Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

Bhishma Kukreti · May 08, 2015, 08:34:03 AM

Export and Import in Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period

Gurkha/Gorkha Ignoring Commerce Development in Garhwal and Kumaon -6

History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 49
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -112
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -633
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)
Exportable Items from Uttarakhand

Agro Products- Grains- Rice, Wheat, Millets, Pulses, soyabean (Bhatt), linen, muster, turmeric, ginger, garlic, Elephant ear yam, Keshar, Nagkeshar, Pomegranates, opium, Ghee, Honey, Oil, Horses, Dogs , domestic animals etc.
Forest Produces- Blue berries, Figs, Dalchini, Tejpatta, Herbs, Medicianl Plants, Forest Honey, Chanvar, Kasturi, Bhojpatra, Bamboo verities, Grass, wood articles and furniture wood, gums, lakhs, resins, coal, animals, wild animals skins, etc
Minerals- Lime stones, colored clay, chalks, sulfates, plumbs, copper, iiron, boxites, Tibet Salt, Gold dust, Shilajit
Finished goods- Woolen goods, blankets, hemp articles, rugs, wood vessels, bamboo vessels and articles, baskets, khukri, Handle of swords, knives, copper vessels and utensils, idosl, Hill paper, Hill inks, resin articles, Tarpine, Opium, Charas etc.
Human- All categories
Articles Imported in Garhwal, Kumaon
Edible Items- Mountain Salt, Oil, Sugar, jiggery, spices, beetle nuts, Coconuts, Dry fruits, tobacco leaves,
Dress Materials- cotton raw materials, silk, dresses, high quality woolen dresses, embroider dresses.
Music Instruments-
Color and resins- Indigo, Gulal, Abeer, soaps, Mirror
Metals and Metal articles- Metal products of Europe, Iron and copper items, Tin etc Currencies
Miscellaneous Imported items – Guns, Gun Powders, papers ink etc
Items from Tibet- Salt, Bauxites, Gold dust, wool and woolen products, Sheep and goats, Tibetan caws, horses, dogs, Chanvar, Musket, medicinal plants and medicines, gems etc

Dr Dabral mentioned Maize, Amaranth and Red Chili as export items from Garhwal. However, those items were not commonly grown in Garhwal in Gurkha Period.
*** This chapter References –
Moorcroft, Travels in Hindustan Atkinson
Trail, Sketches of Kumaon
John Premble, Invasion of Nepal: John Company at war
English Pre Mutiny Records, Kumaon 1816
Garhwal Settlement Reports
** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 8/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -634
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts ...
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx
History, Export and Import in Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period; History, Export and Import in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period; History, Export and Import in Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period; History, Export and Import in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period; History, Export and Import in Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period; History, Export and Import in Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand in Gurkha /Gorkha Period;

Bhishma Kukreti · May 08, 2015, 09:21:05 AM

Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries in context Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में पुष्यमित्र का मध्यदेश व मध्यमिका पर अधिकार
Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 119

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 119

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
मध्यदेश , कुरु पंचाल , कोसल , काशी , दक्षिण -पश्चिम में सौराष्ट्र तक यवनों का अधिकार होने से पाटलिपुत्र की सुरक्षा असंभव थी। इसलिए अश्वमेध यज्ञ के अवसर पर पुष्यमित्र ने इन क्षेत्रों पर अधिकार प्रयत्न किये।
डा भंडारकर का मत है कि साकेत और मध्यमिका क्षेत्रों पर अधिकार के पश्चात ही अश्वमेध यज्ञ का आयोजन किया होगा। पश्चिम में जब युक्रादित से साम्राज्य रक्षा हेतु यवन नरेश दिमित्र की मृत्यु हो गयी तो मेनान्द्र के लिए भी पूर्वी ईरान -पश्चिम भारत , अफगानिस्तान की रक्षा आवश्यक हो गयी।
मेनान्द्र कुरु व पांचाल राज्यों को जीत सकता था किन्तु युक्रादित के पंचनद क्षेत्र पर अधिकार व युक्रादित की भारत विजय महत्वाकांक्षा के रहते मेनान्द्र भारत विजय का अभियान पूरा न कर स्का और पुष्यमित्र ने कोसल , कशी, कुरु -पंचाल , मध्यमिका क्षेत्र से यवन अधिकार को समाप्त कर दिया।
160 BC में युक्रादित को पश्चिम की और रक्षा हेतु भारत से वापस जाना पड़ा और मेनान्द्र की भी स्थिति ऐसी न थी कि वह पुष्यमित्र से भीड़ सके। अतः पुष्यमित्र को कुरु कशी , कुरु -पंचाल , मध्यमिका पर अधिकार संवारने, मजबूत करने का अवसर मिल

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India 8/5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -

Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ;Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bijnor; Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Ancient History of Saharanpur; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient Saharanpur History, Sunga King Pushyamitra Winning Central Countries & Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas,
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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Bhishma Kukreti · May 13, 2015, 07:38:51 AM

Best Harmless Garhwali Literature Humor on Toilets in villages , Garhwali Literature Comedy Skits on Toilets in villages , Garhwali Literature Satire, Garhwali Wit Literature on Toilets in villages , Garhwali Sarcasm Literature on Toilets in villages , Garhwali Skits Literature on Toilets in villages , Garhwali Vyangya , Garhwali Hasya

ग्रामीण शौचालय का भूगोल (हिंदी व्यंग्य )

चबोड़्या, चखन्यौर्या , हंसोड्या ::: भीष्म कुकरेती

मै -बौ जी ! बौ जी ! फोन क्यूँ नै उठा रई हो ?

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -कनो क्वी ख़ास काम है क्या ?

मै -नै बस भौत दिनों से बात नई की तो ....

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -तू बी ना मुंबई में रै के बि गंवार का गंवार इ है। अरे अब द्यूर भौज फोन पर या रस्ते में थोड़ी बात करते हैं।

मै -तो ?

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -वर्ड्स अप पर काण्ड नई लग गए हैं क्या ?

मै -हाँ पर उसमे तुम्हारी वो छाळी आवाज ...
भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -रण दे। चमचा , कड़छी ना फिरा।

मै -सच्ची बौजी ! आपकी ही कसम।

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -अच्छा बोल सुद्दी मुद्दी वैसे ई फोन कर्रा है कि कुछ काम की बात है ?

मै -वो तुम्हारी देवरानी कै रई थी कि उसे गाँव की सहकारिता पसंद है तो वह इस साल गाँव आना चाहती है।

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -अच्छा ? उसे गाँव की सहकारिता पसंद है ?

मै -हाँ पर कै रई थी कि पैले पता लगाओ कि ट्वाइलेट बन गए हैं कि नही।

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -अरे हर मूंड तौळ अर हर बुट्या पुटुक ट्वाइलेट हैं ना बाकी गदन तो अपना है ही !

मै -हाँ पर अब तो सरकार शौचालय चिणने के लिए पैसा बि दे रही है तो अब तलक गाँव में आठ दस ट्वाइलेट बन ही गए होंगे ?
भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -खारिन्ड बन गए हैं। ट्वाइलेट मुंड में बनेंगे ?

मै -मुंड मे क्यों बनेंगे ? घर के पास बनेंगे।

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -अरे ययी तो जख्या भंगुल जमे हैं द्यूर जी।

मै -कनो ? ग्राम प्रधान शौचालय स्कीम खा गया क्या ?

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -नही ग्राम प्रधान को स्कीम खाने के लिए गुदनड़ (सामूहिक शौचालय ) जाने की जरूरत नई है।

मै -त ?

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -त क्या ! अरे शौचालय बनाने के लिए जगह चाहिए कि नही ?

मै -इत्ती जगा है गाँव में फिर ?
भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -अब देख सौकार ज्योर ओरों को ग्राम प्रधान ने स्कीम पास की तो भी उनका शौचालय इस जनम मे तो बनने से रआ।

मै -किलै ? उनकी इतनी बड़ी तिबारी है।

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -तिबारी को चाटना है। उनका घर है पर सग्वड़ नई हैं।

मै -हाँ उनके घर के सामने तो घन्ना काका का फांग है।

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -अर घन्ना ज्योर अपना पुंगुड़ फांग सौकार ज्योर को ना पैसों में दे रहे हैं और ना ही संटरा मे देने को तयार हैं।

मै -ऐ तो सौकार मुंडीत वाले कभी भी शोचलाय नही बना सकते।

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -हाँ। यही बिजोग डक्खु बड्या ससुर जी का है। भूभना ज्योर के यहां भी यही लुचड़ लगा है।

मै -तो चंदा ब्यटा कौंक का करह के बगल में जमीन है उसने तो शौचालय बना दिया होगा।
भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -अरे ट्वाइलेट बनाने के लिए जमीन है पर उ क्या बुल्दन क्या पिट बुल्दन उ ?

मै -सेफ्टी पिट जख शौच जमा ह्वेक सूक जाता है।

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -हाँ वयी। के लिए जमीन नई है तो उस मुंडित के पांच परिवार वाले सँजैत ट्वाइलेट बी नई बना सकते।

मै -बड़ बामण ख्वाळ वालों की तो सामने जमीन है फिर वे क्यों नही ?

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -बड़ बामण ख्वाळ वालों की तो बात इ मत कर।

मै -किलै ?

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -याद है जब अंबेडकर स्कीम में पानी के नल आरहे थे तो बड़ बामण ख्वाळ वालों ने अड़ंगा लगा दिया था ?

मै -हाँ कि हम हरिजनों के नाम पर पानी नही पीयेंगे। दस साल तक गांव में नल नही लग पाये थे। पर अब तो शौचालय स्कीम का नाम प्रधान मंत्री योजना है फिर ?
भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -अब बुड्या बामणों ने राड़ घाळ रखी है कि रुस्वड़ अर द्वार के सामने हगने मूतने का घर नही बनने देंगे।

मै -मतलब अबी तक गाँव में एक भी शौचालय नही बना है ?

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -ना।

मै -पर शिल्पकारों के लिए तो पूरा का पूरा मुफ्त शौचालय बनेंगे। फिर ?

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -हाँ पर उनके पास कहीं भी सुई रखने के जमीन नही है तो शौचालय मुंड मे बनाएंगे ?

मै -ठीक है पर बौजी आपके पास तो सामने जमीन है फिर आपने क्यूँ नई ट्वाइलेट बनाया ?

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -अरे पता च तुमर भैजि ने देहरादून में एक टुकड़ा ले रखा है कि दिल्ली से जब रिटायर होंगे तो देहरादून में बसेंगे।

मै -हाँ।
भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -अब इस साल उस जमीन की देवारबन्दी करनी है। हम या तो गाँव में ट्वाइलेट ही बना सकते हैं या देहरादून की जमीन की दिवारबन्दी कर सकते हैं।

मै -औ त गाँव ट्वाइलेट बिहीन ही है ?

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -हाँ।

मै -ठीक च तो इस साल भी गाँव आना कैन्सिल ही समझो।

भुंदरा बौ (भाभी ) -हाँ तुम प्रवास्युं कुण गाँव ना आने का क्वी ना क्वी बहाना चाहिए ही।

13/4/15 ,Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti , Mumbai India
*लेख की घटनाएँ , स्थान व नाम काल्पनिक हैं । लेख में कथाएँ , चरित्र , स्थान केवल व्यंग्य रचने हेतु उपयोग किये गए हैं।
Best of Garhwali Humor Literature in Garhwali Language on Toilets in villages ; Best of Himalayan Satire in Garhwali Language Literature on Toilets in villages ; Best of Uttarakhandi Wit in Garhwali Language Literature on Toilets in villages ; Best of North Indian Spoof in Garhwali Language Literature on Toilets in villages ; Best of Regional Language Lampoon in Garhwali Language Literature on Toilets in villages ; Best of Ridicule in Garhwali Language Literature on Toilets in villages ; Best of Mockery in Garhwali Language Literature on Toilets in villages ; Best of Send-up in Garhwali Language Literature on Toilets in villages ; Best of Disdain in Garhwali Language Literature on Toilets in villages ; Best of Hilarity in Garhwali Language Literature ; Best of Cheerfulness in Garhwali Language Literature on Toilets in villages on Toilets in villages ; Best of Garhwali Humor in Garhwali Language Literature from Pauri Garhwal on Toilets in villages on Toilets in villages ; Best of Himalayan Satire Literature in Garhwali Language from Rudraprayag Garhwal ; Best of Uttarakhandi Wit in Garhwali Language from Chamoli Garhwal on Toilets in villages ; Best of North Indian Spoof in Garhwali Language from Tehri Garhwal ; Best of Regional Language Lampoon in Garhwali Language from Uttarkashi Garhwal ; Best of Ridicule in Garhwali Language from Bhabhar Garhwal ; Best of Mockery in Garhwali Language from Lansdowne Garhwal ; Best of Hilarity in Garhwali Language from Kotdwara Garhwal ; Best of Cheerfulness in Garhwali Language from Haridwar ;
Garhwali Vyangya , Garhwali Hasya, Garhwali skits; Garhwali short skits, Garhwali Comedy Skits, Humorous Skits in Garhwali, Wit Garhwali Skits
स्वच्छ भारत , स्वच्छ भारत , बुद्धिमान भारत!

Bhishma Kukreti · May 13, 2015, 09:33:25 AM

Income/ Revenue Generation by Gurkha Rulers in Garhwal and Kumaon

Economical Administration of Garhwal, Kumaon in Gurkha Rule -1
History Discussion on Gurkha/Gorkha Administration in Garhwal - 50
History of Gorkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) -113
History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -634
By: Bhishma Kukreti (A History Student)

Nepal government fixed the income source for paying salaries to its employees in Garhwal and Kumaon. Each employee was a solider or army man. Gurkha kept three battalions in Garhwal. Each battalion consisted of five Companies. Each company used to get Rs 8672 annual salary. The annual salary of company Commander was Rs. 5005.
Total Annual salaries of 15 companies- Rs 1,30,080
Total Annual Salaries of 3 Commanders – 15, 015
Total annual expenditure of armed force- Rs 145,095
Barring Gunth of Temples and other Sadabrat, the balance land was offered as Jadad (property) to the soldiers.
Gurkha administrators did not pay salaries to Kamin and Sayans. They used to collect tax from villagers. The soldiers and other employees used to collect tax for various expenses of Gurkha administration. The annual tax was around Rs 1,50,000

** Most of references and details were taken from Dr Dabral

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India, bckukreti@gmail.com 13/5//2015
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -635
*** History of Gorkha/Gurkha /Nepal Rule over Kumaun, Garhwal and Himachal (1790-1815) to be continued in next chapter

(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)
XX
Reference

Atkinson E.T., 1884, 1886 , Gazetteer of Himalayan Districts ...
Hamilton F.B. 1819, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal and the territories
Colnol Kirkpatrik 1811, An Account of Kingdom of Nepal
Dr S.P Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas part 5, Veer Gatha Press, Dogadda
Bandana Rai, 2009 Gorkhas,: The Warrior Race
Krishna Rai Aryal, 1975, Monarchy in Making Nepal, Shanti Sadan, Giridhara, Nepal
I.R.Aryan and T.P. Dhungyal, 1975, A New History of Nepal , Voice of Nepal
L.K Pradhan, Thapa Politics:
Gorkhavansavali, Kashi, Bikram Samvat 2021
Derek J. Waller, The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia page 172-173
B. D. Pande, Kumaon ka Itihas
Sharma , Nepal ko Aitihasik Rup Rekha
Chaudhari , Anglo –Nepalese Relations
Pande, Vasudha , Compares Histriographical Traditions of Gorkha Rule in Nepal and Kumaon
Pradhan , Kumar, 1991, The Gorkha Conquests , Oxford University Press
Minyan Govrdhan Singh , History of Himachal Pradesh
A.P Coleman, 1999, A Special Corps
Captain Thomas Smith, 1852,Narrative of a Five Years Residence at Nepal Vol.1
Maula Ram/Mola Ram , Ranbahadurchandrika and Garhrajvanshkavya
J B Fraser , Asiatic Research
Shyam Ganguli, Doon Rediscovered
Minyan Prem Singh, Guldast Tabarikh Koh Tihri Garhwal
Patiram Garhwal , Ancient and Modern
Tara Datt Gairola, Parvtiy Sanskriti

XXX
History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Garhwal, Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Pauri Garhwal, Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Sirmour Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Chamoli Garhwal, Nainital Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Kangara Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Rudraprayag Garhwal, Almora Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Baghat Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Tehri Garhwal, Champawat Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Punar Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Uttarkashi Garhwal, Bageshwar Kumaon, Uttarakhand; Nahan Himachal; History Gurkha /Gorkha Rule over Dehradun Garhwal, Pithoragarh Kumaon, Uttarakhand; History Himachal;
Nepal Itihas, Garhwal Itihas, Kumaon Itihas, Himachal Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha ka Kumaon par Adhikar Itihas , Gurkha/Gorkha Garhwal par Shasan Itihas; Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Kumaon, Garhwal Uttarakhand; History Gurkha/Gorkha Rule in Himachal,
Xx

Bhishma Kukreti · May 13, 2015, 10:17:55 AM

Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) by Pushyamitra and Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur

हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास संदर्भ में पुष्यमित्र का द्वितीय अश्वमेध यज्ञ Ancient History of Haridwar, History Bijnor, History Saharanpur Part - 120
हरिद्वार इतिहास , बिजनौर इतिहास , सहारनपुर इतिहास -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग - 120

इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती
पुष्यमित्र ने 36 राज्य किया। अंतिम वर्षों में उसे मेनान्द्र से भिड़ना पड़ा और शायद मेनान्द्र की मृत्यु भी इसी युद्ध में हुयी , उसकी विधवा अपने पुत्र को लेकर पश्चिम की और भाग गयी (उपाध्याय , प्राचीन भारत का इतिहास। )। संभवतः पुष्यमित्र ने मेनान्द्र समर्थक बौद्धों की भी हत्या की थी।
इस विजय के बाद पुष्यमित्र ने दूसरे अश्वमेध यज्ञ का आयोजन किया जिसमें उसका पौत्र वसुमित्र एक सौ राजकुमारों के साथ घोड़े की रक्षा करने गया था।
सिंधु तट पर यवन (Greek) सेना घोड़े को पकड़ लिया वसुमित्र ने युद्ध में यवन सेना को हराकर घोड़े को छुड़ा लिया। अश्व के सकुशल लौट आने पर अश्वमेध यज्ञ सम्पन हुआ और इस यज्ञ के मुख्य पुरोहित भाष्यकार पतंजलि थे (मालविकाग्निमित्रम् , अंक 5 ) .
अनुमान किया जाता है कि दूसरे अश्वमेध यज्ञ 149 BC में संपन हुआ ।
पुष्यमित्र का शासन नर्मदा क्षेत्र तक था। अशोक के पश्चात कलिंग व आंध्र स्वतंत्र और ताकतवर राज्य हो गए थे। पुष्यमित्र ने उनसे युद्ध करना लाजमी नही समजा होगा। अतः पुष्यमित्र मगध से सिंधु तक पश्चिम में सीमित रहा। इस तरह कहा जा सकता है कि उत्तराखंड , बिजनौर , हरिद्वार और सहारनपुर पर भी पुष्यमित्र का शासन था।

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India13 /5/2015

History of Haridwar, Bijnor, Saharanpur to be continued Part --
हरिद्वार, बिजनौर , सहारनपुर का आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक इतिहास to be continued -भाग -

Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Kankhal, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Har ki Paidi Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Jwalapur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Telpura Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Sakrauda Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Bhagwanpur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Roorkee, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Jhabarera Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Manglaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Laksar; Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Sultanpur, Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Pathri Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Landhaur Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Ancient History of Bahdarabad, Uttarakhand ; Haridwar; History of Narsan Haridwar, Uttarakhand ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Bijnor; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Nazibabad Bijnor ; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Saharanpur; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Nakur , Saharanpur; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Deoband, Saharanpur; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient History of Badhsharbaugh , Saharanpur; Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient Saharanpur History, Second Ashwamedha Yagya (Horse Sacrificing) of Pushyamitra & Ancient Bijnor History;
कनखल , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; तेलपुरा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; सकरौदा , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; भगवानपुर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;रुड़की ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; झाब्रेरा हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; मंगलौर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;लक्सर हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;सुल्तानपुर ,हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;पाथरी , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; बहदराबाद , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ; लंढौर , हरिद्वार का इतिहास ;बिजनौर इतिहास; नगीना , बिजनौर इतिहास; नजीबाबाद , नूरपुर , बिजनौर इतिहास;सहारनपुर इतिहास , Haridwar Itihas, Bijnor Itihas, Saharanpur Itihas
:============= स्वच्छ भारत ! स्वच्छ भारत ! बुद्धिमान भारत =============:

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Bhishma Kukreti · May 13, 2015, 10:49:11 AM

2 Nrityadhyaya: First Drama related Sanskrit Literature of Garhwal

(History and Study of Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal-2)

By: Bhishma Kukreti

Nrityadhyaya is about one aspect of Dramaturgy and that is dance and body language in drama. It seems the remaining part of book are either lost or writer could not complete balance part about drama science and art. The episode suggests that the Book was bigger and more descriptive than Bharat Natyashastra.
Garhwal had been contributing for Sanskrit Literature development for centuries. Maharaja Sayaji University, Baroda, Gujrat Museum (Gaykavad Oriental Granthamala) had a manuscript of 'Nrityadhaya' created by Ashokamall. Shri B J Sandesar Chief Editor and Mrs Dr Priyabala Shah editor brought the said manuscript in limelight (1963). The said work was published with Hindi translation by eminent scholar Vachaspati Gairola, Sanvartika Prakashan , Allahabad., 1969 , 502 pages. The book is available on Internet too (scribd.com/doc/2295507883/Ashok-Kamal-s-Nrityadhyaya-Vachaspati-Gairola). There are 108 Dance line drawings in Gairola' book.
Creator Ashokmall
The creator of Nrityadhyaya mentioned about his name in Shloka 564, 945, 1018, 1064, 1077 and 1272. The creator of Nrityadhyaya also mentioned himself as 'Ashoken Prithvieendren, Ashokmallen Bhubhuja, Ashokmllo Nripagrani, Nripaashokmallen. The creator of Nrityadhyaya mentioned him as Shriman and Vidushacharah etc. He mentioned that he was son of Veer Singh.
Those mentions suggest that Ashokmall was a king. He did not mention about the territory he governed .
However, in the history, there had been only one King Ashokmall or Ashokchalla the King of Doti, Kumaon and Garhwal. There are five six inscriptions available about Ashokmall or Ashokchalla (Dr. S.P Dabral Uttarakhand ka Itihas part -1, page 398). That shows that the creator of 'Nrityadhyaya' was Ashokmall (Ashokchalla) the King of Old Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Doti).
Ashokmall ruling time is in twelfth century (1176-1191 ) and Dr Gairola wrote that nothing is available about Ashokmall. Dr Gairola mentions that Granth is of thirteenth –fifteenth century. Dr gairola stated that nothing is known about historical aspect of King Ashokmall. That clearly shows that Gairola did not come in contact in touch of Dr. S.P Dabral. Not, Gairola was aware about inscriptions related to Ashokmall.

Fine Description about Dance in Drama

There are 1730 Shlokas in Nrityadhyaya and divided into 15 chapters. Each chapter is divided into sub chapters.
The chapters in Nrityadhyaya are-
1-Hast
2-Ang-Pratyang
3-Drishti
4-Upang
5-Hast Prachar
6-Vichitrabhinaya
7-Vartna
9-Chalan
10-Sthanak
11-Nrityakaran
12-Utpalutikarno
13-Anghar Rechak Mandal
14-Lasyang
15-Kalas Karan
There is no prayer at the beginning of Granth and also ending is not as per Sahstra custom. Even, there is no information of first Shloka or ending Shloka of Granth. That shows that this Granth is only one chapter of Dramaturgy.
The creator of Nrityadhyaya submitted the older dermatologists as-
Muni- (344, 396,418430, 834, 867. 868,881,1421,14390
Bharat Muni( 560, 705, 875)
Tandu ( 783)
Vaysunu(714)
It seems that at the time of Ashokmall /Ashokchalla, there was a prominent Dramaturgy scholar Acharya Kohal as Ashokmalla mentioned his name thrice (517, 722, 1082).
Ashokmall mentioned his predessor drama specialist names as Kirtidhar (Drama art specialist in 293, 297,729 and 1241)) and Learned Drama scholar Abhinavgupta as Bhatt (601)or Bhattabhinavgupta(908)
Ashokmall mentioned various drama principles of past scholars before his time. That shows the creator of this Grantha was well versed with various Drama Granth written in past. (For full list please refer Vachaspati Gairola).

The Shlokas are in simple style and easily understandable.

The Granth is priceless heritage of Dramaturgy in India.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 9/5/15, Mumbai, India
History of Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal to be continued in next part
Main Sources
1-Dr Prem Datt Chamoli, Garhwal Ki Sanskrit Sahitya ko Den, Dehradun, India
2- Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas (12 Khand), Dogadda, Garhwal, India
Xx

Notes on History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Dehradun, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Haridwar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, Himalaya; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India;
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First Drama related Sanskrit Literature in Garhwal, First Drama related Sanskrit Literature in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, First Drama related Sanskrit Literature in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, Himalaya, First Drama related Sanskrit Literature in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India, First Drama related Sanskrit Literature in Garhwal, Uttarakhand India, First Drama related Sanskrit Literature in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, South Asia, India Drama Art and Science related Literature;

Bhishma Kukreti · May 13, 2015, 10:50:41 AM

Sabha Bhushanam: An Imaginary Styled, Scholarly Sanskrit Drama from Garhwal

(History and Study of Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal-3)

By: Bhishma Kukreti

The Sanskrit Drama Sabha Bhushanam is four acts drama with Nandi and Sutradhar (Narrator) for moving the drama. The drama Sabha Bhushanam has five male actors and nine female actors.
The King Sudarshan Shah (1815-1859) Court Astrologers duo Vishnu Datt and Haridatt Nautiyal created the drama- Sabha Bhushanam.

First Act of Sanskrit Drama Sabha Bhushanam
After Nandi's introduction there are dialogues between Sutradhara (Narrator) and Dancer. Both inform about a stage play being played in the Court of King Sudarshan Shah (Tehri Maharaj) the bother of Preetam Shah Dev. The first act is only for introduction and informing about Main female character (heroine) Rasal-Manjari and Main Male Character (hero) Chanchrik. The last poem sates- 'Sadrasalsarsalmanjari ...'. There is Spring Description too.

Second Act of Sanskrit Drama Sabha Bhushanam
Main female Character Rasal Manjari enters on the stage after seeing Chanchrik in her dream. Rasal Manjari is sad and she is with her seven friends including Chandana. Rasal Manjari is sad due to separation and then sage Pranidhanen blessed her and offered a friend for her named- Sarika. Sarika took her letter to Chanchrik.

Third Act of Sanskrit Drama Sabha Bhushanam

While taking letter of princess Rasal Manjari to Chanchrik through sky, Sarika describes geographical beauty of Ganga, Vindhyavati, Karnatakpur etc. Now, Prince Chanchrik enters in agarden with his bodyguard, maid servant, and clown. Chanchrik is having a parrot in his hand. Chanchrik is also attracted to Rasal Manjari by seeing her in dream. The learned parrot tells the Prince about whereabouts of Rasal Manjari that Rasal Manjari is daughter of Ramnagar King. Sarika hands over the letter.
Fourth Act of Sanskrit Drama Sabha Bhushanam
In fift act, there are many scenes. The King Chanchrik marched to Ramnagar with his army. There Rasal Manjari meets king Chanchrik. Father of Rasal arranges marriage of both and drama ends with happy notes.
The language and style of Sabha Bhushanam is totally scholarly. The drama has limitation of staging at all. The dialogues are long and the audience can not enjoy the raptures and emotions of such long dialogues. The real performers are the parrot and Sarika. They have maximum dialogues and action.
The story is totally imagery and do not relate with reality.
The interference by other stories in one scene is very terrific from drama point view. The dialogues are not only long but with scholarly figure of speeches and do not fit for Stage Play.
The rapture of love is marvelous in the drama Sabha Bhushanam.
The play is just written either for discussion among scholars. The play is also written for showing the principles of drama in classical pattern and not for stage playing.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 10/5/15, Mumbai, India
History of Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal to be continued in next part
Main Sources
1-Dr Prem Datt Chamoli, Garhwal Ki Sanskrit Sahitya ko Den, Dehradun, India
2- Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas (12 Khand), Dogadda, Garhwal, India
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Notes on History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Dehradun, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Haridwar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, Himalaya; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India;
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Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Dehradun, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Haridwar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand;

Bhishma Kukreti · May 13, 2015, 10:52:18 AM

Sangachchhhdhwam-Sanvadadhvam: A Sanskrit Symbolic Drama about Unity and Patriotism

(History and Study of Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal-6)
(Chronological Study of Sanskrit Dramas, Stage plays created by Garhwali of Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India- 4)

Internet Presentation By: Bhishma Kukreti
Learned Sanskrit Scholar Dr. Shiv Prasad Bhardwaj is playwright of Sanskrit Drama –'Sangachchhhdhwam-Sanvadadhvam'.
The drama Sangachchhhdhwam-Sanvadadhvam deals with patriotism, the social and emotional life in India.
The Famous, Learned Sanskrit scholar Dr. Bhardwaj paid much attention on social emotions and remarkably the playwright created names of characters on the basis of Emotions as Sanskriti, Maitri, Vivek, Sumati, Prabhriti etc.
The drama is successful in creating social awareness and social bindings among audience. The style is symbolic. The language is easy and instead of Shloka the playwright uses Songs for movement.
The drama is successful for its plating, setting into acts and scenes, symbolism and movement.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 10/5/15, Mumbai, India
History of Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal to be continued in next part
Main Sources
1-Dr Prem Datt Chamoli, Garhwal Ki Sanskrit Sahitya ko Den, Dehradun, India
2- Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas (12 Khand), Dogadda, Garhwal, India
3-Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangat Vibhutiyan
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Notes on History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Dehradun, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Haridwar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, Himalaya; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India;
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Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Dehradun, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Haridwar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand;
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Sanskrit Symbolic Drama about Unity and Patriotism from Garhwal; Sanskrit Symbolic Drama about Unity and Patriotism from Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India; Sanskrit Symbolic Drama about Unity and Patriotism from Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India; Sanskrit Symbolic Drama about Unity and Patriotism from Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India; Sanskrit Symbolic Drama about Unity and Patriotism from Tehri Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India; Sanskrit Symbolic Drama about Unity and Patriotism from Uttarakashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India; Sanskrit Symbolic Drama about Unity and Patriotism from Dehradun Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India; Sanskrit Symbolic Drama about Unity and Patriotism from Haridwar , Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India;

Bhishma Kukreti · May 13, 2015, 10:53:55 AM

Navya-Bharat Natakam: A Remarkable Sanskrit Drama about Social Awareness for Eradicating Racism and Generation Gap

(History and Study of Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal-5)
(Chronological Study of Sanskrit Dramas, Stage plays created by Garhwali of Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India- 3)

By: Bhishma Kukreti

The Sanskrit Drama Nava-Bharat Natakam by Balkrishna Bhatt (1901-1972) is about the worsening social conditions in India under Outsider rules. The Sanskrit Drama Nava-Bharat Natakam by Balkrishna Bhatt depicts the un-touch ability, racism, discrimination for un-touchables by upper cast groups; the bad effects on Indian society by western culture; and the generation gap between old and new generations.
The Sanskrit Drama Navya Bharat Natakam has five acts and every act depicts social awareness.

First Act of Sanskrit Drama Navya Bharat Natkam
The act starts by prayer of Lord Shiva and is dedicated directed to Tehri King Narendra Shah. Five male actors praise the characters of India (Bharat Mata). There are 42 Poems with prose dialogues in the first act of drama.

Second Act of Sanskrit Drama Navya Bharat Natkam
In the third act of Sanskrit Drama Navya Bharat, there is discussion on inhuman behaviors of upper cast people with low cast (Dalit or Shilpkar) and pain of Dalit or Shilpkars; Work of Mahatma Gandhi for Removal of Untouchability and discussion on Touchability and Untouchability between old and new generation.
There are 22 poems and understandable prose dialogues in first act.

. Third Act of Sanskrit Drama Navya Bharat Natkam
Third act depict nature and its beauty in details. The dramatist describes imageries of seasons – spring, summer, rainy season, Sharad (winter) , Hement (autumn), Shishir. Bhramari, rasbhramari, Rivers, Hill shrines, rivulets etc.
There are 45 poems and a short prose portion in the act.
Fourth Act of Sanskrit Drama Navya Bharat Natkam
In forth act, Balkrishna Bhatt takes the audience to the need and aim of independence, worsening position of India and Indians in foreign rules, Narada assuring the incarnation of Lord Badrinath in modern time for eradicating worst social norms and making India a free country, prayer of India and Indian Nationalism.
There are 59 poems and prose portion in the fourth act of Sanskrit Drama Navya Bharat Natakam.
Fifth Act of Sanskrit Drama Navya Bharat Natkam
In fifth act, the drama takes to audience into worst position of low cast people and suppression of these classes by upper cast; Greed; Selfish human beings; Violent human nature; confused Indians by western culture; Incarnation of Shrikrishna; Assurance from Shrikrishna Birth.

The drama depicts with ease the worsening social situation under foreign rule. The drama deals with contemporary problems and solutions too. The dramatist is able to create purposeful juncture of divisions of play.
The characters are from today's society and the dialogues are meaningful even in twenty first century.
The language is as per characters and simple and understandable. The playwright was successful in depicting society its culture and its incapability to break those social taboos.
In many cases the poems become the restricting factor for drama movement especially in third act. The dram could be played on Stage easily by lessening the numbers of Shlokas.
At the end , the playwright clears his intention as-

Navankanvachandraashabde Mase Madhav Sangyake I
Rachcitam Balkrishnen Nvayatakam II
The drama work of Balkrishna Bhatt about social awareness is equally important in World drama as famous Playwrights—Brian Hampton; Kendra Thomas; Steven Fendrich; Tim Kelly; Michael Belvins; Jonathan Dorf and etc.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 10/5/15, Mumbai, India
History of Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal to be continued in next part
Main Sources
1-Dr Prem Datt Chamoli, Garhwal Ki Sanskrit Sahitya ko Den, Dehradun, India
2- Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas (12 Khand), Dogadda, Garhwal, India
3-Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangat Vibhutiyan
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Notes on History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Dehradun, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Haridwar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, Himalaya; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India;
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Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Dehradun, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Haridwar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand;
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Sanskrit Social Awareness Dramas, Stage Plays, Plays from Jakhauli Village; Sanskrit Social Awareness Dramas (Untouchability, Racism) , Stage Plays, Plays by Balkrishna Bhatt from Jakhauli Village; Sanskrit Social Awareness Dramas(Untouchability, Racism), Stage Plays, Plays by Balkrishna Bhatt from Jakhauli Village, Bhardar Patti; Sanskrit Social Awareness Dramas(Untouchability Racism)), Stage Plays, Plays by Balkrishna Bhatt from Jakhauli Village, Bhardar Patti, Tehri Garhwal; Sanskrit Social Awareness Dramas, Stage Plays, Plays by Balkrishna Bhatt from Jakhauli Village, Bhardar Patti, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Social Awareness (Untouchability Racism)) Dramas, Stage Plays, Plays by Balkrishna Bhatt from Jakhauli Village, Bhardar Patti, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, Himalaya; Sanskrit Social Awareness (Untouchability Racism)) Dramas, Stage Plays, Plays by Balkrishna Bhatt from Jakhauli Village, Bhardar Patti, Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India;

Bhishma Kukreti · May 13, 2015, 10:55:10 AM

Nar Narayanabhyudayam: A Religious Epical, Sanskrit Drama about Origin of Badrikashram (Badrinath)

(History and Study of Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal-7)
(Chronological Review, Study of Sanskrit Dramas, Stage plays created by Garhwali of Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India- 6)
(Review of Religious, Epical Sanskrit Drama Nar Narayanbhyudyam by Murlidhar Sharma)
Internet Presentation By: Bhishma Kukreti

The Sanskrit Drama Nar- Narayanabhyudayam by (Murlidhar Sharma, 1907-expired) is based on Puran Samhita. It is said that two hills above Badrinath Temple are Nar and Narayan (Vishnu Incarnation).
There are three acts in the Epical Sanskrit drama Nar- Narayanabhyudayam.
First Act of Nar- Narayanabhyudayam, the Sanskrit Drama

In the first act, there is story of Tapa by Devil Sahstrakavach (thousand shielded person) and getting blessing by Lord Brahma to him. Sahstrakavach attacked on heaven and deities go to lord Vishnu. Murti the wife of Prajapati gives birth to two sons (Vishnu's incarnation) as Nar and Narayan.Mother Murti insists Nar and Narayan to marry and Lord Vishnu tells the reality to Mother Murti.
Second Act of Nar- Narayanabhyudayam, the Sanskrit Drama

Narayn with Nar go to Gandhmadan Parvat (Mana Valley Hills) for Tapsya. Sahastrakavach comes so know about Tapsya of Narayan. Nar protects to Narayan for Tapsya. There is long confrontation between Nar and Sahastrakavach. Sahstrakavach takes shelter into Surya.
Third Act of Nar- Narayanabhyudayam, the Sanskrit Drama
Nar and Narayn enters into Badrikashram region and the importance of Badrikashram region is narrated. There is diapogues between Narada and Nar etc and many discussions take place. Apsras put disturbances into Tapsya of Narayan and Urvashi takes birth. Mahlakshmi take sbirth as Badri tree and lord blessed the Badrikashram region as most religious place in the world.
The drama starts with prayer and ends with rule of Bharat that is word 'Bharat'.
There are characters as Nar , Narayan, Vishnu, Brahma, Sahstrakavach, Deities, Devils, Narad, Indra , Apsras etc. There is Vidushak (humorous characters) too in the drama.
The dialogues are small and crisp and offer the fast movement to the drama.
Murlidhar Sharma used simple and understandable language for drama. The drama is based on classical pattern of Bharat's Natyashastra.
Nar-Narayan drama is aimed to show the importance of Badrikashram and playwright Murlidhar Sharma definitely is successful in his aim to show the pilgrim importance of Badrikashram.

Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti 11/5/15, Mumbai, India
History of Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal to be continued in next part
Main Sources
1-Dr Prem Datt Chamoli, Garhwal Ki Sanskrit Sahitya ko Den, Dehradun, India
2- Dr. Shiv Prasad Dabral, Uttarakhand ka Itihas (12 Khand), Dogadda, Garhwal, India
3-Bhakt Darshan, Garhwal ki Divangat Vibhutiyan
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Notes on History, review and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History , review and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History , review and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History review, and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Dehradun, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Haridwar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, Himalaya; History and Study Sanskrit Literature Development in Garhwal, Uttarakhand, North India;
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Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Uttarkashi Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Dehradun, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Haridwar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Chamoli Garhwal, Uttarakhand; Sanskrit Dramas, Stage Plays, from Rudraprayag Garhwal, Uttarakhand;
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Religious, Epical Sanskrit Drama about Origin of Badrikashram (Badrinath); Religious, Epical Sanskrit Drama from Garhwal about Origin of Badrikashram (Badrinath); Religious, Epical Sanskrit Drama from Devprayag Garhwal about Origin of Badrikashram (Badrinath); Religious, Epical Sanskrit Drama from Tehri Garhwal about Origin of Badrikashram (Badrinath); Religious, Epical Sanskrit Drama from Garhwal , Uttarakhand about Origin of Badrikashram (Badrinath); Religious, Epical Sanskrit Drama from Garhwal , Himalaya about Origin of Badrikashram (Badrinath); Religious, Epical Sanskrit Drama from Garhwal, North India about Origin of Badrikashram (Badrinath); Religious, Epical Sanskrit Drama from Garhwal, South Asia about Origin of Badrikashram (Badrinath);