Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                 Provincial councils in Uttarakhand in British Garhwal   
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -326
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -346
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1180
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
       Election of Council in 1920
      The government published Montague -Chamfprd repot on 8th July 1918. Government offered a few rights for Indians. Congress called an emergency meet in Mumbai. Hasan Imama presided the meet. Congress declared that people were not satisfied by the report. Congressed demanded complete autonomy. There was a meeting between a committee headed by Surendra Nath Banerji and Montague. It was decided that British will follow suggestions by Congress.
                There was congress Meet in 1918 presided by Mahamana Madan Mohan Malviya. Congress rejected improvement lines by Motague and Chamford. Since, British won the First World War; it was not ready to listen people.
         There was meeting between council members and British officer Lord Thevery in lucknow for improvement. Govind Ballabh pant Represented Kumaon and Mukandi Lal Barrister represented Garhwal and put their views. Committee allowed one representative each for councils from Garhwal, Kumaon and Nainital.
     Moti Lal Nehru was president of congress conference of Amritsar in 1916 . Motilal Nehru was  not inagreement of improvement lines of British. However, congress announced accepting some improvement and congress was ready for standing for provincial council membership.
Gandhi ji called for noncooperation movement on 10th March 19120 and asked people  for noncooperation with the government. kolkatta Congress Conference accepted non-cooperative call by Gandhi. Nagpur conference supported the movement. Govind Ballabh Pant from Kumaon, Tara Datt Gairola and Barrister Mukandi Lalal from Garhwal were delegates in Congress Conference of Nagpur.
                           There as provincial conference of Congress in Moradabad in 1920.  The provincial conference decided congress movement in Kumaon division too. Govind Ballabh Pant and Barrister Mukandi Lal were delegates from kumon division.
There was division in congress in Nagpur. The moderate division was in favor of entering through council membership. The no changer group was of opinion that British had conspiracy through provincial councils and were supporters of Gandhi's non-cooperation movement. Govind Ballabh pant was supporter of Moderate group and Barrister Mukandi Lal was supporter of No Chnager group.
               Council Election of 1920
    Mukandi Lal Barrister did not stand for provincial council election. Ray Bahadur Tara Datt Gairola filed papers for council election from Garhwal. Gairola had reputation and respects from all sects for his social causes interests.
                Jodh Singh Negi also stood for the council election. Jodh Singh Negi was famous for his Kuli Agency works in Garhwal. Jodh singh Negi was founder member of helping Rajput for getting government jobs and was founder of Kshatriya Samaj.
           The provincial election sowed the seeds of division between Rajput and Brhamins in Garhwal (kha, Ba). British Officilas fuled the Rajput –Brahmin divisions.
Jodh Singh Negi won the election. Later on British awarded Jodh Singh Negi as Raybahadur.
          In Kumaon, Narayan datt chhimwal stood against Govind Ballabh pant from Nainital. Both were Brahmins , so there was no caste division in Kumaon. Narayan datt won the lection. 
                1923 Election
    There was division in Congress for fighting with British. Moti Lal Nehru and Chitranjan Das founded Swaraj party. The aim of Swaraj Party was to fight British within administration.
     Motilala Nehru visited Nainital in 1923 for promoting Swaraj Party candidates. There was a meet for Swaraj party candidatures for council election on 20th July in Nainital. Swaraj party declared following candidates –
For Central Councils—Shriranga Ayyar
For Provincial councils
Nainital seat – Govind Ballabh Pant
Almora – Hargovind Pant
Garhwal- Barrister Muknadi Lal
           All Swaraj Party candidates elected the election-
Swaraj party ------------votes – opponent ---------------------votes
Mukandi Lal ------------------------15487--------------Jodh singh -----4165
Hargovind pant -------------------11387--------------------------------------5576
Govind Ballabh pant ----------------4481--------------Badri Datt joshi ---370
The results from Kumaon division were shocking for all.
    The first or new session of second Provincial council started on 8th January 1924. There were 100 elected members out of 123 members in council. 10 were representatives of various classes. Out of 90 members, 60 were Hindus and 30 were Muslims members. 30 members were from Swaraj party. Swaraj party was virtually the  opposition party.
      On first session, Govind Ballabh Pant raised the issue of imposing panel code 144 in Bageshwar and he asked many questions about Kumaon forests. Pant advocated for freeing people caught in forest fire incidents.
  There was meeting of ellites in Indian club on 30th August 1925.  Govind Ballabh pant, Badri Datt Joshi , Mukandi Lal barrister were present in the meet. The meet passed a resolution to bring judiciary of Kumaon under high court . On that time, commissioner was highest authority of judiciary of Kumaon.
  Har Govind Pant raised the issue of judiciary in Kumaon  on 14th December 1925 in the council session. Pant argued that if officers had to decide judiciary then what was the use of council. Har Govind suggested council should make rules.
   Government agreed for reducing half the tax on Bhabhar farmers due to persuasion from Kumaon members.
All three Council members from Kumaon were very active social workers and active in councils too.  Kumaon division was having specific problems and immediate solutions were required. Kumaon councilmembers used to rais issues and used to put motions for the issues. Government was annoyed by actice participation by Kumaon members. Once, the financial committee memer remarked, " Is the council is made for only Kumaon?"
   Micheal crane retired from chairman ship of the council in 1923. Sir Seeta Ram and Mukandi Lal Barrister stood for the post. Nominated members voted for Sir Seeta ram. Members respected Sir Seeta Ram for his work as chairman of Council.
In 1926, council elected Mukandi Lal as deputy chairman of the council.
        In the congress annual meet of Kanpur on 25yh December 1925, Moti Lal Nehru put the resolution," If by February 1926, government does not reply satisfactorily for the prosals sent by central assembly on 18th Feberuary 1825, the Swaraj party will stop working in provincial and central councils." Congress passed the resolution by majority.
    In march 1926, Govind Ballabh pant spoke before budget discussion," My opinion is that government is ignoring people's voice. The dead structured government does not want to bent before people. We want to get power from people. Therefore we all Swaraj party members are resigning." After that statement , all Swaraj pay members resigned from council.
   1926 council Election
   There was council election in 1926. Madan Mohan Malviya, Lala Lajpat ray founded another party –Nationalist party. Nationalist party also fought election. In that election, the members from swrak party were less in council.
     Govind Ballabh Pant from Nainital  and  Hargovind Pant wond from Almora.
             British government supported a Rajput Candidate Narayan Singh Negi against Mukandi Lala barrister and Mukandi Lal won the election.
Again, Mukandi Lal was made deputy chairman of the council. Mukandi Lal Barrister was deputy chairman up to 1930. The government used to do land settlement every fifth year in Bhabhar for tax increase. Kumaon members put suggestion for land settlement in Bhabhar after forty years. That resolution could not be passed.
      Nayak people used to have culture of making their girls as prostitutes. A committee was set up under chairmanship of Kumaon commissioner.  Mukandi Lal Barrister, Govind Ballabh Pant and ramswarup were members of the committee.  Due to perusal of Kumaon council members, Council passed a  law 'Nayak Sudhar Kanun in 1928. According to new law, it was punishable for pushing eighteen years and below aged girls into prostitution. Government opened  training centres for Nayak community for new jobs and crafts.
          Congress under the president ship of Jawahar Lal Nehru in Congress meet of Lahore of 1929 passed a resolution for complete freedom. on 2nd January 1930, Congress working committee passed resolution for boycotting councils and even schools and colleges. Congress ordered their council members for resigning from councils. In case, any members did not resign it was thought that public would persuade  the members for resigning from councils. Congress also informed voters for boycotting council election.       
     Govind Ballabh Pant and other members resigned from Councils. Mukandi Lal was against reigning. He did not resign from council but resigned from Congress.   
     
         
   
       
 

               
     
 

                   

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 17/4/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1182
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal.
         

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                 Provincial councils in Uttarakhand in British Garhwal   
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -327
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -348
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1183
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
       Election of Council in 1920
           The time, Swaraj party and Nationalist party were fighting for people issues in councils, there was fever for nationhood in India. No area was left where nationalist movement was not spread. There was nationalist concept in Garhwal too. Garhwali students were studying in various universities all across India.  Garhwalis were working all across India and their opinions were reaching to Garhwal.  The voices of migrated Garhwalis were influencing the inhabitants.
        Concept of freedom by violence
  There were two concept prevailing India for getting freedom. One concept was to get freedom by arms and by killings of British supporters. another concept was freedom through nonviolence.
   The supporters of freedom by violence used to manufacture bombs and used to import arms and ammunition too.
                   
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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 23/4/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1184
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal.
         

[Bhishma Kukreti]

                 Freedom by Violence Concept
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -327
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -348
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1183
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
       Election of Council in 1920
           The time, Swaraj party and Nationalist party were fighting for people issues in councils, there was fever for nationhood in India. No area was left where nationalist movement was not spread. There was nationalist concept in Garhwal too. Garhwali students were studying in various universities all across India.  Garhwalis were working all across India and their opinions were reaching to Garhwal.  The voices of migrated Garhwalis were influencing the inhabitants.
        Concept of freedom by violence
  There were two concept prevailing India for getting freedom. One concept was to get freedom by arms and by killings of British supporters. another concept was freedom through nonviolence.
   The supporters of freedom by violence used to manufacture bombs and used to import arms and ammunition too. Such rebellions were ready for looting rich men and government treasury.
     on 9th August 1915, some rebellions looted Rs 5000 from cashbox from train at Kakori railway station. Government caught and booked Ramprasad Bismil, Roshan singh, Rajendra Ahiri, Manmanthnath Gupta, Ashfak Ullah, Surendra Nath Bakshi.  The hearing was there till 7th Apil 1927. Govind Ballabh Pant, Mohan Lal Saksena and Chandra Bhanu Gupta fought their cases against government. Court announced death sentence for Bishmila, Roshan singh, Ahiri  and Ashfak. Court nnounced life prison  and more years jail for others.
      Government hung Ramprasad Bishmil on 19th December 1927.  There was great influence of Ramprasad Bishmila and Afrak on the youth. Ashfaak called  youth for fighting british till death befor he was hung. Newspapers praised all rebellions. Youth used to walk feri with  slogan ' Srafarosi ki Tammnna ab hamre dil me hai . Youth were ready for any sacrifice including their lives.
         Opposition of C'mon Commission
In 1927, British assembly sent a commission to India for improving the administration. Sir Simon   was the chairman of seven UK parliamentarian members of commission. When Commission reached to India there was close down in the area. People showed black flags to commission at many places.Peoplle used to shought slogan " Simon Commission!  Go Back!"
            There was meeting in Aligarh of United Provincce Congress Party . Govind Ballabh Pant was chairman of the Meeting. Congress passed a resolution of boycotting  of Simon Commission.
In the annual meeting December 1927,of All India congressed chaired by Ansari , Congress passed a resolution for boycotting Simon commission.
Mukandi Lal Barrister put a motion  for boycotting the Simon commission in provincial commission on 15th February 1928. Badri Datt Pande of Swaraj Party seconded the motion. The motion was passed by 56 55. 55 members were supporters of government. It was shock for the British.
    Revenge for killing of Lala Lajpat Ray
  Simon commission members reached Mumbai on 3rd February 1928. There was strike all over India. Congress, Muslim league and Swaraj party took part in strike. People used to strike wherever Simon Commission reached. Government started oppressive methods for suppressing the opposition of Simon commission.
     Lala Lajpat Ray led a huge procession against Simon commission in lahor on 30th October 1928. There were many migrated Garhwalis in the procession. Police Captain Scot stuck rod on the head of Lala Lajpat Ray. Lala Lajpat Ray died because of injury after ten days on 10th November 1928.
    Basanti devi the wife of Chitranjan Das  asked question whether Indian youth are dead or alive?
         Bhagat Singh and his associates were inspired by her statement.  When John a Saunders was walking on cycle,  understanding Saunders as Scot, Rajguru and Bhagat Singh fired by pistol on Saunders and he died there. It was a revenge for killing of Lal Lajpat Ray.  The rebelins hid in DAV College hostel and then went here and there.
    On 29th November , in Lucknow Police party lathi Charged on Nehru and Govind Ballabh pant when they were doing rehearsal for opposing Simon Commission in coming procession.
          Bomb Blasts in Central Assembly in Delhi.
      On 8th April 1929, Bhagat singh threw a bomb on wall after question hour. He threw the bomb on wall and not aimed any man. Batukeshwar Datt threw another bomb. When bomb blasted and smoke was clear, Bhagat Singh threw pamphlets printed ," Bombs are required for letting the domb hear the matter.. Bhagat Singh Batukeshwar Datt, Rajguru and Sukhdev did not try escaping from the scene but surrendered.
   Death Sentences to Revolutionists
    British government started case against Revolutionists as 'Lahore case' in May 1929. Government put them in Lahore jail. Government caught many others and put them in Lahore jail.  Bhagat singh and company started hunger strike. After government promises, others broke the hunger strike barring Yatindra Das. He died in jail on 17th December 1929. As soon as news broke there were strikes all across India. Juge announced death sentence for Bhagat singh and others on 7th October 1929. Government hung Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev on 23rd March 1923 night, Officials took bodies without informing anybody and took dead bodies to Satlaj bank in Firojpur. Officials wanted to burn the bodies but people came to know and they reached there and snatched dead bodies and did funeral with full honor at Ravi River bank.
       Bomb Blast in Viceroy Cabin
     Chandra Shekhar Azad was one of companions of Bhagat Singh. Azad was of criminals in Kakori Looting. However, Azad escaped from police. Chandrashekhar Azad took Vidya Bhashan, Chhailbihari, Vishwambahr Datt to Nathupur  (Dugddaa forest ) the village of Bhawani Singh  forest for training them for gun firing.Thy all escaped before police raids there ( Article by Bhawani Singh in Karmbhumi 26th Jnauary 1956 )
     Chandra Shekhar Azad requested Viceroy for pardoning Bhagat Singh Company. Azad and Yashpal planned for killing Viceroy in bomb blast in his train cabin. On 23rd December 1929, When Lord Ervin was travelling by train and train just crossed Nizamuddin station, there was bomb blast in the  train and the train derailed. Ervin was safe and live.
The Bomb Blast planners ran away and police could not catch them. After 14 months, Police caught them. Police surrounded Azad. Chandra Shhekhar fired pistols on police by two hands.  Police fired on Chandra Shekhar Azad and sieved his  his body by gun fires. Azad fired gun on his head and died before Police could catch him live.      
     
XX
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 23/4/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1184
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal.
         

[Bhishma Kukreti]

   
Courageous Deeds by Indra Singh against British rule 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -329
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -349
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1184
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
       The revolutionists as Bhagat singh , Azad and their works influenced many freedom loving and courageous Garhwali youth for opposing British. Many migrated Garhwali youth helped those revolutionists.
    Famous revolutionist Shambhunath Azad offered many details of revolutionist Garhwali youth to Mrs. Durgavati Satpathi ( Satyapath, 1st December 1972).    One of revolutionists was Indra Singh. Perhaps , Indra Singh belonged to Tehri Garhwal. Indra Singh was fair but black , rounded face,  and his age was 22 to 24. Indra Singh lived in Amritsar from 1928-1930. Indra Singh was active member of 'Naujavan Bharat Sabha'. ( later on -Hindustani, Samajvadi Prajatantrik Sangh).  Indra Singh used to serve in a newspaper seller. Indra Singh was active volunteer in Congress conference of December 1929. In 1929, Shambhu Nath Azad confirmed Indra Singh as member of his revolutionist party and trained him for using arms. In December, Indra Singh was trying to visit Banaras with arms along with Shambhunath Azad.  Police caught him with arm bundle in December 1930.Indra Singh did not open his mouth for telling his associates details. Government shifted Indra Singh  to Kashmiri gate police station and tortured him but he did not open his mouth. Judge sentenced him for seven years jail but after appeal, jail term was reduced to three years.
After his release from prison, 'Naujavan Bharat Sabha sent him to south India as convener. From 1933, Indra Singh started living in Madras with another revolutionist Sohan Lal Mehra. Sabha offered Indra Singh job for contacting revolutionists from North India -Gwalior, Delhi and Kolkatta. Besides, other jobs, he was designated for killing Governor of Madras Presidency. Indra Singh changed his get up and became 'Prem Prakash Muni for getting information on travelling of Governor. From that time, friends called him Iindra Singh as 'Prem Prakash muni'.(Same as Satyapath).
             Sohan Lal Mehra 'Shahid' already made the plan for killing he Governor. However, police got the information and surrounded Indra Singh at Navjavan Sabha office , Tambu Chetti Street , Central Madras on 4th May 1933. Getting information, Indra Singh burnt all papers and went on roof with loaded guns with his three associates. all four revolutionists fired guns on police party for five hours.  Later on police closed doors of all houses nearby. Then police called more force. Revolutionists were then , with empty guns. They threw a bomb on police party and tried for escape under  smoke.
    Police Commissioner killed Govind Ram Bahal with his gun. Police caught Indra Singh and sent him to Kala Pani for 20 years jail. British government also sent Shambhu Nath Azad to Kala Pani. Officials put Shambhu Natha 'Shahid' and Indra Singh togather in condemned cell. Due to aggressive nature, later on officials shifted Indra Singh to Central Jail Bellari.
    Officials kept Indra singh with another revolutionist Sardar Banta Singh in condemned cell in Bellari jail. Both created good relation with Jail warden Joseph and escaped from Jail.
       After catching Indra Singh, Officials sent Indra Singh to Secular Jail in Andaman. There were already 400 revolutionists in that jail.  In 1937, Revolutionists including indra Singh went for fast till death in jail. Officials shifted Indra Singh to Lahore Jail.  Central government of Sir Iyat Khan freed Indra Singh, Sardar Banta Singh and Khushiram Mehta from Lahore Jail. However, Punjab government did not allow them to be in Punjab.
                  Indra Singh came to Meerut and started living in office of Kirti Kisan magazine. Later on , Shambhu Nat joined Indra Singh in Meerut. Police caught Indra Singh in 1939. Government freed Indra Singh in 1945.  After freeing from jail, Indra Singh joined Communist party of India and started living in its office till 1952. However, after 1952, no body saw Indra Singh alive.
(As per narration of Shambu Nth to Durgvati Satpathi, Satyapath, 1st December 1972 and Dr Dabral Uttarakhnad ka Itihas part -8)
   
     
     
XX
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 17/5//2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1185
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal.
         

[Bhishma Kukreti]

   Chandra Singh Garhwali and Peshawar incident
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -332
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -352
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1187
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
      Mahatma Gandhi did not influence only Garhwali students but other Garhwalis engaged in various occupations including army.  Garhwalis became famous for their courage, patience, intellect and super active characteristics in First World War. However, Garhwalis showed other patriotic characters in 1930 while dealing with freedom fighters in Peshawar.
    Government banned Gandhi cap in Lansdowne. That ban could not stop people loving Gandhi cap. Master Tekchand verma founded Arya Samaj in Lansdowne in 1923. There used to be Havan and preaching in Ary Samaj temple on Sunday. Soldiers could walk on streets on Sunday. By contacting local people, soldiers came to know about Gandhi movement. Once Havaldar Chandra Singh Bhandari (Later on Chandra Singh Garhwali) , Halvaldar Narayan Singh and Subedar Gaur Singh visited Arya Samaj Temple and got influenced by Tekchand Verma. Halvaldar Chandra Singh Bhandari was active for movement of banning cow slaughtering in Lansdowne. Later on Cow slaughtering Lansdowne was banned.
    There were nonviolent and violent freedom movements in India . a small portion of Garhwal riffle battalion was stationed at Peshawarin 1930. Garhwali soldiers used to meet in a cell in night and used to read newspapers and used to discuss freedom fight movement too. ( Chandra Singh Garhwali, 26 january  1956, Karmabhumi )
Two Garhwali soldiers went to bazar without informing Havldar Chandra Singh Bhanadari. Those soldiers watched huge Congress procession making salt at Shahi Baug for breaking salt rule . They discussed in night and all decided for supporting freedom fighters.
                On 22nd April 1930, Army Commander  told to Garhwal rifle members that in a Muslim majority locality , Muslims were distressing minority Hindus by cow slaughters and abusing Hindu deities. Officials told to soldiers that soldiers had to protect minority Hindus. Officils informed that army had to visit town and if required soldiers were to fire on Muslim culprits.
    When Commander finished his speech, a soldier asked, " here everybody is same , every body speaks same language and put on same dress. How can we differentiate between Muslims and Hindus." Commander told that at that time, deputy commissioner would lead the soldiers.
               Later on, Chandra Singh Bhandari made them understand that British government wanted to fire on freedom fighters. All agreed that they  would not fire on Indians .
  British Commander took a troop of Garhwal Rifle soldiers on truck to Bazar. He had apprehension about Chhandr singh Bhandari and did not take Bhandari with troop . However, Chandra Singh Bhandari reached there water on mules for troop. There was a Congress procession in the city. The crowd was shouting slogans with enthusiasm. A British officer came riding on bike in the crowd and his bike pushed few people. Crowd became furious and burnt his motor bike. Officials called soldiers. The Gorkha, Garhwali and Sikh regiment soldiers reached there and officers sent them t various places in the city.
      British arranged killing the people for demolishing their enthusiasm. Aircrafts were flying in the sky. 
    The Garhwali Soldiers were at gate of Naubatkhana. People procession was just near the gate. Brigadior and other British officers were there in Naubatkhana.Brish officers asked Garhwali soldiers to push back processon. Soldiers talked to people but people were not ready going back. They were shouting freedom slogans. Angree British officer ordered Garhwali soldiers for firing on the crowd, " Garhwalis fire three round gun fires". Suddenly there was a strong call, " Garhwalis Don't fire and put rifle down". Garhwali solders tanding on both the sides of procession put down their guns.
   Officers took guns from soldiers and put them as prisoners. Second day on 24th April, officers ordered A battalion soldiers to go to city for oppressive campaign. All the soldiers of 'A' Company  of Garhwal Rifles resigned in mass. Havaldar major Chandra Singh Bhandari told that They were Indians and could not  kill own brothers. British officers prisoned all solders and put them in barrack.  British officers wanted to shift them Atabad silently and did not want news to spread.
     Even then, news spread in whole country that Garhwli soldiers denied firing on unarmed Indians.  The news of shifting revolutionist Garhwalis to Atabad also spread as forest fire in India. People from Lahore and Rawalpindi started reaching to Atabad for welcoming Garhwali soldiers. The people of Atabad also became ready for welcoming Garhwali soldiers. Whereever they saw Garhwali soldiers, people started shouting slogans , " Mahatma Gandhi ki Jay, . People were standing on both the sides of road and shouting above slogans. British officers made Garhwali soldiers running as punishment and people were throwing flowers on the soldiers. Police was charging lathis on the people but people were not going away from the scene.
Police arrested Dr.Alam , Chandraprakash because of their   working for Garhwali soldiers welcome and arrested Pratap Singh in Peshawar.
    Women Citizens in Mumbai  brought a procession in Mumbai in response to Garhwali soldiers and policed stuck them by lathis.  When Chandra Singh Bhandari (Garhwali) came to such news his boldness enhances for freedom fight.
      The whole battalion was involved in the revolt. However, British did not want to spread the news al over world. Therefore, British government prosecuted only  67 Garhwali soldiers those resigned with Chandra Singh Bhandari Garhwali. British Army sent to Ramjak Camp and used to punish soldiers by daily drilling to balance soldiers for five years.
      When British authority informed to Chandra Singh Bhandari Garhwali and other so call ed rebellion soldiers about court Marshal , they demanded layers for them. Authorties were not ready for outside lawyers to them. Chandra Singh Bhandari Garhwali and others sat on hunger strike. British authority agreed for outside lawyers for the revolutionists. Garhwalis requested Mukandi Lal barrister by telegram for their lawyers from Lansdowne. Mukandi Lal barrister came to Atabad. Chandra Singh Bhandari and others demanded a Colonel Mainoring as Army   lawyer. However, Commanding officer Chalen fought their case.
      There was a news of 6th June 1930 in Leader of  8th June -  " The Court Marshal for rebelling Garhwali soldiers will start today at Kakul Atabad. There aer  seven members of Court martial committee .Colonel King is government soldiers lawyer, Mukandi Lal barrister is lawyer for soldiers. Captain Chelan is a friend lawyer for accused soldiers. Chandra Singh is hand cuffed. "
Mukandi Lal was married to a Christian lady of England. Therefore, British had soft corner for Mukandi Lal. Mukandi Lal was aware that livelihood of Garhwalis was connected to Garhwal rifle and was not in favor for suspending Garhwal rifle. At the end of his argument mukandi Lal called on Judge-
"I am here not only a lawyer but as representative for Garhwal people too. I am Council Member and people believe on me. I don't need to remind the brave and faithful acts of Garhwali soldiers in France and other places in the War. Judge should keep in mind about that matter."
   Chandra Singh Garhwali and his company were standing outside the barrack. Mukandi Lal was just to sit on the car  , Chandra Singh Garhwali called him and said, " Whatever had to happen that had happened. Only you tell our aim to our people."
  Chandra Singh Garhwali put a letter into packet of Mukandi Lal barrister. The letter ws a request for Mukandi Lal barrister to visit his villag and assure his old father , wives , two sisters and daughters.
     On 19th June 1930, Court marshal judge told decision for Chandra singh Garhwali  –
1-Kalapani for life
2- Auction of All property
3- Degrading position to Sipoy
4-No Sipoy too.
   Subedar Rupchandr Singh and Jamadar Devi Singh rawat drag away the medals and cloth of Chandra singh Garhwali before the battalion.
   British court declared  following soldiers for life imprisonment t or long imprisonment .
  Havldar Narayn Singh Gusain, Nayak Kriti Singh Rawat, Bhoj Singh Butola, Nayak Keshar Singh, Nayak Harak Singh Thapola, Las Nayak Mhendra Singh Negi, L N Bhim Singh Bisht, LN Ratan Singh Negi, LN Anand Singh Rawat, LN Anad Singh parswan, LN Bhavani Singh Rawat, LN Umrao Singh Rawat, LN Hukum Singh Kathait, LN Jot Singh Bisht, LN Sundar Singh Butola, LN Khushal Singh Gusain, Government took away their salaries, deposites  away.
     In evening a Muslim and a Hindu entered by the permission from authorities into room of Chandra Singh Garhwali . The offered dry fruits , curd, turban dhotifor honoring Chandra Garhwali. The British Sargent was impressed by Indian love for freedom.
    At 3 Am, Guards transferd Chandra Singh Garhwali from military barrack to the Atabad prison.
   On 28th June 1930Madan Mohan Malviya asked the addresses of Rebellians soldiers from Barrister Mukandi Lal that the families of revolutionists could be helped.   
       
     
     
       
     
   
         
     
  Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 23/5//2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1188
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal.
         

[Bhishma Kukreti]

   Unrest in Ravain. Tehri Garhwal
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -333
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -353
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            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1188
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
        In British Garhwal, Officials and commissioners took steps for forest law being people oriented. However, Tehri Garhwal Kings did not do so .
Tehri Government declared Forest settlement in 1927-28. Officials or King ignored people interest. Therefore, there was unrest among people. In the forest settlement of Ravain, government took land of cow shades, roads, and thrashing places in Government forests. Farmers depended on forest for grazing the cattle, agriculture utensils, medicinal plants, fodders , containers and furniture.  The Ravain people were more aggressive against forest settlement. They used to ask, " where do our animals would graze ? The state officials would answer," On the fire .) by that Ravai became boiling point.
     Agitating Movement
  Gandhi Movement was taking new heights. The newspapers were publishing photos of movement activists and people were respecting activists. People's movements were getting popularity and people's support everywhere. People cut trees for cancelling the forest laws of Bomaby presidency and Madhya Pradesh. Ravain people read the news in Chakrauta
Courageous persons of Rawai also started movement against Tehri forest laws.  Hira Singh of Nagan village; Dayaram and Khamundi from Kasru village and Baijram from godar started leading the movement. They decalred a Azad Panchayat –Independent Council.  Council delared that people had rights on forest and people only can exploit forests, Forest officers ran away from Ravain.
     The people of Ravai established parallel government. Organizers used to organize meetings of activists and people for condemning forest laws. Mny Jmaindar /land lords started supporting movement not for people benefits but for that they could exploit situation and could get benefits from Tehri kingdom. Movement activists understood them and did not allow them for exploitation . Thn Land lords started sending news as spies to Their Darbar. Understanding the situation , Tehri king sent ex-prime minister Hari Krishna Raturi for understanding the situation. Movement activists told to Raturi that they want old rights of people on forests and they did not want new forest law at all. Raturi assured them for putting their demand before the Darbar.
There was talks between State and movement activists for compromise and at the same time, in Surendra Datt court, there were hearing of cases against many activists. The cases were against crime for harming state forests. DFO Padma Datt Rraturi filed the case against them. SDM declared decision for prisoning Daya Ram, Rudra Singh , Jamman Singh And Ram Prasad. People got agitated by the court order.  The administration wanted transferring of Prisoners to tehri. SDM Surendra Datt and DFO also were with Patwari and Police.
   On 20th May, Police party was taking Rudra singh, Dayaram and other prisoned activist to Tehri from Rajgadhi Ravain. On the wat at Dandiyal, a few persons attacked on police Party for freeing movement activists. Firing started from both the sides. DFO fired from his gun on attacking activists. By DFO's gun fire, gyan Singh of Nagan villge  died and Ajit Singh too.  Few Activists got injured. DFO ran away. Police party also ran away . Attackers caught Surendra Datt.
Activists took freed activists to Rajgarhi .
  Prime Minister Chakradhar Juyal felt rage by the news. King was on foreign tour. Chakradhar Juyal Chakradhar Juyal wanted to teach lessons to the activists. He clled Army Chief Colonel Surendra Singh for suppressing the movement by oppressive methods. Surendra singh denied the order. Chakra Dhar Juyal nominated Nathu Singh as additional chief of army and sent him to suppress the movement.
   There was unsuccessful talk for compromise between two parties. Many activists / leaders fled to talk with British viceroy . Aarmy reached to RajGarhi  in May. People cut the trees for hurdling army march. Land Lord Ranjot Singh welcomed Army.
In Night soldiers took wine and went to each hose and caught people from each house. It is said that soldiers looted people too.
  Next Day, there was meet of Aad Panchayat at Chada Dokhari . The discussion among members was about army arrival and compromising points. Army surrounded the meet from three side. A soldier from Ravain cautioned the people. In the mean time, Diwan Juyal blew whistle. He ordered for firing. Army fired on weaponless people. many died, many were injured, many jumped intu Yamuna River, Many ran away and climbed on trees.  Army caught many people and started taking them to Rajgarhi .Army domped dead bodies in Yamuna by tagging body by heavy stones.  On the way towards rajgiri two persons started escaping but cruel Juyal fird on them and killed them. The shop of Ramprasad at Rajgarhi where activists used to meet and plan was demolished by army.
On later stge, army went to eah house and caught activists. Army caught main activists Lakhiram and ranjot Singh and took them to Tehri.As per one report army fired 600 times and 200 people were killed.
   Many newspapers published the oppressive methods by Tehri Riyasat as Indian states Reformer, Garhwali,
   Suit File on Chandola- Chakrddhara Juyal took the articles published on various periodicals as defmation against Tehri Riyasat, King and personally himself. Chakra Dhar Juyal decided filing suits against those writers who published articles in Hindu Sansar and editor . 
   Garhwali published many suppressive and crule methods adopted by Tehri Prime Minister Chakradhar Juyal. Vishwambar datt Chandola was editor then.
      Chakradhar Juyal collected witnesses (those could say Garhwali's writing was false) and filed a suit against Chandola in Dehradun court . Chakrdhar Juyal used to present in court at the time of hearing. Juyal took the press releases in Garhwali as personal attack.  Due to false witness, money power of Tehri Riyasat, Court ordered prison for one year for Chandola. Chadola appealed in high court but High Court sustained the lower court order. Other accused asked pardon from tehri Riyasat and did not punishment. Chandola did not ask pardon and bore the jail in Dehradun from 31st March 1933 to 3rd fabruary 1934. Chandola lost his property in case feeses etc. Born in Thapli of Pauri Garhwal in 1879, Chandola was not against Tehri King but was against the suppression. he fought for the social cause and used to publish socil awareness news and views in Garhwali publication.  Garhwali Press was closed down due to poor economic Condition of Chandola due to case filed by cruel Juyal. Vishwambar Datt chandola died in 1971 in Dehradun.
Case against Tara Datt Gairola – Famous advocate and Tehri kingdom well-wisher Tara Datt Gairola criticized the butchery in Ravain by Prime Minister Juyal in a speech. The supporters of Juyal published articles against Gairola. Chakradhar Juyal filed a case against Tara Datt Gairola. Chakra Dhar Juyal could not prove Gairola guilty before Gairola's arguments. Court ordered compensation for Gairola from Juyal. It was a big insult to Chakradhar Juyal.


   




Based on Dabral, Uttrakhand ka Itihas part 8, page 235-340 )

   
 

   

     
   
         
     
  Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 23/5//2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1189
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal.
         

[Bhishma Kukreti]

   
Sacrifice by Bacchu Lal Bhatt for Freedom from British rule 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -330
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -350
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1185
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
         Bacchu Lal Bhatt belonged to a village near Lansdowne.  His father name was Ram Prasad and worked in a post office. Bacchu Lal Bhatt lived in Amritsar with a Dilliwala. Bacchu Lal Bhatt was wrestler.  Bacchu Lal was introduced to revolutionist Shambhu Nath Azad in Lahore Congress Conference in 1929. With persuasion of Shambhu Nath Azad ,  Bacchu Lal Bhatt was made the  member of  Nawjawan Bharat Sabha. In 1931, Police areested Bacchu Lal Bhatt in connection of Ambala gun firing. Session judge freed Shambhu Nath Azad and Bacchu Lal Bhatt and sentenced death sentence for Sardar Man Singh and sentenced ten years jail each for Ram Chandra Bhatt (father of Bacchu Lal) and Narendra Nath Pathak.
                         Comrade Bacchu Lal offered his services for Action Services of Nawjawan Bharat Sabha   South. Bacchu Lal Bhatt reached to Madras with Roshan Lal Mehra. For fulfilling the financial problem, group decided to loot Uti Bank. Indra Singh and Roshan Lal were out of Madras at that time. Bacchu Lal Bhatt and his group members reached Utakmount town on 26 April 1933. They spent night of 27th April in Utakmount town. 24 years old Bacchu Lal was five feet high and face was roundish with white fair color. All his partners were in military dress. on 28th April 1933, around 12 Noon PM, they looted Uti Bank and retunred on same cab by which they came to the bank. They reached to Nilgiri hills by that cab. His color was white and different than south people. Bacchu Lal Bhatt and party were hungry. When they were resting, on 30th April 1933, Police surrounded them. Bacchu Lal Bhatt and party threw their guns stating that " Our duty is not firing on Indians". 
     Session judge sentenced Bacchu Lal and party for 18 years jail in Kalapani Andaman  each. British officials tortured Bacchu Lal and party in Kalapani.     After 6 months, Bacchu Lal Bhatt became insane. Bacchu Lal Bhatt used to take bath for six –seven times and used to cut his nerve for offering blood to the Sun. In 1938, Officials brought Bacchu Lal Bhatt to India and kept him in Mental hospitals of Banaras, Pune. However, he did not recover and died without leaving any information.
   (Narrated by revolutionist Shambhu Nath Azad to Mrs Durgwati Satpathi, Satyapath , 1st December 1972 )
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 18/5//2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1186
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal.
         

[Bhishma Kukreti]

   Arrival of Mahatma Gandhi in Garhwal region
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -331
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -351
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1186
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
     Gandhi Ji was interested knowing about Uttarakhand by his own experience. Mahatma Gandhi reached Haridwar on 5th April 1915 at the Kumbh Occasion. Mahatma Gandhi visited Gurukul Kangari on 6th April 1915. Mahatma Gandhi visited Rishikesh, Swargashram and Lakshman Jhula on 7th April 1915.  Mahatma Gandhi came to Gurukul again in 1916.  In 19129, Gandhi reached Haridwar.  Gandhi reached Mussoorie vi Dehradun and he rested there for 15 days.
    Gandhi Ji Visiting Kumaon region
      In June 1921, Gandhi ji reached Kumaon. First he reached to Bareli on 13th June from Savarmati . Gandhi delivered a speech in Bareli in a public meeting.  Gandhi reached Haldwani from Bareli in morning on 14th June 1921.  Govind Ballabh Pant and other Kumaon degnities were present for his welcome in Hldwani . Devdas Gandhi, Mrs Kasturba Gandhi , Gandhi's Secretary Pyarelal , Jawahar Lal Nehru, Acharya Kriplani, Sucheta Kriplani were with Gandhi. Mahatma Gandhi delivered a speech in public meeting in Haldwani and collected donation for Harijan Kalyan.
     Gandhi reached Nainital around 11 AM from haldwani by car. The lodging arrangement for Gandhi was at Takula village two miles away from Nainital. Gandhi started his journey from Takula Village at five Pm for Nainital. People decorated town by flags and welcome gates. A procession was with Gandhi and band was in front. Gandhi was in open car and Govind Ballabh pant was also in car. Everywhere crowd was there in Nainital and joy was visible. Wives of British officers and other Lords were watching the procession with curiosity and surprise.
        At 7 PM, the meeting started at Malla tal where Gandhi delivered speech. People donated Chanda too. Gandhi returned to Takula.
Gandhi spent Night in Takula. In next morning, Gandhi walked to Nainital. he delivered speech before women. Women donated money and their jewels to Gandhi .
       In day time , Gandhi reached to Almora. There was huge procession for Gandhi . Unfortunately a young man Padma Singh came under Gandhi car and died in hospital. Gandhi went to hospital to see the youth. Goind Ballabh Pant attended funeral. Mukandi Lal barrister met Gandhi in Ranikehet.
        On 21st June 1929 Gandhi reached to Kasauni. Badri Datt Pande was with Gandhi there. He was astounded  watching Himalaya. Next day, Gandhi reached Bageshwar and laid foundation stone for Swaraj Bhavan.
   Gandhi stayed there for a few days. Gandhi wrote commentary on Anashakti  Yoga of geetaa there. Gandhi stayed in Kumaon from june to 4th july. Gandhi reached Kashipur via Ramnagar  Gandhi delivered speech and got donation too. Govind Ballabh Pant, Badri datt Pande and Mohan Joshi were with him in Kashipur. 
     Garhwalis attending Lahore Congress Meeting
.
  Many Garhwalis attended Lahore Congress Meeting as audience.
  Daandi March by Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi started his Salt March from Savarmati to Dandi on 12th March 1921 with 68 volunteers. Gandhi requested viceroy for no tax on Salt. Gandhi wanted to capture a salt pan near Dandi as token. However, British officers caught Gandhi at Dharsana.  25000 volunteers reached there and British police beat them by rods. The movement was totally nonviolent. Dandi Salt march stirred whole India.
         Movements all Over India
Dandi march ignited Indians and they started movement in all over India
The Dandi March influenced Garhwalis too.

     
   
         
     
  Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 20/5//2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1187
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal.
         

[Bhishma Kukreti]

      गुप्त काल में आर्थिक स्थिति -

Economic Conditions in  Gupta Era in context History of Haridwar,  Bijnor,   Saharanpur
                   
                         
    हरिद्वार इतिहास ,  बिजनौर  इतिहास , सहारनपुर   इतिहास  -आदिकाल से सन 1947 तक-भाग -  233               


                                               इतिहास विद्यार्थी ::: भीष्म कुकरेती


          गुप्त काल को इतिहासकार भारत का स्वर्ण काल कहते हैं तो उसके पीछे गुप्त कालीन समृद्ध आर्थिक स्थिति का हाथ है। सम्पूर्ण उत्तर भारत का एक छत्र केअंतर्गत  आना व अनुशासित व संगठित प्रशासन के कारण कृषि , व्यापार , पर्यटन , कला , बैंकिंग में उन्नति हुयी जिससे निर्यात भी बढ़ा। राज्य के आर्थिक लाभ जब सामाजिक कामों में लगने लगा तो समाज भी समृद्धि व कृषि विकास में जुट गए। धनी व सामजिक सरकारी व्यक्तियों ने नगरों में चिकित्सालयों व अन्य संस्थायेन स्थापित किये।  ये संस्थान भी समाज म मरिहि लाने में ऊर्जावान सिद्ध हुए।
    व्यापारियों का व्यापरिक संगठन
वैशाली अभिलेखों में कुछ सील seal मिले जिनमे धनिक व्यापारियों व बैंकर व व्यापारिक संगठनों के नाम मुद्रित हैं। इन सील्स के अन्वेषक डा ब्लॉक का मानना है की ये व्यापारिक संगठन संस्थान आज के चमरस ऑफ कॉमर्स सामान ही व्यापारिक संगठन थे। ब्लॉक अनुसार 505 व्यापारियों के संगठन मिले हैं जिनमे 18 उपविभाग थे। व्यापारिक संगठनों में बैंकर्स संगठन , जुलाहा संगठन , श्रमिक , तेलियों, पत्थर खानों के क्रमिकों के संगठन का उल्लेख मिलता है।  ये गिल्ड या संगठन बैंकिंग भी करते थे। इन गिल्डों की नगरों में कई शाखाएं थीं। रेशम व्यापारियों के गिल्ड /संगठन का स्थानांतर की घटना भी ब्लॉक ने उल्लेख किया है। 
वास्तव में ये गिल्ड सहकारिता सिद्धांत पर कार्य करते थे।  गिल्डों के नियम थे व व्यापारियों की हिस्सेदारी गिल्डों में थी। गिल्ड में नियम कठोरता व विश्वास से पालन होते थे। लें दें का पूरा हिसाब रखा जाता था और किसी सदस्य द्वारा स्थानांतर होने पर भी व्यापारी अपनी देनदारी दूसरे गिल्ड मार्फत पूरा करता था।
राजा गिल्डों के संरक्षक व सहायक भी थे।

(शैलेन्द्र नाथ सेन की पुस्तक ऐन सियंट इण्डिया व वी डी  महाजन की पुस्तक ऐनसियंट इण्डिया से साभार )

[Bhishma Kukreti]

ग्वीराळ , क्वीराळ , कचनार वृक्ष बनीकरण से मेडिकल टूरिज्म विकास

Kwiral (Mountain Ebony) tree  Plantation for Medical Tourism in Uttarakhand
(केन्द्रीय व प्रांतीय वन अधिनियम व वन जन्तु रक्षा अधिनियम परिवर्तन के उपरान्त ही सार्थक )
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  सार्वजनिक औषधि पादप वनीकरण -15


Community Medical Plant Forestation -15

उत्तराखंड में मेडिकल टूरिज्म विकास विपणन ( रणनीति  )  117

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  Medical Tourism Development in Uttarakhand  (  Strategies  )  -    117             

(Tourism and Hospitality Marketing Management in  Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar series--220)   
    उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन -भाग -220


    लेखक : भीष्म कुकरेती  (विपणन व बिक्री प्रबंधन विशेषज्ञ )

  लैटिन नाम -Bahunia variegata
स्थानीय नाम - ग्वीराळ , क्वीराळ
संस्कृत कचनार गंडेरी
पादप वर्णन
ग्वीराळ /क्वीराल/कचनार सुंदरतम पेड़ों में गिना जाता है , इसके फूल फूल माह में देहरियों में डाले जाते हैं।  सफेद , बैंगनी फूल रिझाते हैं। 30 फ़ीट तक ऊँचे ग्वीराळ /क्वीराल/कचनार  पेड़ उत्तराखंड में धूप वाली घाटियों में 150-1300 मीटर  तक की ऊंचाई में बलुई व , खारी जमीन , अन्य चिकनी मिट्टी वाले क्षेत्र में बहुतायत में मिलता है। कचनार , ग्वीराळ , क्वीराळ का चारा , सब्जी , इमरती व उपकरण हेतु लकड़ी , रंग निर्माण टेनिंग , के अतिरिक्त कचनार कई औषधियों में उपयोग होता है।  पहाड़ों में गंडक रोग कम होने के पीछे कचनार का भोजन उपयोग भी रहा है।
पद्दाप अंगों का औषधि में उपयोग
छाल
टहनी
फूल

निम्न  रोग निबटान  हेतु औषधि उपयोग
कफ , सर्दी जुकाम
त्वचा रोग
मुंह सफाई
गंडक समस्या
रक्तस्राव
स्त्रियों के माहवारी रक्तस्राव /प्रदर
कृमि /वर्म्स नाश
स्वास रोग



जलवायु आवश्यकता - दक्षिण , उत्तर उत्तराखंड की पहाड़ियां जहां खुली घाटियां हों।  कचनार कुछ समय तक 5 अंश सेल्सियस तापमान सह सकता है किन्तु अति बर्फ अधिक समय तक नहीं सह सकता है। गदन के किनारे धूपेली जगहों जैसे रगड़ , पख्यड़ सही क्षेत्र ,अर्ध   /मध्यम छाया क्षेत्र
भूमि  - , बलुई , दुम्मट से कुछ कुछ चिकनी मिट्टी तक
फूल आने का समय - वसंत , फली ग्रीष्म में पक्ति हैं।
फल तोड़ने का समय  -  जब टांटी /फलियां मध्यम पीली -काली पड़  जायँ जो बीजों को निकाला जाता है
बीज बोन का समय - वसंत , बीजों को मंतत वार्म पानी में 12 घंटों तक भिगोया जाता है और तब सुधारी (खोदी , समतल , खादयुक्त ) मिट्टी में बोया जाता है।  सिंचाई आवश्यक
रोपण का समय - जब कलियाँ लम्बी आ जायँ तो उखाड़ कर मानसून में रोपण किया जाता है , पहले दो साल कम शीत से बचाव आवश्यक अतः खुली घाटी सही भूमि।
खाद आवश्यकता - पहले पहल
सिंचाई आवश्यकता -शुरुवात में
वयस्कता समय- चार पांच साल

कीड़ों , जीवाणुओं से बचाव आवश्यकहै इसलिए   कृपया विशेज्ञों की राय लें
विशेषज्ञों की राय  आवश्यक है

आईये राजनीतिज्ञों , अधिकारियों पर वन अधिनियम परिवर्तन हेतु दबाब बनाएँ ! सर्वप्रथम बन्दर , सूअर  व अदूरदर्शिता भगाए जायं !
Copyright @ Bhishma Kukreti  12/6  //2018
संदर्भ

1 -भीष्म कुकरेती, 2006  -2007  , उत्तरांचल में  पर्यटन विपणन परिकल्पना , शैलवाणी (150  अंकों में ) , कोटद्वार , गढ़वाल
2 - भीष्म कुकरेती , 2013 उत्तराखंड में पर्यटन व आतिथ्य विपणन प्रबंधन , इंटरनेट श्रृंखला जारी
3 - रामनाथ वैद्य ,2016 वनौषधि -शतक , सर्व सेवा संघ बनारस
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   Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Haridwar Garhwal Uttarakhand ;
Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Champawat Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Kumaon Uttarakhand ;

Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Pauri Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in  Chmoli  Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in  Rudraprayag Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Tehri Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Uttarkashi Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Dehradun Garhwal Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Udham Singh Nagar Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Nainital Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Almora Kumaon Uttarakhand ; Medicinal Plants Plantation for Medical Tourism in Champawat Kumaon Uttarakhand ;
  Medicinal Plants plantation in Pithoragarh Uttarakhand