो बुकि म्यार दगड़्यो तैं करोड़ो रुपया कमाणों गुर सिखांदा। हम सौब बौलिंग का गुर सिखणो जगा स्पॉट फिक्सिंग फुक्सिंग का गुर सिखदा
मि - ह्याँ क्या बुनु छे तू?
हिंगोड़्या- फिर आइपीयल का मैचों माँ हमर नो बौल , वाइड बौल , हाई बौल फेंकण पर या जादा रन दीण पर महान सटोरिया सट्टा लगांदा अर जितणा रौंदा अर हम बौलरुं तैं बि हिस्सेदारि मिलंणि रौंदी। हम मैदान से महान सटोरियों अर बुकियोन संकेत दीन्दा कि अब मीन वाइड बौल फिंकण या नो बौल फेंकण। बस ग्रेट बुकी अर दुबई माँ जम्याँ महान डौन अपण सट्टाबजार से अरबों रुपया कमांदा अर ऊंकी बदौलत हम बि द्वी चार करोड़ रुपया कमै लींदा
मि - अरे पण जु दिल्ली पुलिस तुम तैं पकड़ लींदी अर भारतीय क्रिकेट कंट्रोल बोर्ड एक सालौ कुण बैन कर लींदी तो ?
हिंगोड़्या-तो क्या ह्वाइ अजरुदीन अर अजय जडेजा क तरां कुछ साल बाद हम पर अभियोग साबित नि होंद अर हम मादे क्वी अजरुद्दीन को तरां लोक सभा सदस्य बि बण जांदा
मि - अर जु कखि जेल ह्वे जांदी तो ?
हिंगोड़्या-तो क्या ! जेल से भैर आणो बाद हम तनोज प्रभाकरो तरां चिट फण्ड अर मल्टी लेवल मार्केटिंग (ऐम ऐल ऐम ) को गोरख धंदा करदा अर गरीब लोगुं जेब पर हाथ साफ़ करदा
मि - अर जु जेल ह्वे जांदी तो ?
हिंगोड़्या-तो जेल से आणों उपरांत त मी त तनोज प्रभाकरौ तरां कै टीवी चैनेल मा क्रिकेट कमेंटेटर बणि जांदो अर रुप्या कमांदो

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 17/05/2013
(लेख सर्वथा काल्पनिक है )

Bhishma Kukreti · May 17, 2013, 04:21:12 PM

The Kuninda Kings of Srughana Region Time (around 175 BCE to 77AD)

History of Garhwal, Kumaon (Uttarakhand) - Part 45

Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-42
Political, Religious, Economical and Historical Characteristics of Kunindas/Kulindas Rule in Uttarakhand (200BCE-400AD) -2

(All the History write ups are dedicated to great Historians Hari Krishna Raturi, Badri Datt Pandey and Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral)

By: Bhishma Kukreti

The historians do not have complete agreement about whether Kunindas kingdom was a single kingdom or the kingdoms were republican kingdoms. The historians of Saharanpur, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand have certain inclination to prove that the important Kunindas/Kulindas kingdom was from their respective region.
The Kuninda /Kulinda era coins and inscriptions are found abundantly by historians. It seems that Kalkut (Kalsi) was the capital of Kunindas/Kulindas kingdom /kingdoms in the Ashoka time. However, there was shift of ruling centre from Kalkut to Srughna or today's Sugh, Ambala district of Haryana. Sugh village or Srughna/Srughana is 38 miles western south of Kalkut/Kalsi at Yamuna river bank.
Ashoka built a Stupa in Srughna/Srughana (Buddhist record of ...). There were also more Stupas nearby.
Coins of Srughna/Srughana kingdom
The historians found coins of Srughna/Srughana time from Sugh. The coins are related to three kings- Agaraj, Valbhuti and Amoghbhuti. In the silver and copper coins, Amoghbhuti is called the king of Kuninda/Kulinda.
The historians found other seven other Kuninda/Kulinda coins those proof that the ruling centre of Kulinda/Kuninda shifted eastern of Sugh either in Behat of Saharanpur or more eastern side.
The kings in scripted on the coins are m-g-bh-t, Shiv Datt, Shivpalit and Hari Datt. It is suggested that those kings were heirs of Amoghbhuti. The ruling time of these kings would be around beginning of first century AD.
The coins of other Kuninda/Kulinda kings Chhatreshwar, Bhanu, and Rawan are around decline of Kushan era. The coins of Kuninda/Kulinda kings - are m-g-bh-t, Shiv Datt, Shivpalit and Hari Datt are found from Almora, Uttarakhand.

Five Inscriptions of Kuninda/Kulinda kingdoms
Historians have records for five inscriptions related to Kuninda regimes –
1-Bharathut Stupa- The eastern column was built by Vatsitanay Dhanbhuti . Dhanbhuti was son of Kautsi tanay Agraraj and grandson of Gargi Tanay Vishvadev
2-Bharathut Stupa (vatanmar door)-contemporary king Agraraj built the column.
3-Bharathut Stupa (The donation plate shows)- Nagrakshita is wife of Dhanabhuti I.
4-Bharathut Stupa (donation plate) shows that Baghpal/vridhpal was son of Dhanabhuti
5-Mathura Stupa shows that Dhanbhuti II donated /built Vedika, clumn and Ratnagrih. Dhanabhuti II was son of Vridhpal and grandson of Dhanabhuti I.
The Kuninda Kings of Almora of Srughana Dynasty
The Almora coins and Stupa inscriptions suggest following Almora kings of Srughana dynasty (150 BCE) (Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas 3rd, page 159 and supported by Dinesh Saklani).
--------Names from Inscription------------------King name on Coins-----------------Relation with earlier King
SN ------King--------------------------------Queen --------- ------King on Coins—
1---------? ------------------------------------Gagi/Gargi--- ------- -----------------
2- Visdev (Vishwdev)-----------------------Goti/Kautsi/Gopti---------- ------------------------Son
3-Agraju(Agraraj)---------------------------Vachhi (Vatsi) --------------Agraj -------------------------Son
4-Dhanbhuti (I)---------------------------- Vachhi, Nagrakshita---------------- ----- -------Son
5- Vadhpal (Vudhpal)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Son
6-Dhanbhuti II -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Son
7-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Valbhuti -------------------?
8- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------Amoghbhuti ----------------?
8---------------------------------------------------------------------------------M.G Bh . T--------------------?
9----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shiv Dat--------------------?
10--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shivdatt------------------?
---------------------------------------------------------------Hari-t--------------
11--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shivpali
12----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Shivpalit --------------?
Dabral provides chronology of Kings of Kuninda Era
Founder of Srughna Kingdom of Kunindas
There is no record found for the founder of Srughna kingdom. Gargi might be his wife.
Vishvadev
In old time or even just decades back if a father had two wives the sons were recognized by their mother as in Mahabharata, Nakul was called Madriputra (Son of Madri ), Arjun was called kunti Putra. There is no mention of father of Vishvadev on coins but his mother name is given as Gargi/Gagi.
The queen of Vishvadev was Gauti or Kautsi.
Agraraj
Agraraj was the son of Vishvadev-Kautsi. Vachhi or vatsi was his queen. The coins of Agraraj were found in Srughn (Sugh, Ambala) and Kaushambi. It seems Agraraj developed his father's kingdom.
There was instability and higgledy-pigledy in Indian scenes at the time of Agraraj.
Greek Attack- This was the time that Greek invaders Demetrius and Menander attacked India and reached to Patliputra. As per history writing by Ptolemy, Greek rule was also on Kulindrain (Kuninda/Kulinda) with Patal, Saurashtra, Abhir, Gandhar, and Kashmir. It seems Greek invaders rules over Kuninda/Kulindas (Uttarakhand, Himachal, Saharanpur and parts of Haryana) for fifteen years. Greeks were cruel and they destroyed the self esteem symbols of Indians. They killed man in laksh and there was hsoratge of males in the territory. One man had to marry more than sixteen women for saving social structure. There was acute draught famine in this Age. Thousands of people died.
Kuninda under Shunga- Shunga threw Greeks from Kuninda territory and rules over there for some time. The brick coin found in Dehradun shows that Shunga had representative as governor. The script is as of Shunga scrip and states 'Bhadramitrasya Dronighate'. Bhadramitra might have been a shunga representative.
It seems that Greek invaded Kuninda t the beginning of Agraraj rule and left t the last years of of his rule.
Dhanbhuti first
Dhanbhuti first of Kunindas/Kulindas seems to be the contemporary of Pushyamitra Shangu. Cunningham suggests the time of Dhanbhuti I rule from 240-220 BCE.. However, with various calculations and logical arguments Dabral criticized and suggests that Dhanbhuti I rule was from 160-140 BCE. Dabral seems to be right.
Prosperity and peace- The area gained prosperity after Greek invasion and could wipe out the losses happened in the time of Greek. Srughna was main centre of business and was Mandi or connecting centre for business among other Indian kingdoms. Srughna became the centre for connecting India with western Asia. The rise and development of mercantile communities was on the rise.
The Buddhism had protection from the Dhanbhuti king and flourished at this time. Dabral states that this was Golden Period of Kuninda/Kulinda era of Srughna territory.
Family of Dhanbhuti- Mother of Dhanbhuti was from Vachhi or Vatsa family. Dhanbhuti first had two wives – Vatsi and Nagrakshita . Vadhpal or vridhpal was son from Vatsi. Nagrakshita did not have any issue.
Perhaps, the birth place of Nagrakshita was in Morgiri near Ahobhang .
Nagrakshita became Sanyasin (ascetic). Her mother's name was Chakmochika who also became Sansyasin. The name of brother of Nagrakshita was Nagil or Nagrakshit.
Nagrakshit that is brother of Nagrakshita had very high reputation as he is called Bhadant in inscription. Nagrakshit, Chakrmochika and Nagrakshita donated and their names are mentioned in donation sheets.
Vridhpal or Vudhpal
Dhanbhuti first was father of Vridhpal or Vudhpal. Vudhpal along with his father Dhanbhuti first donated for Bharhut Stupa's further construction works. It seems Dhanbhuti had long ruling time.
Dhanbhuti second (II)
Dhanbhuti second (II) donated for Mathura Stupa construction. The coins of Kuninda era the son of Dhanbhuti second (II) were also found in Mathura. That means Mathura was near to Srughna border.
Balbhuti
There are no Kuninda coins of Dhanbhuti first, Vridhpal and Dhanbhuti second. In other words, till Dhanbhuti second Kuninda of Srughana region was under Shunga regime or Kuninda kings were Shunga governors. It seems that there was weakening of Shunga ruling and Balbhuti the son of Dhanbhuti second became partially or totally free from Shunga of Pataliputra. Cunningham found the coins of Balbhuti. The coins are manufactured on the pattern of coins of Jyesthmitra of Shunga dynasty.

****The Kuninda Kings of Srughana Region Time (around 175 BCE to 77AD) to be continued in History of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued... Part -46
Political, Religious, Economical and Historical Characteristics of Kunindas/Kulindas Rule in Uttarakhand –to be continued...3

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 17/05/2013
(The write up is aimed for general readers)

History of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued... Part -46
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued...43

References and Further Reading Suggestions:
Ajaya Rawat, History of Garhwal
Alexander Cunningham, 1996, Coins of Ancient India: From Earliest times down to the Seventh century
Alexander Cunningham, Archeological Survey of India Report, XIV
Badri Datt Pandey, 1937, Kumaun ka Itihas, (second edition.) Shyam Prakashan, Almora (page 155-179)
B.P. Kamboj, 2003, Early Wall painting of Garhwal
C.M Agarwal , History of Kumaon
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1968, Uttarakhand ka Itihas Bhag-2, (pages117 to321), Veer Gath Press, Dogadda, India
Dabral, Shiv Prasad, 1992, Kulinda Janpada
Michael Mitchiner, 1976, Indo Greek and Indo Scythian Coinage vol./79 page 617/632
Dinesh Prasad Saklani, 1998, Ancient Communities of the Himalayas
D.D Sharma, 2009, Cultural History of Uttarakhand
D.P Agarwal, Jeewan Singh Kharakwal, 1995, Cist Burials of the Kumaun Himalayas
D.P Agarwal, J Kharakwal, 1995, Kumaon Archeology and Tradition, Almora Book, Almora
Gyan Swarup Gupta, 199, India: From Indus Valley civilization to Mauryas
G.P. Singh, 2008, Researches into History and Civilizations of Kiratas
Hari Krishna Raturi, 1921, Garhwal ka Itihas
Imana Simha Cemjonga, 2003, History and Culture of Kirat People
Jagdish Bahadur , 2003 Indian Himalayas
J.C. Agarwal, S.P.Agarwal, S.S. Gupta, 1995, Uttarakhand: Past, Present and Future
John Whelpton, 2005, History of Nepal (page 22 , Khasa)
Khadak Singh Valdiya , 2001, Himalaya: Emergence and Evolution , Uni Press, Hyderabad, India
Khemanand Chandola, 1987 Across the Himalaya through Ages: a study of relations between Central Himalayas and Westren Tibet
K.P.Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1997, Him Kanti (page 85 for Khasa)
Kanti Prasad Nautiyal, 1969, The Archeology of Kumaon including Dehradun
K.P Nautiyal, B.M. Khanduri, 1991, Emergence of Early culture in Garhwal, Central Himalaya
Nautiyal, K.P. B.M. Khanduri, 1991, Kuninda coins from Athoor, Tehri Garhwal, central Himalaya,JNSI, Volume-LIII, parts 1 and 2

Lalan Ji Gopal and Vinod Chandra Shrivastava , History of Agriculture in India (up to 1200AD(article of Dr K.P Nautiyal et all – Agriculture in Garhwal Himalayas o to 1200AD, page 162)

Maheshwar Prasad Joshi, 1990, Uttaranchal (Kumaon-Garhwal) : An Essay in Historical Anthropology, Shri Almora Book, Almora
Maheshwar Prasad Joshi, 1989, Morphogenesis of Kunindas, Cir 200B.C.-cir A.D.300
Mathpal, Yashodhar, 1998, Kumaon Painting: A Story of Living Tradition of Painting in Kumaon
Minyan G. Singh, 199, Wooden temples in Himachal
M.C.Joshi, 1978, the Khasas in the History of Uttarakhand, Swasti Sri, edited by K.V.Ravi , p.10),ND
M.S. S Rawat (editor), Himalaya: a Regional Perspective
Mamta Chaudhari, 1977 Tribes of Ancient India
Narendra Singh Bisht and T. S Bankoti, 2004, Encyclopedic Ethnography of the Himalayan Tribes (Page for Khasa – 736)
Dr. Naval Viyogi, Professor M A Ansari, 2010 History of the Later Harappans and Shilpkara Movement (two volumes) Kalpaz Publication, Delhi, India
Nitya Nand Mishra, 1994, Sources Materials of Kumauni History, Shri Almora Book Depot.
O.C. Handa, 2003, History of Uttaranchal (Page 22 for Khashas)
O.C. Handa, 2009, Art and Architecture of Uttarakhand
O.P Kandari and O.P Gusain, 2001, Garhwal Himalaya (Pages for Khasa- 309/360)
Parmannad Gupta, 1989, Geography from Ancient Indian Coins and Seals
Prem Hari Har Lal, 1993, The Doon valley Down the Ages, Dehradun, India
R.C. Bhatt, K.P. Nautiyal, 1987-88Trans Himalayan Burials, visa vis Malari, an Assessment, JOSHARD, Vol11-12 (pp 95-101)
R.C. Naithani, 1999, Radiant Himalayas,
Ram Naresh Pandey (A.S.I), Ancient and Medieval History of Western Nepal
S S.S. Negi, Back and beyond, Garhwal Himalaya: Nature, Culture and Society
S.S.S. Negi, Himalayan Rivers, lakes and Glaciers
Sukhdev Singh Charak, 1979, History and Culture of Himalayan states
Savita Saxena, 1995, The geographical Surveys of Puranas
Surendra Singh, 1995, Urbanization in Garhwal Himalaya: a geographical Interpretation
Upinder Singh, 2008, History of Earlier and Medieval India.
Vishwa Chandra Ohri, 1980, Himachal Art and Archeology, State Museum, Shimla , Pages 3,5 and 65)
H. Sarkar, A.Banerji 2006, Hari Smriti , Chapter ' The Kunindas and their Archeology in Garhwal Himalaya (pages-391-398).
Uma Prasad Thapliya, 2005, Uttaranchal: Historical and Cultural Perspectives
Http://www.thefreeliberary.com/cist +burial+Himalayas-a017422774
New cultural Dimension in the Central Himalayas, region of Uttarakhand, an Archeological assessment:
http://opar.unior.it/664/1/5/Annali 1986 (f1)K.p.nautiyal-B.M.Khanduri
Carleton Stevens Coon, 1962, The Origin of Race
C.S. Coon, The Races of Europe
Uttar Pradesh District gazetteers, 1989, Volume-23
Plant, Richard, J., 1979, Greek, Semitic, Asiatic Coins and how to read them
R.C Majumdar, Ancient Colonies in the Far East
Shiv Pad Sen, 1988, Sources of History of India, Volume -5
Vishwa Chandra Ohri, 1980, Himachal Art and Archeology
World Archeological Bulletin, 1989.p 18
Radheshyam Chaurasiya, 2002, History of Ancient India: Earliest time to 1000 AD
R.K. Nehra, 2010, Hinduism and Its Military Ethos
Chapters on African Presence in Early Asian Civilizations: A Historical Overview, Journal of African Civilizations, August 1995, Vol .X No.X pages 21-121
Radha Kumud Mukarji, 1988, Chandragupta Maurya and his Time
Om Gupta, 2006, Encyclopedia of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
Edward James Rapson, 1923, Cambridge History of India (7 Volumes)
Almoda ki Shan Hain:Kunindake Sikke (Reference of Almora Museum in charge Manju Tiwari and Mohan Singh Gadiya,) www.himvan.com

Additional References for Neo Kunindas/ Kulinda Era
Molu Ram Thakur, 1997, Myths, Rituals and beliefs in Himachal Pradesh page 18
Ptolemy, Vol.1
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Bhishma Kukreti · May 18, 2013, 09:57:54 AM

गढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य
सौज सौज मा मजाक मसखरी
हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ
सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं

फंड फूका ! उत्तर पूरब क्षेत्र की छ्वीं

चबोड़्या - चखन्यौर्या: भीष्म कुकरेती
(s = आधी अ )

ब्याळि जब सरा भारत वासी संजय दत्त को जेल जाण, उख जेलौ तापमान, उख जेलम वातवरण मा पौलिसन प्रतिशत, जेलम संजय दत्त को कमरा मा सरसु ह्वाल कि ना, जेलक कुठड़ि म संजय का वास्ता खुट पसारणो, नाक साफ़ करणों बान कथगा जगा या सुविधा च आदि का बारा मा अति चिंतित छया। कथगोंन त माननीय गृह मंत्री को बयान की भी मांग कार।
इन मा संजय दत्त की गम्भीर परिस्थिति बारा मा समाचार दींद दींद बीच मा ऐनडीटीवी चैनेलन एक समाचार दे -
महाराष्ट्र के दसवीं कक्षा के सरकारी इतिहास पाठ्यपुस्तक में नक्से में अरुणाचल प्रदेश को चीन का भाग दिखाया गया है और महाराष्ट्र शासन ने नौ लाख सरकारी पुस्तक बाजार से वापस मंगवाई हैं। महाराष्ट्र के मुख्यमंत्री ने सरकारी पाठ्यपुस्तक में अरुणाचल प्रदेश को नक्से में चीन का भाग दिखाने पर खेद जताया। उत्तर पूर्व के लोग भारत के अन्य क्षेत्रीय बुद्धिजीवियों , राजनीतिज्ञों , समाचार माध्यमों पर उत्तर पूर्व की अवहेलना का आक्षेप कई दशकों से लगाते आ रहे हैं।
मीन स्वाच कि असल मा पाठ्यक्रम कमेटी मा इन चिंतन मनन ह्वे ह्वालु।

पाठ्यक्रम संचालक - हाँ तो प्रदेश का सबसे अधिक डिग्री धारी अध्यापक गण! भारत को इतिहास अर समाज विज्ञान का बारा मा आप सब दस अध्यापकों से जादा कै तैं ज्ञान नी च।
सबि दस महान ज्ञानी अध्यापक (इकदगड़ि ) -धन्यवाद ! थैंक यूं
पाठ्यक्रम संचालक -हां तो आपन पिछ्ला छै मैना मा प्रदेश की दसवीं कक्षा वास्ता 'भारत का इतिहास अर समाज' विषय बारा मा ज्वा किताब तैयार करी आज संक्षिप्त अवलोकन होलु अर फिर या किताब प्रेस माँ छपणो चलि जालि। तो एकेक क्षेत्र का बारा मा संक्षिप्त मा हम बात करदवां। चलो दक्षिण से शुरू करदवां।
दक्षिण को पैलो इनचार्ज- सर हम दुयूनं दक्षिण भारत का प्रांत ही ना एकेक गांवक इतिहास, भूगोल, समाजशास्त्र की सैकड़ो किताब पौढिंन अर तब जैक पाठ्यक्रम तैयार कार
दक्षिण को दुसरो इनचार्ज - अर सर ! हमन दक्षिण भारतौ सही नक्सा तैयार करण मा पूरा एक महीना लगायी। हद से जादा मनत कार। पाठ्यक्रम तै पौढिक दक्षिण भारतीय विद्वान् बि हमारी प्रशंसा कारल
पाठ्यक्रम संचालक - बहुत बढ़िया। पश्चिम भारत का इनचार्ज ..?
पश्चिम भारत का पैलो इनचार्ज -हमन भि जथगा किताब पढ़न छे पौड़ अर पश्चिम भारतौ बारा मा पाठ्यक्रम तैयार कार। नक्सा तैयार करणम बि हमन बड़ी सावधानी बरत।
पाठ्यक्रम संचालक - मध्य भारत को पाठ्यक्रम -
मध्य भारत को पाठ्यक्रम का दुयि इनचार्ज - सर हमन मध्य भारत को सार गर्भित इतिहास अर समाज शास्त्रौ पाठ्यक्रम तैयार कार। नक्सा मा कखि बि गल्ती नी मीललि
उत्तर भारत का इनचार्ज - श्रीमान ! उत्तर भारत का बारा मा दुनिया मा जो बि साहित्य उपलब्ध छौ वांको हमन गहन अध्ययन कार अर तब उत्तर भारतौ इतिहास मुतालिक पाठ्यक्रम तयार कार।नक्सा तै बीस ज्ञानियों से जंचवाइ।
पूर्वी भारत का इनचार्ज - सर ! बिहार , बंगाल अर ओड़िसा को इतिहास व समाज पर इन पाठ्यक्रम आज तक तैयार ही नि ह्वाइ जन हम दुयुन कार। नक्सा बि हमन दस दै सर्वे ऑफ इंडिया से जांच करवाई
पाठ्यक्रम संचालक (किताबौ कॉपी दिखद ) - अरे इखमा त उत्तर पूर्वी राज्यों इतिहास अर समाज को बारा मा कुछ नी च। हाँ भै?
एक - सर क्या रख्युं च उत्तर पूर्व का राज्यों मा
दुसर - हाँ सर ! उत्तर पूर्व का राज्यों पर कु कारो इथगा परिश्रम!
तिसर - उत्तर पूर्व का राज्य बि क्वी राज्य छन !
चौथो - सही ब्वाल
पांचो - जथगा गाँ तथगा बोलि भाषा।
छटो -फण्ड फूको उत्तर पूर्व की बातो तैं
पाठ्यक्रम संचालक - हाँ मि बि उत्तर पूरब तैं क्वी महत्व नि दींदो अर सचि ब्वालो त मैं तैं बि नी पता कि यी उत्तर पूरब राज्य क्या बला छन।
सतों - कख छा लग्याँ तुम बेकार की बातों मा। वै से बढ़िया त सलमान खान की फिल्मो बारा मा छ्वीं लगौला धौं!
अठों - नै यार ! आमिर खान की फिल्मों मा विषय भौत ही सटीक , दिल पर चोट करण वाळ होंदन। मीन तो आमीर खान को फेमिली ट्री (पारिवारिक इतिहास ) को गहन अध्ययन कार अर पायि कि आमीर खान को प्रथम पुरुष सन सात सौ मा अफगानिस्तान अर रूस को बॉर्डर बिटेन भारत ऐ छौ।
नवों - य़ार स्टार वैल्यू तो शाहरूख खान को बि कम नि च हाँ। मेरी अठारा साल की बेटी तो शाहरुख खान से शादी करणों तैयार च !
दसों -खानों मा दिखे जावो तो पटकथाकार सलीम खान को योगदान महत्वपूर्ण च हाँ!
पाठ्यक्रम संचालक - अर तुम लोग ! खानों को खान युसूफ खान उर्फ़ दिलीप कुमार तैं बिसरी गेवां हैं ?
सबि - नहीं सर ! हम सौबुन भारत को इतिहास और समाज को पाठ्यक्रम तैयार करण मा युसूफ खान को इतिहास की पूरी जानकारी हासिल कार
पाठ्यक्रम संचालक - अरे चार बजि गेन अर ठीक पांच बजि मि तैं सम्पूर्ण पाठ्यक्रम की कॉपी मथि दीण अर अबि तलक उत्तर पूर्वी राज्यों बारामा पाठ्यक्रम मा कुछ नी च। इन कारो उत्तर पूर्वी राज्यों बारा मा जो बि थोड़ा भौत जै तैं बि आँदो वो कम्प्यूटर ओपरेटर तैं डिक्टेट करी द्यायो अर इन्टरनेट से उत्तर पूर्वी राज्यों नक्सा की नकल कौरिक लगै द्यायो। पण यु सौब पांच बजे से पैल ह्वे जाण चयेंद। मि तैं एक कोंफ्रेसं माँ 'समग्र भारत' पर एक व्याख्यान दीणो जाण तो आप लोग ही ' भारत का इतिहास अर समाज' की कॉपी नकल प्रदेश पाठ्यक्रम कमेटी अध्यक्ष तैं मेरी तरफान सौंपी देन।
सबि -ठीक च सर ! पांच बजि से पैल उत्तर पूर्बी राज्यों बार माँ थ्वड़ा भौत जोड़िक अर इंटरनेट से नक्सा जोड़िक हम 'भारत का इतिहास अर समाज' किताब की कॉपी नकल प्रदेश पाठ्यक्रम कमेटी अध्यक्ष तैं आपौ तरफान सौंपि द्योला।
एक - अच्छा ! संचालक जी चलि गेन। तो उत्तर पूरव भारत को बारा मा क्या करे जावो।
दुसर - करण क्या च कम्प्यूटर ओपरेटर तै बोलि दींदा बल जो बि वैक समज मा आंद वो उत्तर पूरब भारत को बारा मा लेखि द्यावु अर इंटरनेट बिटेन नक्सा छपै द्याव।
तिसर - चलो यो ही ठीक च। अब जरा फ़िल्मी खान भाईओं इतिहासौ बारा मा गहन चिंतन करे जावो।
सबि - हां हाँ फिल्मी खान भाईओं इतिहास पर वुद्धिजीवी चिंतन अति आवश्यक बि च।

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 18/05/2013
(लेख सर्वथा काल्पनिक है )

Bhishma Kukreti · May 18, 2013, 01:18:03 PM

Amoghbhuti: the Most Eminent Kuninda/Kulinda King of 100BCE

History of Garhwal, Kumaon (Uttarakhand) - Part 46

Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-43

Political, Religious, Economical and Historical Characteristics of Kunindas/Kulindas Rule in Uttarakhand (200BCE-400AD) -3

(All the History write ups are dedicated to great Historians Hari Krishna Raturi, Badri Datt Pandey and Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral)

By: Bhishma Kukreti

Amoghbhuti Kuninda Coins
The hoards of Kuninda/Kulinda coins are found from Garhwal and Kumaon ( Sumari, Bhattisera and Devalgarh (Pauri Garhwal), Athoor, Tehri Garhwal , Purola, Uttarkashi, Kashipur, Nainital and Almora ) apart from other places too. The coins of Amoghbhuti are important. The historian Dr. Gupta states that Amoghbhuti stands for Amogh and Bhuti the names of Shiva.
It seems the Kuninda kingdom was extended from Sutlej, Jwalmukhi, Ambala, Saharanpur, Garhwal and Kumaon.

Contemporary Rules at the time of Kuninda King Amoghbhuti Rule
The historians guess that Kuninda King Amoghbhuti got the throne around 100BCE. Panchal, Ayodhya, Kaushambi, Mathura were free from Patliputra Kingdom.
It seems that up to certain extent, though weakened, there was Greek rule (grandson of Menander, Appolophanes) over West of Yamuna, Shimla. Even, the Yaudhedhey were under Greece warriors.
At this time only, Yaudheya republicans freed south-western Yamuna valley and Amdumbar republicans freed lower Sutlej and lower Vyas Valley from Greece warriors. While, Kuninda king Amoghbhuti freed the regions of central Himalayan hills that is from Vyas , Satluj Yamuna , Garhwal, Kumaon including Saharanpur.
The coins found of this Age proof that these three republicans freed their respective territories from Greece at the same time. The Audumbar king was Gharghoss at the time of Kuninda King Amoghbhuti.
The silver coins of Kuninda (Amoghbhuti) and Audumbar republic of this time resemble with coins of Appolophanes in terms of symbols, scripts and manufacturing styles.

Ruling Time of Kuninda King Amoghbhuti

The silver coins of Amoghbhuti, Dhanabhuti of Kunindas; Gharghosh of Audumbar republicans were found together in a failed of Jwalamukhi of Himachal Pradesh. There is disagreement among historians about rule time of Kuninda King Amoghbhuti, historian Dabral suggest the timing around 100BCE. It seems that he died near 60BCe at the age of seventy.

Geographical Regions of Kuninda King Amoghbhuti

It seems the rule of Kuninda King Amoghbhuti was from Himachal, Srugh (Sugh) of Haryana, part of Garhwal and part of Kumaon. It might be that the ruled through republic representation as Asoka and Shunga ruled Uttarakhand though republic kings as their governors.
Amoghbhuti showed him as Maharaj on his cons. Amoghbhuti paid much attention of Maharaja than Kunindas words
Economic Development

Amoghbhuti was wise statesman as he publicized him as 'Maharaja'. He spread his coins beyond his Kuninda rule. The spread of Kuninda coins as in Mathura means the spread of economic supremacy. His coins were competing with Greece coins. His capital was well connected with Sakal, Mathura, Ahichhatra, Sthanvaneshwar, Tamas (Upper Himachal and Shimla) , Tangan (Bhotiya region) Rank regions of Nepal and Kumaon. It seems the region of Amoghbhuti was running on the path of other Indian regions that is rise of mercantile communities.

Scythian (Shaka) Invasion and Kuninda Kingdom
Scythians of Iran also invaded North West India. They latter were absorbed into Indian communities. It is guessed that Scythians captured Mathura around 60 BCE. Srughana was nearer to Mathura and the road was easy too due to commercial attachment. Scythians also captured Kuninda of Srughana (Sugh, Haryana). That means the ruling time of Amoghbhuti was up to 600 B.C.E. or nearer.
Due to attack of Scythians on Mathura and latter on Srughana; the Kunindas shifted the capital towards east.
Scythians and later on Kushan rulers replaced the coins of Kuninda and introduced their own coins.

Personality of Amoghbhuti

Amoghbhuti was famous king of central Himalayan region. Many historians of his time wrote about Amoghbhuti. It seems he ruled the regions of Garhwal- Kumaon (Ranku, Atrey (govishan), Tangan, Bhardwaj); Srughna, Tamas ( Saharanpur, part of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. He was brave and wise, well versed about diplomacy, influencing factors of administration, foreign policies and economic policies.
The Kuninda king Amoghbhuti was expert of economics and knew the challenges and strategies of commerce. The Kuninda king Amoghbhuti was clever enough for understanding the contemporary characteristics of his neighboring regions.
The Kuninda King Amoghbhuti took clue from Greece kings for manufacturing his own Kuninda coins but he Indianite or indigenized them as per his own needs.
An Art Lover Kuninda King Amoghbhuti
The coins of Kuninda king Amoghbhuti are proof that he was art lover. The exclusiveness on his coins among other contemporary king coins show that Kuninda king Amoghbhuti knew or was well versed about the factor and importance of exclusivity, individuality.

The history speaks that after Kuninda King Amoghbhuti Kuninda rule was over from Haryana and major parts of Himachal Pradesh and Kuninda kingdoms/republicans were limited to hills of Uttarakhand.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 18/05/2013
(The write up is aimed for general readers)

History of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued... Part -47
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued...44
Political, Religious, Economical and Historical Characteristics of Kunindas/Kulindas Rule in Uttarakhand (200BCE-400AD) –to be continued...4

Bhishma Kukreti · May 18, 2013, 05:24:53 PM

Kaffu Chauhan Jagar Gatha: The Great Chieftain of Garhwal who Refused Panwar/Pal Dynasty Rule

Folklore, Folk Legends, Folk Myths, Jagar of Kumaon-Garhwal, Uttarkahnd-30

Chivalry, Gallantry, Graciousness Folklores, Folk Legends, Folk Myths, Ballads of Bravery of Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand –15
Bhishma Kukreti
There were over fifty two small kingdoms/Gadh/Gadhi/Garhs in Garhwal before Ajaypal of Panwar dynasty rule. Devalgarh was the capital of Garh. Ajay Pal won the other kingdoms baring the chieftain of Uppu Garh. The chief of Uppu Garh was brave king Kaffu Chauhan. The Uppu Garh king resisted coming under Ajay Pal Panwar rule. Kaffu Chauhan fought the battle and sacrificed for his Uppu Garh regime till his last breath. The time of Kaffu Chauhan goes around sixteenth century.
The following lines about Kaffu the chieftain of Uppu Garh are taken from a drama 'Antim Garh' written by Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna.

कुमाऊं और गढ़वाल की लोक गाथाएँ/जागर -30

कफ्फू चौहान जागर, वीर-वीरंगनाएं गाथा : भडौ , कटकू, भड़वळि या पांवड़ा, जागर
(Reference: Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna , Antim Garh)

तौंकी रघुवंशी घोड़ी सजिन मर्दों
तौंकी जामा की तणी टूटिंन मर्दों
तौन गंगा -जली धरियाले मर्दों
तौंन बखतरी जामो पैरयाले मर्दों
तौंकी ऐड़ी हथियार अड़ी गे मर्दों
तौंकी क्षत्रीय हुंकार चढि गे मर्दों
तौंकी पौंठिया का बाल बबरैन मर्दों
तों नंगी शमशेर चमकैन मर्दों
तौंक बावन बाजा बाजेन मर्दों
हनुमंती नीशाण साजेन मर्दों
कभी होल तो फोलेतो खेलदा मर्दों
कभी भैंसा , खाडू मारदा मर्दों
तौन खून का घट रिंगैन मर्दो
तों मुंडळौका चीरा लगैन मर्दो
तौं माई मर्दु का चेलो न मर्दो
तख भांगलो बुतणो करयाले मर्दो
Kaffu Chauhan was king of Uppu Garh near the bank of Ganges at the top shrine. Ajay Pal Panwar established his capital from Devalgarh to Shrinagar. He invited all chieftains of Garhs. Barring the chieftain Kaffu Chauhan of Uppu Garh, other chieftains attended the conference. Kaffu Chauhan sent the letter stating that he was Lion among animals, Eagle among birds and he would not accept the rule of Ajay pal Panwar.
Ajay pal sent his armed forces to win over Kaffu Chauhan of Uppu Garh.
The queen mother saw the huge army of Ajay Pal and suggested her son Kaffu Chauhan to surrender and accept the rule of Panwar of Shrinagar. Kaffu Chauhan told that the regional freedom is better than central authority.
In night, Kaffu Chauhan broke the bridge on Ganges. In morning, Kaffu started preparation for the battle of freedom.
Mother of Kaffu Chauhan told in person to Devu the army chief of Kaffu Chauhan that he would inform her about the result of battle. The mother queen said that if Kaffu die she would burn the whole Uppu Garh and would die.
In morning, Panwar army chief saw that the bridge was broken and he arranged boats for crossing his army men. The battle started.
By mistake, in confusion, Devu the army chief of Kaffu sent wrong message that Kaffu lost the battle and died.
Kaffu own the battle and came to his fort and saw that his forte was burning. He lost consciousness. In that period Panwar army captured Kaffu Chauhan and took him to Shrinagar. Ajay pal put condition for the life of Kaffu Chauhan to accept his rule over Uppu Garh. Kaffu Chauhan refused the rule of Ajay Pal. Ajay Pal ordered the army men that cut head of Kaffu Chauhan that his head fell on the feet of Ajay Pal. In the mean time, Kaffu gulped sands. When army man cut the head of Kaffu by sword the head did not reach to the feet of Ajay Pal.
Ajay Pal appreciated the pride of great Kaffu Chauhan. It is said that Garhwal King Ajay Pal lit the pyre of brave Kaffu Chauhan of Uppu Garh. Ajay Pal told that it was the win of Kaffu Chauhan.

Copyright (Interpretation) @ Bhishma Kukreti, 18/5/2013
Folklore, Folk Legends, Folk Myths of Kumaon-Garhwal, Uttarakhand to be continued...31

Chivalry, Gallantry, gracious Folklores, Folk Legends, Folk Myths of Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand to be continued...16
Curtsey and references:
Dr. Krishna Nand Joshi, Kumaon ka Lok Sahitya (Folklore texts of Kumaon)
Dr Trilochan Pandey, Kumaoni Bhasha aur Uska Sahity(Folklore literature of Kumaon )
Dr Siva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Lok Nrityageet (Folk Songs and dances of Garhwal )
Dr Govind Chatak, Garhwali Lokgathayen (Folklore of Garhwali)
Dr. Govind Chatak, Kumaoni Lokgathayen (Folklore of Kumaoni)
Dr Urvi Datt Upadhyaya, Kumaon ki Lokgathaon ka Sahityik Adhyayan (Literary review of Folklore of Kumaon)
Dr. Dip Chand Chaudhri, 1995, Askot ka Palvansh , Gumani Shodhkendra, Uprada, Gangalighat
Dr. Prayag Joshi, Kumaon Garhwal ki Lokgathaon ka Vivechnatmak Adhyayan (Critical Review of Folklore of Kumaon and Garhwal)
Dr Dinesh Chandra Baluni, Uttarakhand ki Lokgathayen (Folklore of Uttarakhand)
Dr Jagdish (Jaggu) Naudiyal, Uttarakhand ki Sanskritik Dharohar, (Partially Folklore of Ravain)
Ramesh Matiyani 'Shailesh' 1959, Kumaun ki Lok Gathayen
Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna, Dhunyal (Folklore and Folk Songs of Garhwal)
Shambhu Prasad Bahuguna, Virat Hriday
Kusum Budhwar, 2010, Where Gods Dwell: Central Himalayan Folktales and Legends
C.M. Agarwal , Golu Devta, 1992, The God of Justice of Kumaon Himalayas
N.D .Paliwal, 1987, Kumaoni Lok Geet
E.S. Oakley and Tara Datt Gairola 1935, Himalayan Folklore
M.R.Anand, 2009, Understanding the Socio Cultural experiences of Pahadi folks: Jagar Gathas of Kumaon and Garhwal
Dr. Pradeep Saklani, 2008, Ethno archeology of Yamuna Valley
Shiv Narayan Singh Bisht, 1928, Gadhu Sumyal, Banghat , Pauri Garhwal
Kumaon: Kala, Shilp,aur Sanskriti www.himvan.com/webpages/dana.htm
Anjali Kapila (2004), Traditional health Practices of Kumaoni women
Bhishma Kukreti, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhy Tatva va Vivechana
Helle Primdahi, 1994, Central Himalayan Folklore: folk Songs in Rituals of the Life Cycle
Hemant Kumar Shukla, D.R. Purohit, 2012, Theories and Practices of Hurkiya Theater in Uttarakhand, Language in India Vol.12:5: 2012 Page 143- 150
Dev Singh Pokhariya, 1996, Kumauni Jagar Kathayen aur Lokgathayen
Madan Chand Bhatt, 2002, Kumaun ki Jagar Kathayen
The chapter contains -Folk Songs, Folktales, Jagar about Uppu Garh; Folk Songs, Folktales, Jagar about great chieftains of Garhwal; Folk Songs, Folktales, Jagar about Brave men/women of Garhwal; Folk Songs, Folktales, Jagar about great warriors of Garhwal; Folk Songs, Folktales, Jagar about great Garhwalis; Folk Songs, Folktales , Jagar about who sacrificed for their motherland.

Bhishma Kukreti · May 19, 2013, 10:29:14 AM

गढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य
सौज सौज मा मजाक मसखरी
हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ
सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं
संजय दत्तन कथगा ग्राम हौग अर कथगा मिली लीटर मूत ?

चबोड़्या - चखन्यौर्या: भीष्म कुकरेती
(s = आधी अ )
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर - सर ब्रेकिंग न्यूज मा क्या दिये जावो ?
समाचार सम्पादक -क्या क्या समाचार अयाँ छन।
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -सर एक समाचार अयुं च बल भारत मा स्लम मा रौण वाळु मादे सिरफ़ छबीस प्रतिशत लोगुं तैं स्वच्छ अर पीण लैक पाणि मिलद अर लगद नी च कि अगला बीस सालोंम यूँ तैं पीण लैक पाणि मीलल
समाचार सम्पादक -अर दुसर समाचार क्या च?
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -संजय दत्त को वकीलन कोर्ट मा अर्जी दे कि चूंकि संजय दत्त तैं फ्रांस से आयातित मिनरल वाटर 'इवान' को ढब पोड्यु च अर जेलम फ्रांस से आयातित मिनरल वाटर नि मिलदो तो संजय दत्त तैं भैर बिटेन 'इवान' मिनरल वाटर लिजाणो इजाजत दिए जावु
समाचार सम्पादक -वाह ! ब्रेकिंग न्यूज द्यावो कि भारत तै आजाद हुयां छौसट साल ह्वे गेन पण अबि बि भारतीय जेलुंम मिनरल वाटर की व्यवस्था नी च। अचकाल अमूनन हर रोज मूर्धन्य नेता, उद्योगपति, बड़ा बड़ा अधिकारी, क्रिकेटर खिलाड़ि, फिल्म सेलिब्रिटी जेल जाणा छन अर अफ़सोस की बात च कि अबि बि भारतीय जेलोंम मिनरल वाटर की व्यवस्था नी च।
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -अर भारतीय गरीबो तैं स्वच्छ पाणि नि मिलणु च वीं न्यूजs क्या करण?
समाचार सम्पादक -गरीबो वास्ता पाणि नसीब नी होंद की न्यूज त रात लैक बि नी च। त भारतीय गरीबुं तैं साफ़ पीण लैक पाणि नि मिलणु को समाचार तै कूड़ादान मा फेंकि दे।
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर - सर सर ! द्वी संवाददाताओं ब्रेकिंग समाचार अयाँ छन।
समाचार सम्पादक -क्या क्या ?
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -पैल च बल यूनेस्को की रिपोर्ट्नुसार हिन्दुस्तान कुपोषण का मामला मा बंगलादेस का थ्वड़ा इ पैथर च अर स्तिथि भौत ही शर्मनाक च।
समाचार सम्पादक -यी संवाददाता ऐन जी ओ चलाणा छन कि हिंदी न्यूज चैनेल ? कुपोषण को समाचार मा क्वी सेन्सेसन च क्या ? दुसर ब्र्केंग न्यूज क्या च ?
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -दुसर समाचार च बल जेलम खाणा ठीक नि होण से संजय दत्तन कोर्ट से ड्यारौ खाणक खाणो इजाजत मांग।
समाचार सम्पादक - अरे वाह ! फटाफट ब्रेकिंग न्यूज दे कि भारतीय मा खाणक ठीक नि मिलदो। अर प्राइम टाइम पर 'भारत की प्रमुख ज्वलंत समस्या-जेल में कैद्यों को खराब खाना ' नाम से एक लाइव डिबेट को इंतजाम कौरो। पैनल मा भारत का नामी डाइटेसन, भूतपूर्व जेल अधिकारी, संजय दत्त को वकील , एक समाजशास्त्री अर कौंग्रेस अर भाजापा का प्रवक्ता तैं बुलावो अर डिबेट तैं गरमा गरम बणावो कि भोळ समाचार पत्र बि जेल में बदतर खाने की समस्या पर संपादकीय ल्याखन।
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -जी ! अर यूनेस्को की भारत में कुपोषण की बहुत बुरी दशा रिपोर्टो क्या करण ?
समाचार सम्पादक -तैं नॉन सेंसेसनल रिपोर्ट तैं वापस यूनेस्को इ भेजि दे
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -सर द्वी हौर समाचार अयाँ छन
समाचार सम्पादक -पैलि रिपोर्ट च बल इंडिया मा दो तिहाइ ग्रामीणु माँ हगण -मुतण याने पाखाना जाणै सुविधा नी च अर शहरो का भी बुरा हाल छन लाखों शहरी रेल पटरी या रस्तों मा ही खुलेआम टट्टी पेशाब करदन।
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -यूं गधा संवाददाताओं तैं समझावो कि बेकार खबर नि भेजा करें, भारत मा हगण -मुतण ( पाखाना ) सुविधा नी छन बि क्वी समस्या च या क्वी न्यूज च ? ये संवाददाता को डिमोसन आज ही होण चयेंद। दुसर समाचार क्या च ?
समाचार सम्पादक -दुसर समाचार क्या च?
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -सर ! संजय दत्त को जेल संबंधी समाचार च।
समाचार सम्पादक -हाँ हाँ चौड़ बोल क्या समाचार च?
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -जेल माँ स्वच्छ अर साफ़ पाखाना की सुविधा नि होण से संजय दत्त तैं हगण अर मुतण मा परेशानी हूणि च।
समाचार सम्पादक -संवाददातान अपण रिपोर्ट को समर्थन मा कुछ डाटा बि कलेक्ट करिन
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -जी हाँ ! जख संजय दत्त रोज तीन सौ ग्राम, एक सौ सात मिलीग्राम हगुद छौ उख संजय दत्त जेलम केवल चार सौ ग्राम अर नौ मिलीग्राम हगणु च।
समाचार सम्पादक -एक्सीलेंट ऐंड इम्पोर्टेंट न्यूज! अर संजय दत्तौ मुतणो बारा मा क्या खबर च
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -सर जेल मा साफ़ अर स्वच्छ टॉयलेट नि होण से बि संजय दत्त को पेशाब करण मा बि फरक पोड़ी गे!
समाचार सम्पादक - पेशाब की मात्रा कथगा फरक पोड़ ?
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -जख पैल संजय दत्त तैं रोजाना एक लीटर अर पांच सौ तेतीस मिली लिटर पिशाब होन्दि छे , जेलम साफ़ स्वच्छ टॉयलेट नि होण से संजय दत्त सिरफ एक लीटर अर चार सौ इकतीस मिली लिटर हि मुतणु च।
समाचार सम्पादक -वेरी गुड ब्रेकिंग न्यूज ! ये संवाददाता को अबि प्रोमोसन कारो। फटाफट ब्रेकिंग न्यूज बणा कि भारतीय जेलों मा पाखाना की बड़ी दुर्दशा, कुदशा अर सरकार इथगा बड़ी समस्या होंद बि सियीं च
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर -जी संजय दत्त को हगण -मुतण संबंधी ब्रेकिंग न्यूज शुरू ह्वे ग्याइ
समाचार सम्पादक -अर सूण एक्स्ट्रा प्राइम टाइम मा एक डिबेट रखो जैक विषय ह्वालु -भारतीय जेलों में आधार भूत मानवीय सुविधाओन की अनदेखी। पैनेल मा यूरीनोलोजिस्ट, मनोवैज्ञानिक, एक डाक्टर , एक समाजशास्त्री अर द्वी राजनैतिक नेताओं तैं भट्यावो। डिबेट तैं हॉट बणाणै जुमेवारी तेरी च। डिबेट इथगा गरम होण चयेंद कि महाराष्ट्र का जेल मंत्री भोळ जेलों मा कैद्युं मलमूत्र दिखणो स्वयं जावन।
टीवी प्रोग्रैमर - जी वांक चिंता नि कारो डिबेट से मंत्री ही ना विरोधी पार्टी बि भोळ आर्थर जेल मा पाखाना याने टॉयलेट दिखणो जाला।
समाचार सम्पादक - वेरी गुड . बस तीन चार घंटा यूँ द्वी ब्रेकिंग न्यूज से सेन्सेसन लावो कि हमर चैनेल को टीआरपी बढ़ जावो।

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 19/05/2013
(लेख सर्वथा काल्पनिक है )

Bhishma Kukreti · May 19, 2013, 08:34:52 PM

Political, Religious, Economical, Cultural History of Kuninda /Kulinda kings of Almora

History of Garhwal, Kumaon (Uttarakhand) - Part 47

Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-44

Historical , Political, Religious, Economical and Historical Characteristics of Kunindas/Kulindas Rule in Uttarakhand (200BCE-100AD) -4

(All the History write ups are dedicated to great Historians Hari Krishna Raturi, Badri Datt Pandey and Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral)

By: Bhishma Kukreti

Historians found Kuninda/Kulinda coins from Almora those are of the time after the Kuninda/kulindraine or Kulinda coins of Amoghbhuti. There are four Kuninda Kings coins found from Almora and are called Almora Kuninda coins. There are differences regarding types and sizes between Almora Kuninda/Kulinda coins and other Kunindas coins found in other parts of North India. However, there are some characteristics on Almora coins that those coins are definitely supposed the Kuninda coins (Rapson). Dr Dabral and Dr. M.P Joshi (Morphogenesis of Kunindas) discussed these coins in details than other historians.

Historical Aspects of Four Kuninda Kings of Almora

Mrigbhuti or Margabhuti; a Kuninda King

At the time of Kuninda, the metallurgy science was at developing stage and there were some mistake in carving the coins for Brahmi or Kharoshti vowels. In one type of Almora Kuninda coin the words are M-G-Bh-T-S-. The coins are as of Shiv Datt coins. Dabral suggested by logical analysis that the king of such coins must be Mrigbhuti or Margbhuti.

Shivdatt: A Kuninda King

Sivdatas is engraved in this type of Almora Kuninda coins. The script is Brahmi. Nandi is standing before trailing tree. There is wave or cobra. Stage or other animal (?) is there.
On reverse, Nandipad and Indraysti are there as found on Kumudsen and Ajvarm coins from Ayodhya.

Shivpalit: a Kuninda king
There is rawness on the letterings of these types of Almora Kuninda coins. As the tradition was to ending the King name 'itasya' but on coins, it is Shivpalitas. There is deity or human image on reverse side of coins.
Time Period of Kuninda Coins of Almora Coins

There is very less disagreement among for supposing Almora coins as Kuninda coins of after the time of Amoghbhuti. However, there are some disputes among historians for the time period of Kuninda Kings of Almora Coins.
After analysis, Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral states the time period of Kings of Almora kings from 60 BCE to 20 AD. After, these kings, there was invasion of Shaka, Panchnad, Kuru on the territories.

Decline in Economic Conditions
The Kuninda Almora kings did not have their capital in Srugh (Today's Sugh, Ambala, Haryana). It seems that after death of Amoghbhuti, Kunindas shifted the capital from Srugh (Sugh) towards east on Himalayan foothills that are Govishan (Kashipur Region of Almora). The four types of Almora Kuninda coins show that there was decline of economic, political and diplomacy conditions of Kuninda Kings/king. Govishan was on that time the one of the major business centers of North India.

Religions of Kuninda Kings of Post Amoghbhuti

It seems that the regions of post Amoghbhuti Kuninda supported Hindu or Sanatan sects than Buddhism as Amoghbhuti etc supported Buddhism.
The Kuninda Kings of Govishan (Kumaon) used to worship deities/goddesses as Vrikshdevta, Nag devta. It seems the worshipping of Nag Devta was spread more in the post Amoghbhuti Kuninda period in Uttarakhand.
There were conducible relations of Govishan (Kumaon) Kuninda with neighboring Panchal and Ayodha Kingdoms.

Economical, Political, Social, Cultural and Geographical Aspects of Kuninda Era

Panini's Mahabhashya- There are various literature available about Post Mahabharata Kuninda communities. Pantajali or Panini wrote much about Kuninda in his Mahabhashya. Panini wrote about Srughnanagar (Srugh). Panini was court priest of Pushyamitra but travelled Kuninda region including Kankhal, Hardwar.

Himalaya: the Attraction for Tourists- There was great attractions for tourists for visiting central Himalaya or Uttarakhand. There are descriptions of Himalayan fauna and floras in Panini's Mahabhashya. The Chamar cow and Gangajal of Ganges had significance.
The Pilgrim places of Uttarakhand had an important place in the life of Indians.

Shivalik of Uttrakhand – Shivalik region was famous for elephants.

Capital Srughna- Panini described about Srughna in full details.
Srughana was situated on bank of Yamuna. Today, Yamuna does not flow there and it seems Yamuna had changed the direction.
The City Srughana was protected by brick walls. The width of external wall of cities was wide and armed men used to walk on the protecting wall. It seems that on that period, there were the protecting walls for capital in Patliputra and Srughana.
There were wide Yamuna canals sounding the protecting wall of Srughana. There were folding bridges were used as doors on Yamuna canals.
There were residing areas and buildings for King and administrative employees; court, stores; arms stores in Srughana. There were entertaining places, taxation buildings. The roads were wide, elite statesmen used to live in palaces types of buildings, subject were inside the city .The low cadres of workers used to reside outer side of city.
The buildings had various facilities as drainage, windows, big courtyards, bathrooms, hangers, and separate place for keeping earthen lamps, good arrangement for closing doors.
There was difference between common men buildings and buildings for elite.
The works and properties of elite had importance for enhancing the fame and name of the city.
The palaces of Srughana and Patliputra were unique than other kingdom palaces.
Srughana had importance place for business roads or links. There were business roads/links from Srughana to Mathura. Sakal, Patliputra, Hastinapur, Kankhal, Magadh, Banaras, Kosal-Ayodhya and western parts of India.

Transportation in Post Mahabharata Kunindas Age-The transportation medium were animals as sheep, goat, bulls, buffalos, horses and bullock carts or buffalo carts, horse carts. The roads were comfortable of that age context.
The leather was used for cover of carts.
There were arrangements of Saray or Dharamshalas or motels in Bawar regions.
There were various medium for crossing rivers as leather bag etc. There were boats for crossing rivers as boats made by wood and bamboo or fruits of cucumber -Tumdi.
Villages and Village Life in Post Mahabharata Kunindas
Panini and or Patanjali travelled Bhardwaj (Garhwal) region extensively. Panini described two villages of Bhardwaj (Garhwal) –Krikarna and Parn. Patanjali described two Bhardwaj (Garhwal) villages – Ainik and Saushuk.
Houses-- Houses were made by mud, stones and wood. The archeological excavations in various places Uttarakhand around this and after Age this show various development in hose building techniques
Home utensils and appliances- The bedding system was developed than past. Cots, wooden wood pallets were used for sleeping and sting by richer ones. Clay /wood, stone vessels were common as bowl, pitchers.
There are evidences of metal appliances used by riches.
The vessels of storing cereals etc were made by wood, grasses and bamboo. There were agricultural appliances in uses.
Dresses of Post Mahabharata Kuninda Age- The dresses were –langot, Kachhauta (ghuttna), Kaybandh, Uttariya, ushniy ( Pagdi) , etc as dresses.
The hill people used blanket; woolen and hemp- dresses and leather dresses.
The ornaments were common for both *es and all age.
Agriculture and animal herds – The main occupation was agriculture, domestic animals, forest produces. Goth system was thee at that age too. The today's cereals were started sowing on that time.
Meat eating, taking liquor was common.
Social structure- Four caste system –Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisya, Shudra were also common in Buddhist of hills.
Religious culture- The religious culture of Khasas –kirat of Mahabharata era, Sanatan or Vedic culture; Buddhism for a couple of centuries in plains of Uttarakhand, and Jainism in couple of places for some time were there. Travelling for pilgrim places in Uttarakhand was common.
Administration in Post Mahabharata Kuninda Age- Republic /Ganasngha/Janapada system was common. The previous kings were usually made governors by winners was common. Initially, collective wisdom was popular but slowly authoritative system took place. Perhaps making King as deity was also started at this time.

Tentative or Suggestive Time Period of Post Mahabharata Kuninda Age

Dr Dabral suggested following time period of Post Mahabharata Kuninda Age-

Gandhar Greek rulers
Demetrius- 192-167BCE
Demetrius Indian campaign -188-167 BCE
Menander era (149-70BCE)

Shunga Kings of Magadha

Pushyamitra- 184-148BCE
Agnimitra- 148-140BCE
Jyesthmitra- 140-133 BCE
Vasumitra -133-123 BCE
Post Shunga Kings- 123-72BCE

Kuninda of Kalkut (Kalsi) -Srughana

Republicans/Janapada/Ganasangh—232-200BCE
First founding King- 200BCE
Vishwadev, Agraraj- ?-103 BCE
Greece rule- 186-170BCE
Dhanbhuti first- 160-140BCE
Bridhpal, Dhanbhuti, Balbhuti second- 140-100BCE

Kuninda Kings of Almora/Kumaon

Mrigbhuti (Margbhuti), Shivdatt, Haridatta, Shivpalit- 60 BCE-20 AD

Contemporary Shaka Kshatraps of Mathura
Moga Shaka -77-58 BCE
Winning Mathura- 60BCE
Kshatrap Hagam- 60-40BCE
Hagan, Rajubal, Sondas and post era- 40BCE to 80 AD

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 19/05/2013
(The write up is aimed for general readers)

History of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued... Part -48
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued...45
[Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Pithoragarh, Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Kashipur, Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Nainital, Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Almora, Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Champawat, Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Bageshwar, Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Hardwar, Uttarakhand; History of Dehradun Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Tehri Uttarakhand; History of Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History of Pauri, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Uttarakhand; History of Bawar , Uttarakhand; Political, Religious, Economical , Cultural History of Rudraprayag, Garhwal Uttarakhand]

Bhishma Kukreti · May 20, 2013, 08:09:53 AM

गढ़वाली हास्य -व्यंग्य
सौज सौज मा मजाक मसखरी
हौंस,चबोड़,चखन्यौ
सौज सौज मा गंभीर चर्चा ,छ्वीं

भारतीय सटोरिया संघ की प्रधान मंत्री से अपील

चबोड़्या - चखन्यौर्या: भीष्म कुकरेती
(s = आधी अ )

आदरणीय प्रधानमंत्री अर सबि भारतीय !
अचकाल अखबार अर टीवी माध्यम हम सटोरिया अर हमर पाक, साफ़ अर दुबईमय, सबि भारितियोन कुण सुलभ व्यापार का बारा मा अनावश्यक, अनाप सनाप , अनर्गल भ्रान्ति फैलाणा छन। चूंकि अबि अबि जु द्वी चार क्रिकेटर पकड़े गेन वां से यूँ पत्रकारों तैं लग कि हमर पवित्र , इमानदारी से भरपूर , हिसाब किताब मा सही व्यापार मा कमी ऐ ग्याइ। हम यीं अपील से सबि भारतीयों तैं आगाह करदवाँ कि राजनीतीग्यों तरां जनता से कट्यां यूँ पत्रकारों भकलौण/बहकावा मा नि ऐन। हमर क्रिकेट , राजनीति अर अन्य खेलों पर आधारित सट्टा बजार बड़ा जोरूं से चलणु च उल्टां जौं तैं बि नि पता छौ कि बौलर की हरेक बौल पर सट्टा लगाये जै सक्यांद वूँ तैं बि पता चलि गे अर यूँ दिनु हमर शुभ्र, धर्म प्रिय सट्टा बजार माँ हजार गुणा इजाफा ह्वे ग्याई।

आदरणीय प्रधान मंत्री जी ! हम पर अभियोग लगाये जांद कि हम क्रिकेटरों तैं पटैक वूंका इस्तेमाल करदवाँ। हमर मानण च बल कि भारत एक प्रजातन्त्री देस च अर इख बेईमानी, देस की जनता का दिलों से खिलवाड़ , देस तै धोका दीण मा एकाधिकार कतै नि होण चयेंद। हमर मानण च बल देस तै लूटिक अपण घौर भरण पर खाली राजनीतिज्ञों अर सरकारी कारिंदों एकाधिकार नि होण चयेंद। हमर सट्टाबजार नेताओं अर अधिकारियों की लूट खसोट को एकाधिकार खतम करणों सबसे बेहतर, उत्तम नही सर्वोत्तम जरिया च। हम आम भारतीय जन चन्डेला, चौहान, अमित सिंह, आदि खिलाड़ियूँ तैं मौक़ा दींदा कि वो बंगरप्पा , जया जेटली, सुरेश कलमाड़ी, ए राजा, यदुरप्पा, रेडी ब्रदर्स अर समस्त टेलीकॉम उद्योगपतियों जौन गलादारी कार का पदचिन्हों पर चलिक ये भारत को बैंड बजावन।

प्रधान मंत्री जी हम तैं आपकी पार्टी को दिग्विजय सिंह से बड़ी शिकायत च ऊँन एक बयान दे बल सट्टा बज़ार से जुड्या क्रिकेट खिलाड्यूं पर आजीवन बैन लगण चयेंद। प्रधान मंत्री जी ! जरा द्याखो त सै कि तुमर पार्टी को महासचिव की शरम ल्याज बि हरची गे। अरे जब कौंग्रेस गलादार नेताओं पर एक दिन को बैन नि लगांदी त यूँ क्रिकेटरों पर बैन किलै? जब मैच फिक्सिंग को लाँछनधारी अज्जरुद्दीन तैं कौंग्रेस अपण एमपी बणै सकदी त प्रधान मंत्री जी ! यूँ क्रिकेटरों पर बैन की बात करण कखाको न्याय च ?

प्रधान मंत्री जी ! फिर यी पत्रकार हमर परम पूज्यनीय, प्रात: स्मरणीय सट्टा किंग मेकर श्री श्री दाउद की खुले आम तौहीन करदन। भारत मा एक नियम च बल दुसर धरम गुरु का बारा मा गलत शब्दों इस्तेमाल नि करी सकदन। हम बिलंच सटोरियों, बुक्कियों धर्म गुरु
दाउद जी छन। सब तैं अपण धरम गुरु से प्यार होंद। यो बताणो जरूरत नी च बल धरम गुरु की बेज्जतीs बदला लीणो बान इतिहास मा हजारों दें कत्लेआम ह्वेन। हमर धर्म अर शिक्षा गुरु दाउद इब्राहिम का बारा मा जू बि पत्रकार अब कुछ अंट संट ब्वालल तो ल्वैखतरी होलि तो हमर असली धरम सट्टाबजार पर लांछन या भगार नि लगैन हाँ!
अर फिर यी पत्रकार लोग हमारी पवित्र , पाक, दुबई केन्द्रित, कराची संचालित- डी कम्पनी द्वारा हवाला की बात फोकट मा करणा छन। हमर बुलण च बल आइपीएल क कथगा इ फ्रैंचाइजी को हवाला द्वारा भारत मा पैसा लाण-लिजाणै सबि फ़ाइल इन्फोर्समेंट, इनकम टैक्स अर फोरें मनी डाईरेक्ट्रेट मा पड़ी छन। दक्षिण अफ्रीका मा जो आईपीएल का मैच ह्वै छया वांकी छांट निराळ कारो त सै। सरकारी अर गैर सरकारी स्तर पर यूँ सफेदपोश व्यापारियों काळो धंधा की पोल ख्वालो त सै त पैल्या कि हमारा महामहिम दाउद इब्राहिम का कारनमा यूँ सफेदपोश गलादारों समिण कुछ बि नी च।
प्रधान मंत्री जी ठीक च आप तो मौनी बाबा छन। पण यो तो आप बि जाणदन बल भौत सालों से भारत बिटेन ब्लैक मनी स्विस बैंको मा जाणो च त जरा ये ब्लैक मनी को जाण रुकवावो त सै फिर हम सटोरिया अफिक अपण धंधा बंद करी द्योला।
प्रधान मंत्री जी ! जन राजा तन प्रजा ! जरा अपण दिग्विजय सिंह जी तै समझावो बल यदि शीर्सस्थ नेतृत्व पाक , पवित्र अर स्वच्छ आचरण अपनावो त प्रजा, व्यापारी बि स्वच्छ आचरण का रस्ता पर चौलल। पण जय देस का शीर्षस्थ हे दागदार होलु उख हम सरीखा देस खावो सटोरिया ही पैदा ह्वाल!
आपकु अपुण , अपणैसि माँ
सटोरिया संघ

Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti 20/05/2013
(लेख सर्वथा काल्पनिक है )

Bhishma Kukreti · May 20, 2013, 06:00:47 PM

Political History of Garhwal, Kumaon (Uttarakhand) in Shaka or Scythians Period
History of Garhwal, Kumaon (Uttarakhand) - Part 48

Historical Aspects of Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas-45

(All the History write ups are dedicated to great Historians Hari Krishna Raturi, Badri Datt Pandey and Dr Shiv Prasad Dabral)

By: Bhishma Kukreti

After death of Greece king Menander (Milind of Buddhist literature), many soldiers established their own kingdoms in and around Punjab and they were under Greece rule just for sake of it. Audumbar, Kuninda, Yaudheya freed themselves from Greece rulers. The regional ambitions increased.
Around 115 BCE the pastorals or central Asian tribes entered India. Asfar as ruling iss concerned, the period of Shaka rule is supposed to be from 60 BCE to 80AD.
Moga or Maues was the great kings among all Shaka/Scythians who ruled first Taxila and then extended his rule to Mathura. The Shaka/Scythians king Moga orr Maues followed same rout as Applodemetrous used for rule extension.
Moga or Mues distributed his kingdoms into five 'Satrap' or Chhatrap or 'Kshatrap ' . There were main five branches of Scythians or Shakas in India. One Shaka branch was in Indian Afghanistan. Second branch of Shakas or Scythians was in Punjab having capital in Taxila. The third Shaka/Scythians branch was in Mathura, The fourth Scythians or Shaka branch was around Kathiyabar and Bharuch. The fifth Shaka or Scythians branch was around upper Deccan. Moga established his capital in Mathura. The Shaka/Scythians regional kings of these branches were very close relatives of Moga or Mues. Moga captured the commercial roads and by that way became king.
Decline of Kuninda Janapada
When Moga or Mues established the Shaka or Scythians kingdom in Mathura the Kuninda kingdom or Kuninda republicans came in danger. Kuninda capital Srughana was near to Mathura. The roads and transport facilities were easier. The time of Moga or Mues establishing Mathura kingdom and death of Kuninda king Amoghbhuti are at same period.
The historians state many possibilities by studying the coins and inscriptions of Shaka or Scythian age. It might be that some part of Kuninda went under Shaka/Scythians, Shaka used to attack on Kuninda or and Kuninda shifted to east (Kumaon/Garhwal).
The Parthian Invaders
The Purans and other literature suggest that Parthian (Pahlavas) also invaded India and established kingdom in Kandhar/Gandhar and had relationships with Moga.
The Shaka or Indo-Scythians Rulers/Regional Kings/Satrap
Maues- 85-60BCE
Vonones- 75-65BCE
Spalahores -75-65BCE
Spalgadames -50BCE
Azilises –before 60BCE
Azes 60-20BCE
Zeionises -10BCe-10AD
Kharahostes- 10BCe-10AD
Hajatriya –

Scythian or Shaka Culture
They were rustic, and roamers. The today's Gujjar or Bangujar of Uttarakhand are called the descendent of Shaka or Scythians.
Scythians were white color, had beard, long hair, long nose with deep eyes. The coins show that they used to love horse riding and used to keep Khadga. Shakas were completely non vegetarian. They liked onion and garlic very much. The brothers used to have one wife or one wife had many husbands.

Faith of Shakas or Scythians
Shaka/Scythians used to worship diu (lamp), earth and Sun. The sun used put long boot.
It seems when Shaka king became weekend the Shaka dissolved with other communities. In Uttarakhand, Shaka became part of Khasa communities or they diffused with local communities.
It might be that Shakas did not rule over but there are many cultural symbols those were initiated by Shakas in Uttarakhand as one wife by all brothers; offering animal blood to deities and goddesses; Sun deity putting long boot etc remind that Shaka had effects on Uttarakhand.
The historians state that 'couplets' poetry creating art was introduced by Shakas.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 20/05/2013
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon write up is aimed for general readers)

History of Garhwal – Kumaon (Uttarakhand) to be continued... Part -49
Ancient communities of Kumaon-Garhwal (Uttarakhand), Himalayas- to be continued...46

Bhishma Kukreti · May 20, 2013, 08:10:11 PM

Kalu Bhandari Jagar Gatha: Story of bravery of Brave man and Love Story

Folklore, Folk Legends, Folk Myths, Jagar of Kumaon-Garhwal, Uttarkahnd-31

Chivalry, Gallantry, Graciousness Folklores, Folk Legends, Folk Myths, Ballads of Bravery of Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand –16

Bhishma Kukreti
Dr Baluni states that the time period of Brave Soldier is in sixteenth or seventeenth century. It is also believed that Kalu Bhandari was father of Madho Singh Bhandari.
The Jagar of Kalu Bhandari is called Ranbhut Jagar or the Jagar of brave men who lost their lives in battles.
कुमाऊं और गढ़वाल की लोक गाथाएँ/जागर -31

कालू भंडारी जागर गाथा ,जागर, वीर-वीरंगनाएं गाथा : भडौ , कटकू, भड़वळि या पांवड़ा, जागर
(Reference: Dr Shiva Nand Nautiyal)

होलू कालू भंडारी मालू मा कु माल
अनं का कोठारा छया वैका , बसती का भंडारा
गाडू घटडे छई , धारु मरूडे
धनमातो छौ , छौ अन्न्मातो
जीवनमातो छौ कालू स्यौ भंडारी
आदि रात मा तै सुपिनो होयो
सुपिना मा देखी विनी स्या ध्यानमाला
देखी वैन बरफानी कांठा
बरफानी कांठा देखे ध्यानमाला को डेरा
चांदी का सेज देखे , सोना का फूल
आग जसी आँख देखी , जिया जसी जोत
बाण सी अरेंडी देखी , दई सि तरेंडी
नौंण सी गळखी देखी , फूल सि कुठखी
हिया सूरज देखे , पीठ मा चंदरमा
मुखडी को हास देखे , मणियों का परकास
कुमाळी सि ठाण देखे , सोवन की लटा
तब चचडैक उठे , भिभडैक बैठे
तब जिया बोदे क्या ह्वेलो मेरा त्वाई
आज को सुपिनो जिया , बोलणि आंदो
ना ल़े बेटा कालू सुपिना को बामो
सुपिना मा मा बेटा , क्या नि देखेंदु
कख नि जयेन्दु , क्या नि खायेंदु
मैन ज्यूण मरणा जिया हिन्वाला ह्वेक औण
तख रौंद माता, वा बांद ध्यानमाला
कालू भंडारी मोनीन मोयाले
तब पैटी गे वो तै नवलीगढ़
भैर को रखो छौ कालू भीतर को भूखो
कथी समजाई जियान वो
चली आयो वो ध्यानमाला को गढ़
ध्यान माला औणी छै पाणी का पन्द्यारा
देखी औंद कालू भंडारीन वो
हे मेरा प्रभू वा बिजली कखन छूटे
सुपिना मा देखी छै जनी , तनी छा नौनि या
आन्छरी सि सच्ची , सरप की सि बची
अर देखे ध्यानमालान कालू भंडारी वो
बांको जावन छौ वो बुरांस को सी फूल
तू मेरी जिकुड़ी छे बांकी ध्यानमाला
त्वे मा मेरो ज्यू छ
सुपिनो मा देखी तू तब यख आयूँ
आज तू मै तैं प्रेम की भीख दे
तब ल्ही गे वो ध्यानमाला अपडो दगड
कुछ दिन इनि रेन वो गुप्ती रूप मा
तब बोल्दो कालू भंडारी
कब तैं रौण रौतेली इनु लूकी लूकिक
तब ध्यानमाला का बुबा धरम देव
कालू भंडारी मिलण ऐगे
सुण सूण धर्मदेव धरमदेव
मै आया डांडा टपीक, गाडू बौगीक
मैं जिउण मोरण राजा
तेरी नौनि ध्यानमाला ल़ाण
ऐलान्दो बैलोंदो तब राजा धरमदेव
मेरा राज मा अयाँ होला
हैंका राज से पांच भड
साधी लौलो ऊँ तैं जु कालू भंडारी
ब्यावोलो त्वे ध्यानमाला
कालू भंडारी का जोंगा बबरैन
वैका छाती का बाळ जजरैन
उठाए वैन तब नंगी शमशीर
चली गये हैंका हैर भड़ू साधण
इतना मा गंगाडी हाट का रूपु
आयो ध्यानमाला हाथ मांगण
ब्यौ को दिन तब नीछे ह्व़े गये
पकोड़ा पकीन, हल्दी रंगीन
नवलीगढ़ मा कनो उच्छौ छायो
कालू भंडारी लड़दू रेगे भड़ू सात
तै के कानू मा खबर नी पौंची
पिता की मर्जी , अपणी नी छें वींकी
बरांडी छे किरांदी छे वा नौनि ध्यानमाला
तब सुमरिण करदी वा कालू भंडारी
तेरी मेरी प्रीत दूजा जनम ताई
किस्मत फूटे मेरी बिधाता
जोड़ी को मलेऊ फंट्याओ
तब देखे वैन ध्यानमाला रोणी बराणी
जाणि याले वैन होई गे कुछ ख्ट्गो
रौड़दो -दौड्दो आयो माला का भौन
हे मेरी माला क्या सोची छै मैन
अर क्या करी गये दैव
कालू भंडारी , हे कालू भंडारी
मेरा पराणु को प्यारो होलो कालू भंडारी
मेरा सब कुछ तू छ मैं छौं तेरी नारी
देखे वीं कालू भंडारी क्वांसी आन्ख्युन
हात बुर्याँ छा वैका , खुटा छा फुक्यां
कांडो सि होयुं छौ वो सुकीक
मेरा बाबा यें कतना तरास सहे
गला लगाये वीन तब कालू भंडारी
मरण जिउण ही जाण
तब बोल्दु कालू भंडारी
तेरी माया ध्यानमाला मैकू सोराग समान
कु जाणो क्या होंद बिधाता को लेख
पर मैं औंलू ब्योऊ का दिन
तू मेरी माला आखिरें फेरा ना फेरी
तब वखन चलिगे वो कालू भंडारी
कुछ दिन बाद आये ब्यो का दिन
गंगाडी हाट मा तब बारात सजे
ब्यौ का ढोल दमौं घारू गाडू गजीन
नवलीगढ़ राज मा भी बजदे बडई
मंगल स्नान होंदु माला लैरंदी पैरंदी
धार मा की गैणा सि दिखेंदी माला
बोलदी तब वींको जिया मुलमुल हंसी
ध्यानमाला होली राजौं का लेख
गंगाडीहाट का रूपु गंगसारा की
तब नवलिगढ़ बारात चढ़े
मंगल पिठाई हुए षटरस भोजन
तब ब्यौ को लग्न आये , फेरों का बगत
छै फेरा फेरीं मालान , सातों नी फेरे
मै अपण गुरु देखण देवा
तबरेक ऐयीगे तख साधू एक
कालू भंडारी छ कालू भंडारी
पछाणी मुखडी वैकी मालान
वींको आंख्यी मा तब आस खिलगे
प्रफुल ह्व़े गे तब वा ध्यानमाला
मेरा गुरुआ होला तलवारी नाच का गुरु
मै देखणु चांदु जरा नाच ऊंको
तब गुरु स्सधू बेदी का ध्वार आइगे
नंगी शमशीर चमकाई वैन
एक फरकणा फुन्ड़ो मारी एक मारी उन्डो
पिंडालू सि काटिन वैन गोद्डा सी फाडींन
कुछ भागिन , कुछ मारे गेन
मारये गे वू रूपु गन्गसारो भी
तब बल मु ध्यानमाला ही छुटी गये
लौट आन्दु तब वीमुं कालू भंडारी
ओ मेरी माला आज जनम सुफल ह्व़े गे
अगास की ज़ोन पायी मैं फूलूं की सि डाळी
तब जिकुड़ा लगैले हातून मा धरिले वा
आज मेरो मन क मुराद पुरी होए
तबरे लुक्युं उठै रूपु का भाई
लूला गंगोला वैकु नाम छायो
मारी दिने वैन कालू भंडारी धोखा मा
रोये बराए तब राणी ध्यानमाला
पटके जन उखड़ सि माछी
मैं क तैं पायूँ सुहाग हरचे
मैंक तैं मांगी भीख खतेणे
कं मैकू तैं दैव रूठे
रखे दैणी जंगा पर वीन कालू को सिर
बाएँ जंग पर धरे वो रूपु गंगसारी
रोंदी बरांदी चढ़े चिता ऐंच
सती होई गे तब ध्यानमाला
Kalu Bhandari was bravest among braves. He owned cereal stores; house hold stores; watermills,; and large buildings. Kalu Bhandari Bhad was prosperous.
When Kalu Bhandari was sixteen years old, he saw a dream. Kalu Bhandari saw Dhyanmala in snowy regions. Kalu Bhandari saw silver beds, gold flowers; fire some eyes of Dhyanmala, and light.
Kalu Bhandari arose suddenly. His mother asked," What happened?' Kalu Bhandari told about his dream and Dhyanmala. His mother told that man sees various events and humans in dreams and he should not pay attention on dream. However, Kalu Bhandari started his journey for Navaligarh. When Kalu Bhandari reached to Navaligarh, Dhyanmala was there at water source (Panght). Kalu Bhandari saw beautiful Dhyanmala. Dhyanmala saw strong Kalu Bhandari. Kalu Bhandari said to her," Beautiful Dhyanmala! You are my heart. I saw you in dream and I came here." Dhyanmala took Kalu Bhandari with her. They lived hiding for many days. After deep thinking Kalu Bhandari went to see Dharma Dev the father of Dhyanmala. Kalu Bhandari said to Dharma Dev," O King I came far from to marry with Dhyanmala."
Dharma Dev said to Kalu Bhandari," Five brave men came to my region. You fight with them. If win I would permit for marrying Dhyanmala with you."
The bravest of braves, Kalu Bhandari agreed the condition and went other regions to win those five brave men.
In the mean time, Rupu of Gangadighat came there for marrying with Dhyanmala. The marriage date was fixed. There was festival mood among people in Navaligarh for the marriage between Dhyanmala and Rupu.
Kalu Bhandari saw dream that Dhyanmala is weeping. He reached to palace of Dhyanmala and realized the reality.
Kalu Bhandari told Dhyanmala that she should not take seventh 'fera' of Sat 'fera' and assured that he would come at the time of marriage.
On the day of marriage Rupu came to Navaligarh. At marriage ritual, after sixth 'fera', Dhyanmala told that she would like to see her warrior Guru. Kalu came in the dress of aGuru with sword. He beheaded soldiers of Rupu and killed Rupu. Kalu came towards Dhyanmala.
Lula Gangola the brother of Rupu was hiding there. He killed Kalu Bhandari be deceptive method. Dhyanmala started weeping.
Dhyanmala became 'Sati' with pyre of Kalu Bhandari.

Copyright (Interpretation) @ Bhishma Kukreti, 18/5/2013
Folklore, Folk Legends, Folk Myths of Kumaon-Garhwal, Uttarakhand to be continued...32

Chivalry, Gallantry, gracious Folklores, Folk Legends, Folk Myths of Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand to be continued...17
Curtsey and references:
Dr. Krishna Nand Joshi, Kumaon ka Lok Sahitya (Folklore texts of Kumaon)
Dr Trilochan Pandey, Kumaoni Bhasha aur Uska Sahity(Folklore literature of Kumaon )
Dr Siva Nand Nautiyal, Garhwal ke Lok Nrityageet (Folk Songs and dances of Garhwal )
Dr Govind Chatak, Garhwali Lokgathayen (Folklore of Garhwali)
Dr. Govind Chatak, Kumaoni Lokgathayen (Folklore of Kumaoni)
Dr Urvi Datt Upadhyaya, Kumaon ki Lokgathaon ka Sahityik Adhyayan (Literary review of Folklore of Kumaon)
Dr. Dip Chand Chaudhri, 1995, Askot ka Palvansh , Gumani Shodhkendra, Uprada, Gangalighat
Dr. Prayag Joshi, Kumaon Garhwal ki Lokgathaon ka Vivechnatmak Adhyayan (Critical Review of Folklore of Kumaon and Garhwal)
Dr Dinesh Chandra Baluni, Uttarakhand ki Lokgathayen (Folklore of Uttarakhand)
Dr Jagdish (Jaggu) Naudiyal, Uttarakhand ki Sanskritik Dharohar, (Partially Folklore of Ravain)
Ramesh Matiyani 'Shailesh' 1959, Kumaun ki Lok Gathayen
Abodh Bandhu Bahuguna, Dhunyal (Folklore and Folk Songs of Garhwal)
Shambhu Prasad Bahuguna, Virat Hriday
Kusum Budhwar, 2010, Where Gods Dwell: Central Himalayan Folktales and Legends
C.M. Agarwal , Golu Devta, 1992, The God of Justice of Kumaon Himalayas
N.D .Paliwal, 1987, Kumaoni Lok Geet
E.S. Oakley and Tara Datt Gairola 1935, Himalayan Folklore
M.R.Anand, 2009, Understanding the Socio Cultural experiences of Pahadi folks: Jagar Gathas of Kumaon and Garhwal
Dr. Pradeep Saklani, 2008, Ethno archeology of Yamuna Valley
Shiv Narayan Singh Bisht, 1928, Gadhu Sumyal, Banghat , Pauri Garhwal
Kumaon: Kala, Shilp,aur Sanskriti www.himvan.com/webpages/dana.htm
Anjali Kapila (2004), Traditional health Practices of Kumaoni women
Bhishma Kukreti, Garhwali Lok Natkon ke Mukhy Tatva va Vivechana
Helle Primdahi, 1994, Central Himalayan Folklore: folk Songs in Rituals of the Life Cycle
Hemant Kumar Shukla, D.R. Purohit, 2012, Theories and Practices of Hurkiya Theater in Uttarakhand, Language in India Vol.12:5: 2012 Page 143- 150
Dev Singh Pokhariya, 1996, Kumauni Jagar Kathayen aur Lokgathayen
Madan Chand Bhatt, 2002, Kumaun ki Jagar Kathayen

Folk Ballads of Garhwal; Folk Ballads of Uttarkashi, Garhwal; Folk Ballads of Tehri Garhwal; Folk Ballads of Rudraprayag, Garhwal; Folk Ballads of Chamoli, Garhwal; Folk Ballads of Pauri, Garhwal; Folk Ballads of Dehradun, Garhwal; Folk Ballads of Hardwar Garhwal; Folk Ballads of Kumaon; Folk Ballads of Rudrapur, Udham Singh Nagar, Kumaon; Folk Ballads of Nainital Kumaon; Folk Ballads of Almora, Kumaon; Folk Ballads of Champawat, Kumaon; Folk Ballads of Bageshwar, Kumaon; Folk Ballads of Dwarhat, Kumaon; Folk Ballads of Pithoragarh, Kumaon; Folk Ballads of Uttarakhand to be continued...