Articles By Bhisma Kukreti - श्री भीष्म कुकरेती जी के लेख

[Bhishma Kukreti]

            Changes in Social Structure in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -299
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -319
-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1153

          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
     
        With population increase, newer prosperity and ruler's activities change the social structure too. The new prosperity in Garhwal and Kumaon brought many changes in social structure and culture.  Administration and society started counting people as per caste class.
   Government classified population of 131916 into following castes in census of 1841-42-
  Muslims – 363
   Hindu –
Brahmin -29122
Rajput----44470
Khasiya ---34502
Das or doom -1358
Hindu population -109818
  In 1865 census, government put Khasiya in Pahadi Rajput class and Garhwal governemtn put Khasiya in Shudra class. In 1865, government put Doom or scheduled caste with Muslim. It was surprising as Doom or Scheduled caste were Hindu and believed on all Hindu culture customs. No social and cultural customs of Scheduled castes were common with Muslims. Only common custom was a few Shilpkar used to marry their daughters with Muslims and used to take beef.
  The 1865 census details are as follows-
   Dub Divisions --------------------------------Kumaon ------------------Garhwal
All types of Brahmins  ---------------------------41659-----------------------59468
Kshatriya (Chhatri, Thakur, Rajput, Kunvar)—95---------------------------20545
Pahari Rajput/khasiya--------------------------------204190--------------------nil
Vaishya -------------------------------------------------2988----------------------206
Shudra (Khasia ------------------------------------------------------------------107627
Shudra Doom----------------------------------------------------------------------35992
Muslim Shekh, Sayyad, Mughal, pathan -----------519------------------------110
Other Muslims included Doom--------------------118833---------------------623
Total Population -------------------------------------385790------------------248742
             The population of Garhwal in 1872 census was 310288 and classes were divided as follows –
          Hindu -----------308398
Garhwali Christians -----65
Muslims --------------------1799
Europeans ------------------26
The population of 1881 was 345629
Castes ----------------Male ----------Female ------------------Total
Hindu ------------------169015-------174171-------------------343186
Muslims ------------------1539----------518----------------------2077
Jain --------------------------------------------------------------------26
Christians ------------------------------------------------------------ 297
First time in 1881, Government counted Jain separate from Hindu

  In Garhwal the caste wise division in the society was a system before British rule too.  The kings used to call outsider warriors for their army or on contract. Those outsider warriors used to call them as Rajput but barring Brahmin, they used to call other caste as Khasiya or Khasya. The people belonging to old kingdom King's families also called them Rajput. Rajput used to tie sacred thread (Janeu) but not Khasya. Those Rajput used to spread many brave stories around them.
          When the government started census based on castes the caste division started wider. Khasiya Rajpur were healthy, brave,faithful to masters and did not care for touch-ability and Kaccha Bhat. English commanders used to like those faithful soldiers in army. British government started appointing capable Khasiya in army without any caste discrimination. Many scholars published long list of Martial race and non-martial race too.   Atkinson, Raturi, Patiram, Maithani, Tara Datt Gairola published caste history in their books.
   Paw around 1884, also published area wise, caste (Brahmin, Rajput and Shilpkar ) wise population. Patwaris of different Pattis sent the population report to Paw. The paw report does not match with census but is sufficient for supplying caste ratio in each Pargana.  The population in 1891 census of Garhwal is 41431 more than Paw's report. The difference might be because Paw did not count other castes as Muslims, Christians vaisya and those were working temporary other places.
Pargana-------Census 1891 -------Pop Paw-----------Brahmin----Rajput-----Shilpkar
Badhan -----------30732 ------------29381---------------5805-------18638-------4427
Barasyun----------63229------------55716----------------16006-----30342------8809
Chandpur---------40706-------------38818-----------------6785------27677------4581
Chaundkot--------26573---------------26231--------------8060------13345------4382
Dashauli-----------13775---------------12120-------------3030--------6922-------2021
Devalgarh----------29895--------------33311-------------7605--------20865-------4391
Painkhanda--------5805----------------8279---------------848----------6395-------1036
Nagpur--------------50907--------------26840------------3514---------18528----- 4248
Gangasalan----------47510------------49538--------------15486--------24294-----9168
Mallasalan------------47594-----------46459--------------10662--------28822-------6484
Tallasalan-------------51093-----------39697---------------9471----------22403------7353
Total------------------407818----------396387---------------86359-------217638------57900
 
                      Adding Arysamaji in Census               

    Arya Samaj founder Swami Dayanand Sarswati travelled Haridwar in Kumbha fair 1854.Dayanand Sarswati met many religious scholars in Haridwar.  After Kumbha Mela, Dayanand reached to Tehri and studied Tantra literature. Dayanand Sarswati went to Shrinagar and stayed there for two months. From Shrinagar, Dayanand travelled Guptakashi, Kedarghat, Tungnath, Ukhimath, Joshimath, Badrinath and Basudhara. From there he returned to plains.
       In 1911, Garhwal census put light on Aryasamaji but those were migrated from plains. Jains, Sanatani, Arysamaji , Brahmsamaji (Bra)were included under Hindu -
District----Sanatani ------Aryasamaji---Bra--Jain- Sikh- Buddhist—Muslims-Chris.-Zoroastrian
Garhwal---475533--------119------------00------37—17------6-----------3614------845------00
Tehri G ----298983-------3-------------------------46—24------------------1754------6----------
Dehradun---169614-------1144----------8--------320—1158--------------2779------5036----1

        Sub castes Under Rajput and Brahmins
   The census of 1872 offers population under sub castes of Rajput and Brahmins as under –

               Rajput

Bhal ----- 1997
Bhadauriya—4005
Baghel----------4552
Bhardwaj--------1496
Khasiya--------58000
Negi-------------15880
Rawat----------46044
Solanki -----------5344
Bisht---------------4956
Others-------------9791
-
Total----------------152065

               Brahmins
                 
Gangadi -----------62803
Oza-----------------6565
Khasiya------------7291
Sarola --------------1988
Jai--------------------1542
Others----------------849

Total------------------81038



                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 7/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1154
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

            Land owned by different Castes in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -300
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -320
-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1154

          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
     
  There was a concept of Asli and Adna Brhamin ( Rel and low category) , Asli Rajput and Adna Rajput too.  The Brahmins and Rajputs nearby capital got chance working with court, Gangari were away from court and used to ocuupy agriculture occupation and court Brahmins spread the concept of they being upper Brahmins or Rajput. In reality, their bloods were not upper or lower (Arya or Anarya).
    Paw recorded population and land in acres according to upper caste Brahmins in 1894 (Dabral)-
Caste ------------ Hissedari------------Khaykari-----------Sirtani-----------Total
Saryul -------------1810------------------578.2----------------315.1-----------7703.3
Gangadi Brahmins-27759.3------------5500.2---------------1629.5-----------34889
Khas Brahmin---------24625.8----------5541.2---------------1878.3----------32045.2
Others so called low—1948.4----------998--------------------231.3-----------3177.7
Total Brahmin-----------61143.5--------12617.6--------------4054.1---------77815.2
Chatari ------------------44835.8-----------9693.4---------------2350.3--------60394.5
Khasia-------------------82160-------------20446.8--------------5964.9---------108563.7
Upper Dom-------------1373.9------------3034.9-----------------2693.4---------7102.2
Dom Lower--------------334.6-------------760----------------------798.5---------1863.1
Total---------------------19508--------------47341.9-----------------16197.3-------258622.8



                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 13/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1155
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Health, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Health History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Health History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Health History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Health History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Health History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

            Revolution in Caste Culture in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -301
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -321
-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1155

          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)
     
         The society in second half century of British was changing from caste culture angle. The learned persons from Indi and Europe had opinion that the Khas people should be included in Arya caste as those are from famous –Upper Caste. The reason behind Khas were not getting same status as the Brahmins and Rajput came from plains in Garhwal and Kumaon was that Khasiya did not followed strictly the rules of Sanatana sect as upper caste Brahmins and Rajput used to follow.  In Garhwal and Kumaon, Khasa were struggling for getting respectable status for centuries as did by so called upper caste.  Atkinson (1882) wrote that a prosperous Kumaoni Dom stone mason could command a wife from a lower Rajput Khasiyas and a prosperous Khasiya could command a wife from Rajput (migrated from plains to Garhwal, Kumaon. However, Dr Dabral objected the statements of Atkinson that it was not common for Dom marrying a Brahmin or Rajput girl. even in 1960s Atkinson wrote that every year, there is spread of Brahmin Dharma (Sanatana sect) and Khasiyas started following classical ways of Hindu rituals and system. Now, Khasiyas started ignoring their old religious and social systems. In old time, Khasiyas used to perform regional deity rituals but then (1882), they started following Sanskrit classical rituals performances. Atkinson made education responsible for such changes.
     Before 1850, there was no such awareness among Khasiyas about their position. They used to perform rituals of village deities and they did not need for classical Brahmins for ritual performances.  They used to celebrate ceremonies as marriage by showy or simple methds  as per prosperity buut from religious angle, they used to  pasting house walls by cow dung and  sprinkling cow urine in house or rooms.  (Atkinson)
    After 1860or so, Khasiya stopped calling them Khasiya or Khasya. They started calling them Rajput. Their Brahmin priests also started performing rituals for them through classical manners. Brahmins also started ritual performances through Sanskrit shlokas . They included Shiva, Ganesh, Lakshmi Vishnu etc in their deity lists. The Khas Brahmins and Rajput were unaware of their Gotra however, by 1884, they included them into Bhardwaj gotra. (Atkinson)
    In 1894, Paw reported "  The Negi, Bisht , Rawat /Raut are Rajput and are called'Khasiya/Khasya'. However, there is always an additional name before their sir name as Gorla Rawat, Angri Raut, Kfol Bisht, Kandai Gusain. Those are called Upper caste Rajput.  The lower caste Rajput also started adding their village name before Negi or Rawat etc. There is a proverb –Bhul Chuke ka Kaship Gotra'. "
       Initially, Khasiya started calling them Negi and then Mona Negi. By end of 1850-60, Rajput used to tie janeu/scared thread but Khasiyas were not allowed to do so. There were 'Pakhila' Khasiyas in Chandpur those used to engage in hemp growing and producing  hemp dressings. They left their traditional business for becoming Rajput. Tying Janeu was spreading villages slowly. Some Negi were tying Janeu and some were not tying. (Paw).
            Dr. Patiram ( 1915, Garhwal, Ancestral and Modern) writes that at present you could not call anybody Khasya/Khasiya. Then they were Rajput. By struggle, Khasiya became successful in getting the position of Rajput. They got support from western culture and education. The Brahmins those used to insult the Khasiyas started performing rituals for Khasiyas.
         Same way, Khasiya Brahmins and Bhaira Brahmins were included into General Brahmin category (Paw).
  This social revolution of nineteenth century was repeated among Shilpkar ( as per British Dom) in early twentieth century. Shilpkar started tying Janeu and started stopping traditional crafts jobs too.


                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 14/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1156
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

            Castes Stories in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -302
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -322
-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1156

          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
     
There is no doubt that first person of the so called upper caste Brahmin and Rajput came from out of Garhwal. Many Shilpkar, Rajput and Brahmins categorized under lower class also came from somewhere else. There were stories behind each caste settling in Garhwal.  The historians can't ignore all as imaginary stories nor can take all as real facts.
In 1884, first time, Atkinson compiled the stories of first person migrating from a particular place and settling in Garhwal in Garhwal Gazetteer.
   Later on, other historians also collected and published stories related to castes as follows-
1883, Ganga Datt Upreti, Notes on the Prevailing Castes of Garhwal  (ME press Lucknow)
1912, Diwakar Maithani, Bharat –Gotra –Pravar deepika
1922, T.D.Gairola, The Castes and Sub castes in Garhwal, Journal of U.P. Historical society
1915, Dr. Patiram, Garhwal, Ancient and Modern
1917, Hari Krishna Raturi, Narendra Hindu Law
1920, H.K Raturi, Garhwal ka Itihas
1935, Census of 1931 report edited by Okley, Gairola, Bhola Datt pant and Uma Datt
Dangwal
1937, Badri Datt , Kumaon ka Itihas
.
  It seems that in nineteenth century, people started taking interest in their caste histories. People established organizations on castes basis as 'Sarola Sabha' and Kshatriya Samaj'. People started putting imaginary characters and time that it is still difficult to find the reality.
Most of the folk stories conclude that the caste name derived from the settling in a place. For example, by settling in Kand village the caste name was named as Kandwal.
However, Dr. Dabral raised two valid questions about caste and place of settlement.
If the place was already occupied by a society and later on, another person settled there as the person settling in Kand was called Kandwal. By that logic the old occupants should have called Kandwal too.
  If the first person of Kand village named the place as Kand, then what was the reason for naming the place as Kand.
     

         
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .61-103
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 15/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1157
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

            Brahmin Castes in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -303
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -323
-

            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1157



          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
     
      There is interesting to know the beliefs about upper caste and lower classes Brahmins. In 1872 census, Brahmins were divided into five divisions. It means a few educated persons those were aware of beliefs provided the said information about divisions. In 1884, people informed Atkinson about four classes of Brahmins-
Sarola
Gangari
Nirola
Jogi
  In 1894, Paw was informed about following four Brahmin classes-
Sarola
Gangadi
Khasya
Nimna
Diwan of Tehri Uma Datt Dangwal also supported Paw division.
  In early twentieth century, there were three divisions in common-
Sarola
Gangari
Nimna
  Now, there is no such division.
             Concept of Sarola and Gangari/Gangadi Brahmins
       A proverb was there – Sar ka Sarola aur Ganv ka Gangari/Gangadi. That means Brahmins staying on shrines or above Shrinagar were Sarola and below Shrinagar, other Brahmins were Gangari/Gangadi. In Garhwali language, Gangar /Gangad mean that valleys or river bank.
     Raturi claimed that Sarola and Gangari/Gangadi Brahmins are top class. Both classes had /have same culture and worshipping system. However, Sarola did not take pulse, rice (Kaccha)  cooked by Gangadi/Gangari class. However, all classes of Garhwal used to take rice-pulse (Kaccha ) food cooked by Sarola class. Gangadi/Gangari Rajput, Khas and Shilpkar used to take rice-pulse cooked by Gangari/Gangadi class.  As per Narendra Hindu law, there were no cultural and religious differences between Sarola and Gangari/Gangadi Brahmins from law point of view too.
      In Mid Age, there was consciousness about taking food cooked by different classes. Dal-Bhat was called Jutha or Kaccha Bhojan and upper caste were conscious not taking such food cooked by other caste people. There was no hard and fast rule for Roti-Bhaji cooked by other caste.
     Atkinson guessed that forefathers of Gangari/Gangadi Brahmin settled below shrines and used to serve mean Garhwal Kings. The Kings appointed Brahmins of Lobha and Chandpur as their cook and those were called Sarola. A King from the same family, ordered that the people of his cook family would cook food for his army and those were called Sarola. Sarola means Raswal or cook. Dimri people were allowed to cook gift food (Bhog) for Badrinath temple by the King. As per Kind order, other than Dimri, Hatwal,   other people do not enter into that kitchen where Bhog is being cooked. The same concept suggested by the Kings percolated into society and division remained intact for many centuries.
    The Bhat-Dal was the main center of differentiating classes. There was no such strict social law for Roti-Bhaji.
   However, many Rajput did not take rice-pulse cooked by all Brahmins. An all Brahmins did not take rice-pulse cooked by even upper caste Brahmins. There was much regional discrimination too among Gangadi Brahmins as Brahmins of same status not taking Bht of other Brahmins. Upper Caste Brahmins used to marry with lower class Brahmins but did not marry their daughters with lower caste Brahmins.
       Increasing Sarola Brahmins Castes numbers
It is said that initially, there were only 12 Sarola castes. Later on, the numbers reached to 36. Atkinson reported 22 Sarola castes in 1884- Kotiyal, Semwal,Gairola,Kainyuri/Khanduri,  Nautiyal , Maithani, Thapliyal, Raturi, Dobhal, Chamoli, Hatwal, Dyondi, Malgudi, Knadyal,Nauni, Semalti, Bijlwan, Dhurana, Manuri, Bhattalwali, Joshi of Bhatiyana/Bhattalwali and Mahilya
  After 35 years, Raturi offered new lists of 30 numbers and barred Joshi and Dhurana.  Raturi added 11 new castes –Jaisal, Silod, Madiwal, Jasola, Kailkhora, Nainwal, Pujyari, Bhatt, Chaukyal.  There were other six sarola castes too as –Joshi, Malgudi, Rajvadi,Palyan, Dhamman but they did not get into list.
         Sarola converting into Gangadi
       In second half century of British rule, Sarola people established a Sarola Sabha/ association. There, Sarolas stressed on members for being Sudh Sarola /Pure Sarola by abiding certain strict rules.  (Census of India U.P. report).  By those rules, if a Sarola married a Gangadi girl, his children would be called Gangadi. For abiding strict rule, Nautiyal divided their Castes into sub castes and started marrying only to those castes – Dhungan, Palyan, Manjkhola, Gajandi, Bausauli, Chandpuri.
        There had been a problem of getting Sarola girls for Sarola boys. Therefore, Sarola started marrying Gangadi Brahmin girls. Sarola also started keeping Khas girls as Uppatni. Sarola men used have Khas wife but they did not take Bhat-Dal cooked by Khas wife. In such cases, the children were not called Sarola.
  The numbers of Pure Sarola started decreasing and their children from other caste waves were counted in Gangadi.
In case, a Sarola had one wife Sarola and other a Gangadi , the children by Sarola wife would be counted in Sarola and children by Gangadi wife would be called Gangadi Brahmin .
             In 1931,the numbers of Sarola in Tehri Garhwal were 735 as follows (Raturi, Narendra Hindu law)-
Sarola Castes ---Male----Females---------- Sarola Castes ---Male----Females
Nautiyal-----------53---------53-----------------Maithani---------60-------47
Dimri----------------1----------11-----------------Hatwal----------4---------7
Bijlwan-------------105-------82------------------Khanduri---------7---------13
Dyundi--------------10-----------11----------------- Lakhera -------2---------1
Semwal--------------25----------20----------------- Pujari------------23-------8
Semalti---------------14-------------11----------------Chamoli--------13------14
Manjkhola------------5--------------6-----------------Dobhal----------4----------1
Thapliyal-----------2----------------------------------Kothiyal-----------------------3
Males ------401------------------Females ------------335

                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 16/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1158
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

            Gangadi/Gangari and Nirola Brahmin Castes in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -304
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -324
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1158
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
          There were divisions among Gangari/Gangadi Brahmins too. Bahuguna (Bughana), Dobhal, Uniyal and Dangwal comes under 'Chauth' segment.  Raturi,  in Narendra Hindu law mentioned following castes under Gangari/Gangadi- Naithani, Childwal,Juyal, Saklani (Pujari), Joshi, Tewari, Painyuli, Chandola, Dhoundiyal, Naudiyal, Mamgain, Barthwal, Kukreti, Dhasmana Kainthola, Suyal, Anthwl, Bahukhandi, Jugran, Malkoti, Balodi, Ghansala, Madhwal, Devrani, Pokhariyal, Dabral, Sundriyal, Kalsi, Kimothi, Purviya, Kothari, Badola, Panthari, Baluni, Purohit, Rudola, Sunyal, Kotnala, Kala,Kanswal, Bairagi,  Molasi, Farasi, Badhani, Shailwal, Kudiyal, and Bhatt.
          Nirola
   People informed to Atkinson about Nirola Brahmins that they are Dubhagi . Those Brahmins did not have marriage relations with Sarola and Gangadi Brahmins. Nirola used to stay in Nagpur. Ramayanpradip described Nagpur as Durgam/Dugam unreachable or difficult to reach place. That was one reason for calling them Dubhagi or Dugami. Patiram informed that other Brahmins separated them from Brahmin society in past and Nirola meant that separated. They had many gotras as Kashyap, Angrish etc. Therefore, they were also called nanagotri (many gotras).  A theory informs (Dabral) that the castes of such Brahmins were based on maternal castes and not by paternal caste. Therefore they were called Nanagotra (the gotra of maternal grandfather)
    Atkinson informed following Nanagotri or Nirala Brahmin castes – Jamloki, Batanwal, Kandhari, Baramwal, Silwal, Poldi, Bilwal, Garsara, Thalwal, Thaleta, Kimoti, Maikota, Darmwar, Dayolaki, Kandpal, Thalasi, Falata, Gatyali, Dhamakwal, Bamwal, Mangwal, Bamola, Binjwal, and Ganai.
    Historian Patiram belonged to Nagpur region.  Patiram counted only 24 castes in Nirola and he replaced Dhupali Batanwal, Bilwal, Gatyali and Ganai by Khauli, Sangwal, Purohit and Missar.
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 19/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1159
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

            Folk Stories about Arrival of Different Communities in British Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -305
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -325
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1159
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
       Each caste community had been spreading various folk stories about their arrival in Garhwal.  For example, a few Sarola cast communities stated that their forefathers came with Kanakpal. There is still not surety about Kanakpla and his arrival, his original place of migration. So, the arrival year or places from where they migrated of such Sarola communities is still doubtful.
Atkinson collected, edited such caste community arrival in Garhwal and informed in 1884. Raturi offered his version in 1932 and there are differences in both the information for example  –
Place of  Migration = Pl Mg
Arrival Samvat year  – Arri Sab
Original person = OP
Village in Garhwal where he settled  =VG
Atkinson=At
Raturi =Rt
       Caste -----------Old Caste –-----Pl Migr-------Arri Sab---------OP-----------VG
At—Pokhariyal--- ?-----------------------?---------------?----------------/---------Pokhari
Rt-  "--------------------Vilval-----------Vilhit-----------1618---------Guru Sen-----Pokhari
At- Dhoundiyal          ?--------------------?--------------?-----------------?-----------Dhound
Rt- --do ------------------Gaur -----------Rajputana-------1713---------Rupchand—Dhound
     There are differences among various folk stories and historian's information. For example , Atkinson (18814) informed that the cook of Badrinath temple are Dimri and migrated from South. They belonged to Kashyap gotra. Atkinson stated that a few Dimri called them children of Rawal the chief priest and a Brahmani.
          Ratri  (1920 ) informed that the old caste of Dimri was Dravid  and migrated from Karnataka. Since the first person settled in Dimar , so called Dimri. Two persons Rajendra and Balbhadra settled in Dimar. When a Badrinath temple cook was made Rawal his children Rajendra and Balbhadra born before his being Rawal settled in Dimar.
  In 1958, Maheshwar Datt Dimri stated that Dimri came from Sanghal, Karnataka and settled in Dimar 700 years back.
     Shambhu Prasad Bahuguna  (1976) condemned the above arguments in Uttaranchal (Page 69).


                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 20/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1160
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

             Arrival of Sarola Brahmin Communities in Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -306
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -326
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1160
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
  Raturi offered the following data for arrivals of Sarola Brahmin Communities in Garhwal (Garhwal ka Itihas page 140)-
Caste----Old caste -----Old Place -------Arrival Sanvat ---- First person ---- Settling Village
Nautiyal--- Gaur-----------Dhar--------------945----------------Devidas-Nilkanth-----Nauti
Maithwani Adya Gaur--Chhakhat-Bengal—975------------Rupchand Tryambk--- Maithwana
Semalti----do-----------Virbhumi-Bengal----965-----------Ganpati-------------------Semalt
Gairola------do-------------?----------------------972-----------Jayanand –Vijayanand ---Gairola
Chamoli----Dravid---------Vilhat-----------------982--------Dhaarni,Harmi, Birmi---Chamola
Thaplyal---A.Gaur----------Gaurdesh-----------980---Jaychand,Maychand, Jaypal—Thapli
Dyondi---------?-----------------?---------------------------------------------------------------Dyond
Dimri-------Dravid----Santhal, Ktk------------?------------Rajendra, Balbhadra---------Dimar
Khanduri----Gaur----Virbhumi---------------945-----------Sarangdhar, Maheshwar-----Khanduda
Raturi---------A.Gaur---Gaurdesh-------------980------------Satyanand, Rajbal-----------Ratuda
Semwal--------do----------Virbhumi-----------980------------Prabhakar, Niranjan---------Semganv
Nauni----------Satti--------Gujrat-------------980--------------------?-------------------------Naunganv
Hatwal-------Gaur-----------virbhumi---------1059--------------sudarshan, Visheshwar--Hatganv
Kotyal----------Gaur---------?------------------?----------------------?---------------------------Koti
Sati-------------Sati----------Gujrat ----------------------------------------------------------------?
Bijlwan---------Gaur--------------------------------------------------Bijju-------------------?
Lakhera --------A.Gaur-Virbhumi-----------1117---------------Narad, Bhanuvir------Lakheri
Pujyari---------Bhatt-------South--------------1722----------------?—Chandravadani Priest
Joshi of Mairav—Kanyakubj, -Kumaon--------1812-------------------- Jyotishi
There is no mention of arrival time etc of Bhadwal, Jaiswal, Maliwal, Jasola, Bhatt, Kailkhora, Dhammaval, Nainyal, Knadwal, Malgudi, Chaukhya. It seems those castes were added in Sarola community in  later stage.
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 21/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1161
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

             Arrival of Gangadi/Gangari Brahmin Communities in Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -307
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -327
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1161
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
  Raturi offered the following data for arrivals of  Gangari/Gangadi Brahmin Communities in Garhwal (Garhwal ka Itihas page 148)-
Caste----Old caste -----Old Place -------Arrival Sanvat ---- First person ---- Settling Village
Bughana---A.Gaur -----Gaur-Bengal------980-----------Krishnanand , Achyutanand---Bughani
Dangwal----Draavid-------Santoli, Ktk-----982---------Dharnidhar-----------------Dang
Dobhal---------Kanyakubj---?-----------------945-----------Karnjit-------------------Dobha
Uniyal----------Maithil--------Mithla--------981---------Jayanand, Vijaya----------Uni
Ghildyal------ AGaur-----------Gaurdesh---1100--------Lutm, Nagdev------------Ghildi
Naithani--------Kanyakubj------Kanauj------1200--------Karndev-Indrapal--------Naithana
Juyal--------------Mahrashtra-----Vilhat--------1700--------Basudev, Vijayannad ---Juyalganv
Saklani----------Kanyakubj--------Daundiya-Awadh-----Nagdev-----------------------Saklana
Joshi------------Dravid -------------Kumaun -----------------------------Astrology Profession
Tiwar/Tewari----Tripathi ------------------------Kumaun ------------------------------ ?
Painyuli-------Gaur----------------South----------1200-------------Brahmnath--------Panyal
Chandola-----Sarswat------------Chandousi-------1633------------Luthraj-----------
Dhoundiyal---Gaur----------Rajputana--------------1713-----------Rupchand------Dhound
Naudiyal------Gaur------------Chirnga--------------1600---------Shashidhar------- Naudi
Mamgain--------Gaur-------------Ujjain           ? Due to settling in Maternal uncle's village
Barthwal----------Gaur------------Gujrat---------1500------Suryakamal, Murari ---- Bareth
Kukreti------------Dravid-------------Vilhit --------1409------Gurupati----------Kukarkata (Jaspur)
Dhasmana-------Gaur---------Ujjain-------------1723-------Hardev,Veerdev  Madho,-Dhashman
Kainthola --------Bhatt-------Gujrat--------------1669---------Ramvital----------Kaintholi
Suyal-------------do--------------------------------?------------Dajjal, Bajnarayan—Sui
Bangwal------Gaur--------Madhya-----------  1725------------------------------------Banga
Anathwal-------Sarswat------Punjab----------1612--------------Ramdev---------------Aneth
Dhaulakhandi—Maharashtra—Vilhit --------1700------------Bhrikundkavi---------?
Jugran----------Pande---------Kumaun ----------1700-----------?-------------------------Jugari
Malkoti---Gaur--------------------?---------------1707-----------Balakdas-------------Malkoti
Balodi------Dravid----------South----------------1400--------------?----------------------Balod
Ghansala----Gaur-----------Gujrat ----------------1600-------- Magandev---------------Ghansali
Madwal------Gaur-------------Dwarhat-------------1700-----------Rajdas---------- Mahad
Devrani-------Bhatt----------Gujrat-----------------1500-----------?------------------?
Pokhariyal-----Bilwal--------Bilhit------------------1678---------Gurusen----------- Pokhari
Dabral-----------Maharashtra----South-------------1433-----Raghunath, Vishwanath-Dabar
Sundrayal-------Karnatak---------------------------1711-------------------------------Sundaroli
Kalsi------------Bhatt—Gujrat-----------------------1300-----------------------------------
Kimothi-------Gaur------Bengal---------------------1617---------Rambhajan------Kimotha
Kavi------------Kanyakubj---Kanuaj--------------1736  ---As apoet
Purviya-----------------------Kumaun ---1800
Kothari---------Shukla----Bengal ----------------1791------------Kumardev----------Kothar
Badola---------Gaur--------Ujjain-------------------1798----------Ujjal--------------Badoli
Panthari ------Sarswat------Jalandhar-------------1600------Andhu-Panthram----Panthar
Baloni------------Sarswat----------Jalandhar-----------1776---------Jeevram-------Balonganv
Purohit---------Khajiri--------Jammu---------------------1813----------Purohiti profession
Badoni---------Gaur --------Bengal  ----------------------1500----------------------------Badon ganv
Rudola -------Tailang--------Sindh Hyderbad ---------
Sunyal -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Soni
Kotnala----------Gaur -----------Bengal-----------------------1725---------------------------Kotiganv
Kala --------------Gaur-----------Kali Kumaun------------912-------
Kausyal---------Gur------------------------------------------1722-------------------------------Kausyali
Bairagi –--------------------------------Grihasth Bairagi
Malasi--------------Gaur-----------------------------------------------------------------------Malasuganv
Farasi------------Dravid-----------------South------------1791-----------------------------Farasu
Badhani-----------Kanyakubj---------Kanauj------------1722-----------------------------Badhan region
Kotwal--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kotganv
Sailwal---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sailganv
Kudiyal-------------Gaur----------Bengal-----------------1600---------------------------Koodiganv
Bhatt----------------Dravid --------Karnataka------------------------------------------------
Baurai----------Gaur-------------------------------------------1500-----------Baudhar or Baurganv
Maikoti II---------Kanyakubj-------Kanauj------------------1623--------------Maikot
Binjola----------Dravid /Kashyap----------------------------???
Godura --------Bhatt -----Karnataka -----------------------1718-----Godu
Bhadola (Bhardwaj) ----Dravid --------South --------------------------------------Badalpur region
Musra-------------Gaur-------Bengal-------------------------------Bhagdev---------------Musar ganv
Byasudi ----------Bhatt---------South ------------------------1600 ------Byas ----------?
Silwad ---------------Dravid ---------Vanaras -----------------------------------------------Sillaganv
Missar ---------------Missar ------------Kumaon --------? ? ?


Names Added by Bhishma Kukreti
Gwadi-----------Gaur ------------------------------------------------------------------------Gwad
Silswal------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Silsu
Diswal -------------------??
Dhuklan ---------------------------??
Parandyal------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Parand
Kadtwal-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Kadti
Keshtwal -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Keshta ganv
Kaparwan ---------------------------------?/ ------------------------
Bhatkoti ----------------------------------------------? ?
Dwivedi ---------------------??

















                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

Xx
Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 22/2/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1162
-
*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
-
(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal

[Bhishma Kukreti]

              Bhekhdhari Communities in Garhwal 
                  British Administration in Garhwal   -310
       -
History of British Rule/Administration over Kumaun and Garhwal (1815-1947) -330
-
            History of Uttarakhand (Garhwal, Kumaon and Haridwar) -1164
          By:  Bhishma Kukreti (History Student)   
 
                     There were many castes in Garhwal and still persist those are called Bheshdhari Jogi. The Jogi or Bhekhdhari communities play great role in Garhwal.
    There ae many castes of such communities as Nath, Kanfata, Binkanfata, Gusain, Giri, Pui , Dashnami, Aghori, Pramhans, Gurudasi, Sadhu, Brahmchari, Sanyasi, Ramanandi and many more.
   Historians and administrators put them into two major classes – Gusain ( Bairagi, Udasi, sadhu etc) and Jogi (priests in Bhairon temples).
The administration collected the population as follows-
Year ----------Gusain -----------Jogi ---------Total
1872-------------1125-------------1063-----------2188
1881--------------------------------------------------2670
                  Gusain
Gusain had ten sub classes or Dasnami . Tirth, Ashram, and Bharti were sub divisions. Dandi was also sub class.
  In past, such  priests (Mahant, Gusain) of Math or temples had to be Brahmchari. Slowly, gusain started having woman keep in temples and lately started marrying too. They had a specific system for making disciples from the society.
  Many families used to put their child into bag of Gusain for making the male child as Gusain. When the child reached at the age of 8, 10 or  12 years, there used to be a rituals for making child as Gusain and from that day the Child used to live with Gusain in Math or temple.  The disciple from other family was called and Nad Putra and if Gusain's own son used to become Gusain that Gusain was called Bindu Gusain.
    Society had a custom for offering articles , food, grains to Gusain.

                  Puri
The Puris sects from Jogi were the priests of temples as Kamleshwar, Narmdeshwar (Shrinagar), Nageshwar, kalkeshwar, Naleshwar.
    The Giri jogi were the priests of Bridh Kedar, Bhill-Kedar, Dattatreya and sarveshwar temples and many temples of Gurga, Mahadev, Bhawani.
  Bharti were the priests of Rudranath and Narmdeshwar temples.
Udasi were related to Guru Ram Ray sects.
          Nath /Dalya
   The disciples of Guru Gorakhnath and Machhindar Nath are called Nath . Once, Nath priests had deep influence on Garhwal Kings. There are two types of nath –Kanfara (ear pierced) and Bin Kanfara.
      There were eighteen sub sects under Nath segment-
  Dharmanathi, Satyanathi, Bairagnathi, Kaflani, Daryanathi, Mastnathi, Rawal-Gudar , Khantar, Ramnathi, Aipanthi, Niranjani, Kankai, Bhushai, Mundiya, Mannathi, Paopanthi and Muskani.
           Devalgarh was main centre of Satynathi sect. There is Samadhi of Satyanath priest. The chief priest of Styanath math is called Peer. Satyanathi took many beliefs from Islam. The Peer priest used to put on Tahmad. Peer was always buried. Peer was a married priest. His other family members were burnt as other Garhwalis. T.e Kings offered a few Math , the tax free land (Gunth).
  Before, Garhwal King came, the Nath priests had rights on Shiva temples and that is the reasosn, in many Shiva temples, there are Adinath images on top of Shrine.
             Samadhi
   The Gusain, many Bairagi, nath priest, dalya, jogi were not burnt but were buried. In Jaspur, Dhangu, Pauri Garhwal), there is Nath Math where Nath Dalya are buried.
The dead body is put as in sitting position and kept some sweets etc. Then salt is put on the ditch and soil and stone are put. On top of the burial a flat and big stone or shrine type of stone is put.
                     Married Jogi
     In old age, the chief priest of bigger and famous temples or math used to be unmarried. However, with time, the Math Mahant started marrying and having families as other citizens. Then, Mahant started making his own son as chief priest of Math or Mandir.
   In Garhwal Settlement Report, Paw wrote that the ownership of math or mandir went to disciples and not to sons of Mahant. That custom was there because in past, the  Priest /Mahant used to be unmarried (Brahmchari).
    When Mahants started marrying, for temple/math ownership reason, Mahant started declaring his son or son in law as disciple. By end of nineteenth century, most of Mahant started marrying and transferring temple /math ownership to their sons by making them chief priest. In many cases, it was difficult to differentiate Jogi family and a Rajput family. In Almora, many such Mahant or Jogi stopped putting on saffron dresses.  (Pannalal, Customary Law in Kumaun).
     In many cases, Mahant or priest started making his son in law as his disciple for disowning temple property to others.
     By 1919, in Kamleshwar temple Shrinagar, the custom was that Mhant would make his son as disciple. however, in case Mahant declared his disciple, the temple income used to go to disciple and son used to get ownership that offered by his father (Mahant) in his life time. In such cases, Mahant started making disciples from nephews or close relatives. Even today, Yogi Adityanath of Gorakhpur is nephew of previous Mahant.
                    Mahants of Kamleshwar Temple Shrinagar
    It is said that Mahant custom in Kamleshwar Mandir started from 1700. Shhringeri math Shankaracharya handed over the charge of temple to his female disciple Shri Krishna Puri mai for various temple administration ( Bhairav datt Shastri, Punyaagari Shrinagar) and later on the mahant list is as follows –
Shri Krishna Puri Mai- Jagannath Puri became Mhanat after Keshav and Uttam.
Jagannath Puri- Deep was his dispel but Deep did not have disciple. Nirml Puri the disciple of Keshav Puri became Mahant of temple.
Nirmal- Prasad, Gambhir, Shivram, Samser, Balbhadra, Hanumant, Hira, Dayal, Lalitanand, Parmanand, Kamlanand
                    Bairagi
Garhwali Bairagi used to caal them followers of Ramanuj sect. They used to put on Janeu and had Choti, put on tulsi garland and used to paste vertical Tripund on forehead. They used to follow all Hindu rituals, believed on Vishnu incarnations and follow Vaishnava sect strictly. Many Bairagi of Nand Prayag were very rich (Patiram, Garhwal Ancient and Modern). Those rich Bairagi used to arrange food, shelters and medicinal facilities for Sadhus on pilgrim roads.
Raturi  (Narendra Hindu Law) offered following castes of Bairagi-
        Charandasi, Dadupanthi, Kabirpanthi, Nirala, Tulsidasi, Panapdasi, Garibdasi, Ramdasi, Sainpanthi, Khaki, Rampanthi, Madhvcharypanthi, Swaminarayani,Sampradayi, Harishchandri, Chohadpanthi, Paltudasi, Apapanthi, Satnami, Mayami, Baijampanthi,Chandrapanthi.
   Mostly, they were Mahant of Vaishnava temples. It seems many were from Nath sects as followrs of saint Dadu, Panap etc
              Bhalda /Bhaira
       Raturi (Narendra Hindu Law) stated that Bhalda were  below Gusain in status. They were not Jogi but family community. Bhalda or Bhaira did not put on saffron dress or had choti as compulsion. Many Bhalda started putting on Janueu and counted them as Brahmin. Many started calling them 'Pujari'.
    In past age, people used to call them at funeral Ghat and people used to offer them dresses and other materils of deceased with Moksha Dan materials as cow. In many cases, people also used to throw stones on them as custom (cruel). People used to offer them spotted cows too. By 1915, Bhalda or Bhaira stopped those activities.
  In Tehri Garhwal, even in 1937, court used to punish Bhalda if they refused taking moksha dan materials. In British Garhwal, there was no compulsion on Bhaira for taking Moksa Dan materials.
               


 
 

         
                    References 
1-Shiv Prasad Dabral 'Charan', Uttarakhand ka Itihas, Part -8 Garhwal par British -Shasan, part -2, page- .
2- Atkinson, Himalayan Districts, Vol. 3
3-Garhwal Gazetteer
4- Paw, Garhwal settlement reports
5- Census hand book 1951
6- Adams, Reports on pilgrims rout

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Copyright@ Bhishma Kukreti Mumbai, India,bjkukreti@gmail.com 1/3/2018
History of Garhwal – Kumaon-Haridwar (Uttarakhand, India) to be continued... Part -1165
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*** History of British Rule/Administration over British Garhwal (Pauri, Rudraprayag, and Chamoli1815-1947) to be continued in next chapter
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(The History of Garhwal, Kumaon, Haridwar write up is aimed for general readers)

History of British Garhwal, Education , Caste, History of Devalgarh Garhwal , ; History of Badhan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Barasyun Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Chandpur Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Chaundkot Garhwal; Education , Caste History of  Gangasalan Garhwal;  History of Mallasalan Garhwal;  Education , Caste, History of Tallasalan Garhwal; Education , Caste History of Dashauli Garhwal; Education , Caste, History of Nagpur Garhwal; Society  in British Garhwal. History of British Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith in Chamoli Garhwal, History of Social Structure and Religious Faith of Pauri Garhwal ,  Education , Health, Social and Culture History of Rudraprayag Garhwal